The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, which attaches the upper limbs to the trunk, and the pelvic girdle, which attaches the lower limbs. The pectoral girdle includes the clavicles and scapulae. It provides attachment points for muscles that move the arms but is lightweight and allows flexibility. The pelvic girdle fuses the paired hip bones and attaches to the sacrum, forming the basin-like bony pelvis. It supports the internal organs and in females is adapted for childbirth with a wider, shallower shape. Both the upper and lower limbs share the same basic structural plan but differ in function, with the lower
Bones of lower limb (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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Bones of lower limb (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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Any machine capable of representing information from a computer. This includes display screens, printers, plotters, and synthesizers. Output devices are things we use to get information OUT of a computer. Any machine capable of representing information from a computer. This includes display screens, printers, plotters, and synthesizers. Output devices are things we use to get information OUT of a computer. Any machine capable of representing information from a computer. This includes display screens, printers, plotters, and synthesizers. Output devices are things we use to get information OUT of a computer. Any machine capable of representing information from a computer. This includes display screens, printers, plotters, and synthesizers. Output devices are things we use to get information OUT of a computer. Any machine capable of representing information from a computer. This includes display screens, printers, plotters, and synthesizers. Output devices are things we use to get information OUT of a computer.
Osseous system II , is the appendicular skeletal system , it representing about the bone of pectoral girdle , pelvic girdle and upper limbs and lower limbs. structure and function of humerus , radius ulna and structure and function of femur , tibia fibula.
Femur By M Thiru murugan.pptx Professor MScthiru murugan
Femur
By,M. Thiru murugan
Femur:
The femur is the only bone in the thigh and the longest & strongest bone in the body.
It acts as the site of origin and attachment of many muscles & ligaments
It can be divided into three parts; proximal, shaft and distal.
Proximal: The proximal aspect of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint.
It consists of a head and neck, and two bony processes – the greater and lesser trochanters.
There are also two bony ridges connecting the two trochanters; the intertrochanteric line anteriorly and the trochanteric crest posteriorly.
Head: articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form the hip joint & Neck: connects the head of the femur with the shaft.
The Shaft
On the posterior surface of the femoral shaft, there are roughened ridges of bone, called the linea aspera (Latin for rough line). This splits distally to form the medial and lateral supracondylar lines. The flat popliteal surface lies between them.
Proximally, the medial border of the linea aspera becomes the pectineal line. The lateral border becomes the gluteal tuberosity, where the gluteus maximus attaches.
Distally, the linea aspera widens and forms the floor of the popliteal fossa, the medial and lateral borders form the medial and lateral supracondylar lines. The medial supracondylar line ends at the adductor tubercle.
Distal: The distal end of the femur is characterized by the presence of the medial and lateral condyles, which articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.
Medial and lateral condyles: rounded areas at the end of the femur.
The posterior and inferior surfaces articulate with the tibia and the anterior surface articulates with the patella.
Medial and lateral epicondyles: bony elevations on the non-articular areas of the condyles.
The medial epicondyle is the larger. The space between the two condyles called Intercondylar fossa.
Functions of Femur:
Holding the weight of body when we stand and move.
Stabilizing during movement.
Connecting muscles, tendons and ligaments in hips and knees to the rest of your body.
The femur maintains the body’s weight on the leg. The bottom of the femur is where all other leg bones are joined.
However, the femur serves more than just physical movement. Both red and yellow bone marrow can be found in the femur’s shaft, essential for generating blood cells and fat storage.
It isn’t easy to estimate blood circulation in the femur. The quantity is large enough that dehydration or shock can be treated by injecting sufficient fluid into the bloodstream through a needle placed in the spongy bone.
The sturdy structure of the femur provides the strong hip and knee muscles with many secure attachment places for walking and other thrusting activities.
Carpal, Meta Carpal, Tarsal Meta Tarsal & Phalanges By M Thiru murugan.pptxthiru murugan
Carpal, Meta Carpal, Tarsal Meta Tarsal & Phalanges
By,M. Thiru murugan
Carpals (R - 8; L - 8 = 16):
The carpal bones (i.e. carpus) are 8 irregularly-shaped bones located in the wrist region.
These bones connect the distal aspects of the radius and ulna to the proximal aspects of the metacarpal bones.
Each carpal bone has its own unique shape and is multifaceted, meaning that they have the ability to articulate with several surrounding bones, muscles and ligaments of the forearm and hand.
This way, the carpal bones provide flexibility and various types of movements to the soft tissues of the hand.
They also provide the majority of the skeletal framework of the wrist that allows the passageway for the different neurovascular structures of the hand.
Joints: radiocarpal joint (wrist joint), carpometacarpal joint, midcarpal joint, & intercarpal joints.
The proximal row:
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
The distal row:
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
Metacarpal Bones (5+5 = 10):
The metacarpal bones articulate proximally with the carpals, and distally with the proximal phalanges.
The metacarpals together are referred to as the “metacarpus”
They are numbered, and each associated with a digit:
Metacarpal 1: Thumb.
Metacarpal 2: Index finger.
Metacarpal 3: Middle finger.
Each metacarpal consists of a base, shaft and a head. The medial and lateral surfaces of the metacarpals are concave, allowing attachment of the interossei muscles.
Joints: metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP joint), or knuckle & carpometacarpal joint
Phalanges of the hand (14+14 = 28):
The phalanges of the hand are the group of small bones that comprise the bony core of the digits (fingers) of the hand.
Even though the phalanges are small in size, they are classified as long bones because of their structural characteristics.
Each phalanx consists of a shaft, distal head and a proximal base.
There are 14 phalanges in each hand.
Each of the medial four digits has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle and distal), while the thumb has only 2 (proximal and distal).
They are named thumb (digit 1), index finger (digit 2), middle finger (digit 3), ring finger (digit 4) and little finger (digit 5).
Joints:
Metacarpophalangeal joints connect the metacarpal bones and proximal phalanges
Proximal interphalangeal joints connect the proximal and middle phalanges
Distal interphalangeal joints connect the middle and distal phalanges
Interphalangeal joint of thumb connect the proximal and distal phalanges of the thumb
Tarsals: The tarsal bones of the foot are organized into 3 rows: proximal, intermediate, and distal. The tarsal bones are the seven bones of the foot, they are:
Proximal Group: Talus & Calcaneus
Intermediate group: Navicular
Distal group: Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid
1.Proximal Group:
The proximal tarsal bones are the talus and the calcaneus. forming the bony framework around the proximal ankle and heel.
Talus
The talus is the most super
Bones of upper limbs (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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2. The Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral girdle attaches the upper limbs to the
trunk
• Pelvic girdle attaches the lower limbs to the trunk
• Upper and lower limbs differ in function – share
the same structural plan
3. The Pectoral Girdle
• Consists of the clavicle and the scapula
• Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the body
completely
• Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the
manubrium and first rib
• Laterally – the ends of the clavicles join the
scapulae
• Scapulae do not join each other or the axial
skeleton
4. The Pectoral Girdle
• Provides attachment for many muscles that move
the upper limb
• Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile
• Only clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton
• Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is
shallow
• Good for flexibility – bad for stability
6. Clavicles
• Extend horizontally
across the superior
thorax
• Sternal end
articulates with the
manubrium
• Acromial end
articulates with
scapula
7. Clavicles
• Provide attachment for muscles
• Hold the scapulae and arms laterally
• Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs
to the axial skeleton
8. Scapulae
• Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage
• Located between ribs 2-7
• Have three borders
• Superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary)
• Have three angles
• Lateral, superior, and inferior
12. Forearm
• Radius and ulna articulate with each other
• At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
• Interconnected by a ligament – the interosseous
membrane
• In anatomical position, the radius is lateral and the
ulna is medial
14. Ulna
• Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint
with the humerus
• Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm
• Distal end is separated from carpals by
fibrocartilage
• Plays little to no role in hand movement
17. Radius
• Superior surface of the head of the radius
articulates with the capitulum
• Medially – the head of the radius articulates with
the radial notch of the ulna
• Contributes heavily to the wrist joint
• Distal radius articulates with carpal bones
• When radius moves, the hand moves with it
19. Hand
• Includes the following bones
• Carpus – wrist
• Forms the true wrist – the proximal region of the
hand
• Gliding movements occur between carpals
• Composed of eight marble-sized bones
• Metacarpals – palm
• Phalanges – fingers
21. Pelvic Girdle
• Attaches lower limbs to the spine
• Supports visceral organs
• Attaches to the axial skeleton by strong ligaments
• Acetabulum is a deep cup that holds the head of
the femur
• Lower limbs have less freedom of movement
• Are more stable than the arm
22. Pelvic Girdle
• Consists of paired hip bones (coxal bones)
• Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other
• Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum
• Bony Pelvis
• A deep, basin-like structure
• Formed by coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx
25. True and False Pelves
• Bony pelvis is divided into two regions
• False (greater) pelvis – bounded by alae of the iliac
bones
• True (lesser) pelvis – inferior to pelvic brim
• Forms a bowl containing the pelvic organs
27. Pelvic Structures and Childbearing
• Major differences between male and female pelves
• Female pelvis is adapted for childbearing
• Pelvis is lighter, wider, and shallower than in the
male
• Provides more room in the true pelvis
30. Thigh
• The region of the lower limb between the hip and
the knee
• Femur – the single bone of the thigh
• Longest and strongest bone of the body
• Ball-shaped head articulates with the acetabulum
32. Patella
• Triangular sesamoid bone
• Imbedded in the tendon that secures the
quadriceps muscles
• Protects the knee anteriorly
• Improves leverage of the thigh muscles across the
knee
34. The Foot
• Foot is composed of:
• Tarsus, metatarsus, and the phalanges
• Important functions
• Supports body weight
• Acts as a lever to propel body forward when
walking
• Segmentation makes foot pliable and adapted to
uneven ground
35. Tarsus
• Makes up the posterior half of the foot
• Contains seven bones called tarsals
• Body weight is primarily borne by the talus and
calcaneus
36. Metatarsus
• Consists of five small long bones called
metatarsals
• Numbered 1–5 beginning with the hallux
(great toe)
• First metatarsal supports body weight
37. Phalanges of the Toes
• 14 phalanges of the toes
• Smaller and less nimble than those of the fingers
• Structure and arrangement are similar to phalanges
of fingers
• Except for the great toe, each toe has three
phalanges
• Proximal, middle, and distal
40. Arches of the Foot
• Foot has three important arches
• Medial and lateral longitudinal arch
• Transverse arch
• Arches are maintained by:
• Interlocking shapes of tarsals
• Ligaments and tendons
42. Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton
• Bone fractures
• Hip dysplasia – head of the femur slips out of
acetabulum
• Clubfoot – soles of the feet turn medially
43. The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life
• Growth of the appendicular skeleton
• Increases height
• Changes body proportions
• Upper-lower body ratio changes with age
• At birth head and trunk are 1.5 times as long as
lower limbs
• Lower limbs grow faster than the trunk
• Upper-lower body ratio of 1 to 1 by about age 10