The document describes the anatomy of the sole of the foot. It discusses the muscles, nerves, arteries, ligaments and arches of the foot in multiple layers from superficial to deep. Key points include that the subtalar and transverse talar joints allow for eversion and inversion. The plantar aponeurosis helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch. The medial and lateral plantar nerves and arteries are branches that innervate and supply blood to the foot muscles and skin. The plantar ligaments including the long plantar ligament are important for arch support.
Anterior compartment of leg and Dorsum of foot CIMS
introduction about leg and four how we can differentiate , cutaneous innervation and in the contents like muscles with its blood supply nerve supply and finally will be appplied regarding topic
Thigh - Anterior Compartment Anatomy contains many muscles and important Triangle the Femoral triangle. This slide gives you a diagramatic representation of the Ant.Compt and also Apllied anatomy facilitating Integrated Teaching.
Anterior compartment of leg and Dorsum of foot CIMS
introduction about leg and four how we can differentiate , cutaneous innervation and in the contents like muscles with its blood supply nerve supply and finally will be appplied regarding topic
Thigh - Anterior Compartment Anatomy contains many muscles and important Triangle the Femoral triangle. This slide gives you a diagramatic representation of the Ant.Compt and also Apllied anatomy facilitating Integrated Teaching.
Anatomy of ankle and foot is described briefly with clinical importance and photos.
Dr Junaid Ahmad Consultant Plastic Surgeon is best in Lahore. He offers Foot and Hand Trauma management. Call 03104037071
muscles of the leg are categorized into anterior, lateral, and posterior groups, all these muscles are covered by the deep facial as shown in the image(1), these muscle groups are divided by the tibia and fibula, interosseous membrane, anterior and posterior intermuscular septa, which pass inwards from the deep fascia of the leg. in this article you gonna learn about muscles of the leg and their clinical correlates
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Pay attention to two of the joint areas in
the sole of the foot because they are the
major joints for eversion and inversion of
the foot:
subtalar joint (ST)
transverse talar joint (TT)
3. Once the skin of the sole of
the foot has been removed,
there is a very dense
organized layer of deep fascia
that runs down the middle of
the sole; this is the PLANTAR
APONEUROSIS.
The plantar aponeurosis is
thought to help maintain the
medial longitudinal arch of
the foot.
4. After the plantar aponeurosis has been removed you can
see the muscles that make up the first layer of the sole
of the foot and the arteries and nerves entering the foot.
The muscles of the first layer are:
abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi
The nerves are the:
medial plantar
lateral plantar
The arteries are branches of the posterior tibial artery
and include the:
medial plantar
lateral plantar
5. The medial and
lateral plantar nerves
supply the muscles
as well as the skin on
the sole of the foot.
They are branches of
the tibial nerve.
The medial plantar
nerve supplies the:
abductor hallucis
muscle
flexor digitorum
brevis
flexor hallucis brevis
(in the third layer)
1st lumbrical
6. The lateral plantar nerve supplies
the remaining muscles in the sole
of the foot. In a way, it is similar to
the ulnar which supplies most of
the small muscles of the hand. The
muscles supplied are the:
abductor digiti minimi
accessory flexor (quadratus
plantae)
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis
interossei
lumbricals 3, 4, 5
7. When the flexor digitorum brevis is
removed, the muscles of the
second layer can be seen:
accessory flexor (quadratus
plantae)
lumbricals
tendons of the flexor digitorum
longus from which the lumbricals
arise
SECOND LAYER
8. The muscles of the third
layer include the:
flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
oblique head
transverse head
flexor digiti minimi brevis
THIRD LAYER
9. The fourth layer of muscles
are the:
dorsal interossei (dab)
meaning dorsal abduct
plantar interossei (pad)
meaning plantar adduct
At this level, you can also see
the tendon of the peroneus
longus crossing the sole of
the foot.
FOURTH LAYER
10. The medial and lateral plantar nerves
supply muscles and skin of the sole of the
foot.
The medial plantar nerve gives rise to
digital branches which then give rise to
common digital branches and finally, the
terminal branches. This nerve supplies the
skin of the medial three and one half
digits.
The lateral plantar nerve gives rise to
motor branches, a deep branch and finally
branches to the skin of the lateral one and
one-half digits.
NERVES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT
11. The arteries of the sole of the foot are
derived from the posterior tibial
artery. It splits into the medial and
lateral plantar arteries.
The medial plantar artery passes
along the medial part of the sole of
the foot and terminates by branching
into digital branches.
The lateral plantar artery becomes the
plantar arterial arch which
anastomoses by way of a perforating
artery with the dorsal pedis artery.
The arch gives rise to several
metatarsal branches which split into
digital branches.
ARTERIES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT
12. The long plantar ligament and the plantar
calcaneocuboid ligament lie deep to the muscles
of the fourth layer.
The long plantar ligament stretches from the
calcaneum to the cuboid and to the bases of the
second, third and fourth metatarsal bones.
The plantar calcaneocuboid ligament, reaches the
calcaneum to the cuboid on the deep aspect of
the long plantar ligament.
The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament extends
from the calcaneus to the navicular bone and
prevents the head of the talus from pushing down
between the calcaneus and the navicular bones.
This ligament is also know as the spring ligament
since it is believed to give a spring-like action the
the foot when walking.
LIGAMENTS OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT
13. All of the bones of the foot are held together by ligaments but
there are three that are strongly implicated in maintaining the
arches of the foot:
long plantar ligament
calcaneocuboid ligament
calcaneonavicular ligament
ARCHES OF THE FOOT
14.
15.
16. The muscles of the foot have two primary functions. They are
responsible for the movement which is made during walking,
and they also help to maintain the arches of the foot.
The arches are arranged both longitudinally and transversely,
and are caused primarily by the conformation of the bones of
the foot and the ligaments which bind them together, and
secondarily by the muscles which act upon the bones.
17. The medial arch is the higher of the two longitudinal arches.
It is formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, three
cuneiforms and first three metatarsal bones. It is supported
by:
• Muscular support: Tibialis anterior and posterior, fibularis
longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis, and the
intrinsic foot muscles
• Ligamentous support: Plantar ligaments (in particular the
long plantar, short plantar and plantar calcaneonavicular
ligaments), medial ligament of the ankle joint.
• Bony support: Shape of the bones of the arch.
• Other: Plantar aponeurosis.
MEDIAL ARCH
18. The lateral arch is the flatter of the two longitudinal arches,
and lies on the ground in the standing position. It is formed by
the calcaneus, cuboid and 4th and 5th metatarsal bones. It is
supported by:
Muscular support: Fibularis longus, flexor digitorum longus,
flexor hallucis, and the intrinsic foot muscles.
Ligamentous support: Plantar ligaments (in particular the long
plantar, short plantar and plantar calcaneonavicular
ligaments).
Bony support: Shape of the bones of the arch.
Other: Plantar aponeurosis.
LATERAL ARCH
19.
20. The transverse arch is located in the coronal plane of the foot.
It is formed by the metatarsal bases, the cuboid and the three
cuneiform bones. It has:
Muscular support: Fibularis longus and tibialis posterior.
Ligamentous support: Plantar ligaments (in particular the long
plantar, short plantar and plantar calcaneonavicular
ligaments) and deep transverse metatarsal ligaments.
Other support: Plantar aponeurosis.
Bony support: The wedged shape of the bones of the arch.
TRANSVERSE ARCH
21. Pes cavus is a foot condition characterised by an unusually high medial
longitudinal arch. It can appear in early life and become symptomatic with
increasing age. Due to the higher arch, the ability to shock absorb during
walking is diminished and an increased degree of stress is placed on the
ball and heel of the foot.
Consequently, symptoms will generally include pain in the foot, which can
radiate to the ankle, leg, thigh and hip. This pain is transmitted up the
lower limb from the foot due to the unusually high stress placed on the
hindfoot during the heel strike of the gait cycle.
Causes of pes cavus can be idiopathic, hereditary, due to an underlying
congenital foot problem such as club foot, or secondary to neuromuscular
damage such as in poliomyelitis.
The condition is generally managed by supporting the foot through the use
of special shoes or sole cushioning inserts. Reducing the amount of weight
the foot has to bear can also be advantageous. This can be achieved
through weight loss.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE – PES CAVUS (HIGH
ARCHES)
22.
23. Pes planus is a common condition in which the longitudinal
arches have been lost. Arches do not develop until about 2-3
years of age, meaning flat feet during infancy is normal.
Because the arches are formed, in part, by the tight tendons of
the foot, damage to these tissues through direct injury or trauma
can cause pes planus. However in some people, the arches never
form.
For most individuals, being flat-footed causes few, if any,
symptoms. In children it may result in foot and ankle pain, whilst
in adults the feet may ache after prolonged activity.
Treatment, if indicated, generally involves the use of arch-
supporting inserts for shoes.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PES PLANUS (FLAT
FOOTED)
24.
25. TABLES
Muscles on the Dorsum of Foot
extensor
digitorum
brevis
calcaneum
by four tendons
into the proximal
phalanx of big toe
and long extensor
tendons to 2nd,
3rd and 4th toes
deep
peroneal
nerve
extends toes
Muscles of the Sole of the Foot (First Layer)
abductor
hallucis
medial tubercle
of calcaneum;
flexor
retinaculum
medial side, base
of proximal
phalanx of big toe
medial
plantar
nerve
flexes, abducts
big toe; supports
medial arch
flexor
digitorum
brevis
medial tubercle
of calcaneum
middle phalanx of
four lateral toes
medial
plantar
nerve
flexes lateral four
toes; supports
medial & lateral
longitudinal
arches
abductor
digiti
minimi
medial & lateral
tubercles of
calcaneum
lateral side base of
proximal phalanx
5th toe
lateral
plantar
nerve
flexes, abducts
5th toe; supports
lateral
longitudinal arch
26. muscles of Sole of Foot (Second Layer)
flexor
accessorius
(quadratus
plantae)
medial and
lateral sides
of
calcaneum
tendons
flexor
digitorum
longus
lateral plantar
nerve
aids long flexor
tendon to flex
lateral four toes
flexor
digitorum
longus
tendon
shaft of
tibia
base of
distal
phalanx of
lateral four
toes
tibial nerve
flexes distal
phalanges of lateral
four toes; plantar
flexes foot;
supports
longitudinal arch
lumbricals
tendons of
flexor
digitorum
longus
dorsal
extensor
expansion
of lateral
four toes
1st lumbrical
from medial
plantar;
remainder
lumbricals from
deep branch of
lateral plantar
nerve
extends toes at
interphalangeal
joints
flexor
hallucis
longus
shaft of
fibula
base of
distal
phalanx of
big toe
tibial nerve
flexes distal
phalanx of big toe;
plantar flexes foot;
supports medial
longitudinal arch
27. Muscles of Sole of Foot (Third Layer)
flexor
hallucis
brevis
cuboid, lateral
cuneiform
bones; tibialis
posterior
insertion
medial &
lateral sides
of base of
proximal
phalanx of
big toe
medial
plantar
nerve
flexes
metatarsophalangeal
joint of big toe;
supports medial
longitudinal arch
adductor
hallucis
(oblique
head)
bases of 2nd,
3rd & 4th
metatarsal
bones
lateral side
base of
proximal
phalanx big
toe
deep
branch of
lateral
plantar
flexes big toe,
supports transverse
arch
adductor
hallucis
(transverse
head)
plantar
ligaments
lateral side
of base of
proximal
phalanx big
toe
deep
branch of
lateral
plantar
nerve
flexes big toe;
supports transverse
arch
flexor digiti
minimi brevis
base of 5th
metatarsal
bone
lateral side
of base of
proximal
phalanx of
big toe
superior
branch of
lateral
plantar
nerve
flexes little toe
28. Muscles of Sole of Foot (Fourth Layer)
dorsal
interossei
(4)
adjacent
sides of
metatarsal
bones
bases of phalanges
and dorsal
expansion of
corresponding toes
lateral
plantar
nerve
abduct toes with
2nd toe as the
reference; flex
metatarsophalangeal
joints; extend
interphalangeal joint
plantar
interossei
(3)
3rd, 4th, and
5th
metatarsal
bones
bases of phalanges
& dorsal expansion
of corresponding
toes
lateral
plantar
nerve
adduct toes with
2nd toe as
reference; flex
metatarsophalangeal
joints; extend
interphalangeal
joints
tendon of
peroneus
longus
see above see above
see
above
see above
tendon of
tibialis
posterior
see above see above
see
above
see above