The lower limb consists of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, and foot. The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton through a strong connection of ligaments and bones. It is made up of the paired hip bones that form a basin-like structure to support the body's weight. The thigh contains the femur bone and connects to the leg at the knee joint. The leg is composed of the tibia and fibula bones and connects the knee to the ankle. The foot has tarsal, metatarsal, and phalange bones and contains three arches that support the body and allow flexible movement.

1. The appendicular Skeleton,
Bones of limbs
LOWER LIMB

3. The appendicular skeleton
• The appendicular skeleton refers to those structures that are
appended to the axial skeleton.
• The pectoral girdle and the upper limbs form the upper
appendage.
• The pelvic girdle and the lower limbs form the lower
appendage.

4. Upper and lower limbs
Differ in function
But
Share structural plan

5. Bones of lower limb

6. The lower limbs
The bones of the lower limb must support the weight of the
entire body, thus, these are the largest and heaviest of the bones.
The lower limb consists of: -
The Pelvic Girdle
- The thigh
- The leg
- The foot.

7. The Lower Limb
• Carries the entire weight of the erect body.
• Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of
upper limb
• Divided into three segments
-Thigh, leg, and foot

9. The pelvic girdle
• The pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the
axial skeleton.
• The attachment of the pelvis to the sacrum is stable
and strong attachment, unlike the pectoral girdle.

11. Pelvic Girdle
• Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
• Attaches lower limbs to the trunk (spine)
• Supports visceral organs
• Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments
• Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of the femur
• Lower limbs have less freedom of movement
• Are more stable than the arm

12. Bony pelvis
• Deep basin-Like structure
• Formed by.
- coxal bones, Sacrum and coccyx

14. Coxal Bones
• Consist of three separate bones in childhood
• - llium, ischium, and pubis

15. Illium
• Large, flaring bone
• Forms the superior region of the coxal bone
• Site of attachment for many muscles

16. Ischium
• Forms posteroinferior region of the coxal bone
• Anteriorly – joins the pubis
• Ischial tuberosities
- Are the strongest part of the hip bone

17. Pubis
• Forms the anterior region of the coxal bone
• Lies horizontally in anatomical position

18. True and false pelves
• Bony pelvis is divided into two regions
- False (greater) pelvis – bounded by alae of the iliac
bones
- True (lesser) pelvis – inferior to pelvic brim
• Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs.

19. Pelvic structures and childbearing
Major differences between male and female pelves
- Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing
• Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the male
• Provides more room in the true pelvis

20. Female vs male pelves

21. Thigh
• The region of lower limb between the hip and
the knee.
• Femur: the single bone of the thigh

23. Petella
• Triangular sesamoid bone
• Imbedded in the tendon that secures the
quadriceps muscles
• Protects the knee anteriorly
• Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the
knee

24. Leg
Refers to the region of the lower limb between the knee and the
ankle
• Composed of the tibia and fibula
- Tibia – more massive ( Large ) medial bone of the leg
• Receives weight of the body from the femur
- Fibula – stick-like lateral bone of the leg

25. Leg
• Tibia articulates with femur at superior end
-Forms the knee joint
• Tibia articulates with talus at the inferior end
- Forms the ankle joint
• Fibula does not contribute to the knee joint
- Stabilizes the ankle joint

27. Foot
• Foot is composed of
- Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges
• Important functions
- Supports body weight
- Acts as a lever to propel body forward when walking
- Segmentation makes foot pliable { easily } and
adapted to uneven ground

28. Tersus
• Makes up the posterior half of the foot
• Contains seven bones called tarsals
• Body weight is primarily borne by the talus
and calcaneus

29. Metatarsus
• Consists of five small long bones called
metatarsals
• Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux
(great toe)
• First metatarsal supports body weight

30. Phalanges of the toes
• 14 phalanges of the toes
- Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers
- Structure and arrangement are similar to phalanges of
fingers
- Except for the great toe, each toe has three phalanges
Proximal, middle, and distal

32. Arches of the foot
• Foot has three important arches
- Medial and lateral longitudinal arch
- Transverse arch
• Arches are maintained by
- Interlocking shapes of tarsals
- Ligaments and tendons