This document discusses the bones and joints of the foot. It describes the 7 tarsal bones that make up the proximal and distal rows, including the talus, calcaneus, navicular, 3 cuneiform bones, and cuboid. It also describes the 5 metatarsal bones. The main joints of the foot are classified as intertarsal, tarsometatarsal, intermetatarsal, metatarsophalangeal, and interphalangeal joints. The document further discusses the medial and lateral longitudinal arches and anterior and posterior transverse arches of the foot, describing their structure, function, and factors that maintain the arches.

1. Bones and Joints of Foot
Dr. Mushfiqul Hoque
Lecturer
Dhaka National Medical College

2. Tarsal Bones

3. Tarsal Bones
• 7 in number
• Arranged in two rows, proximal and
distal
• On the medial side between the two
rows there is one bone, navicular
• Proximal row bones: Talus and
calcaneus
• Distal row bones: (from medial to
lateral side) medial cuneiform,
intermediate cuneiform, lateral
cuneiform and cuboid

4. Tarsal Bones
• On the medial side, Navicular lies
between talus and the three cuneiform
bones.
• Calcaneus articulates with cuboid in
front
• Talus lies upon the calcaneus and not
by the side

5. Metatarsal Bones
• 5 in number
• First metatarsal is the on the medial
side which is the shortest and thickest.
• Second metatarsal is the longest

6. Joints of the foot

7. Classification
• Joints of the foot:
1. Intertarsal
2. Tarsometatarsal
3. Intermetatarsal
4. Metatarsophalangeal
5. interphalangeal

8. Intertarsal Joints
• Subtalar or talocalcanean joint
• Talocalcaneonavicular joint
• Calcanocuboid joint

9. Talocalcanean Joints
• Plane synovial joint
• Between concave facet on the inferior
surface of the body of talus and convex
facet on the middle one-third of the
superior surface of the calcaneum
• Movements: inversion and eversion

10. Talocalcaneonavicular Joints
• Ball and socket type of synovial joint
• Ball formed by head of talus
• Socket formed by navicular and
calcaneum
• Movements: inversion and eversion

11. Calcaneocuboid Joints
• Saddle type of synovial joint
• Take part in inversion and eversion

12. Inversion and eversion of the foot
• Joints taking part:
1. Subtalar (talocalcanean)
2. Talocancaneonavicular
• Accessory joints:
1. Cancaneocuboid
2. Talonavicular

14. Smaller joints of the foot:
• Tarsometatarsal, intertarsal,
intermetatarsal joints are plane
type of synovial joints
• Metatarsophalangeal joints are
ellipsoid type of synovial joints
• Interphalangeal joints are hinge
type of synovial joints

15. Arches of the Foot

16. Arches of the foot
• Help in fast walking, running and
jumping
• Help in weight bearing and providing
upright posture
• Acts as a lever to propel the body in
running, walking and jumping

17. Classification:
• Longitudinal:
1. Medial
2. Lateral
• Transverse:
1. Anterior
2. posterior

18. Medial Longitudinal Arch
• Considerably higher
• More mobile and resilient than lateral
• Ends: anterior end is formed by heads
of first and second metatarsal
• Posterior end forms by medial tubercle
of the calcaneum
• Summit of the arch is superior articular
surface of the body of talus
• Pillars are talus, navicular, 3 cuneiform
and the first 3 metatarsal
• main joint is talocalcaneonavicular

19. Lateral Longitudinal Arch
• Characteristically low
• Limited mobility
• Built to transmit weight and thrust to
the ground
• Anterior end is formed by the heads of
the 4th and 5th metatarsals
• Posterior end is formed by lateral
tubercle of the calcaneum
• Summit is at the level of articular
facets of the superior surface of
calcaneum
• Pillars are cuboid and 4th and 5th
metatarsal

20. Anterior Transverse Arch
• Formed by the heads of the 5
metatarsal bones
• Complete because both heads of 1st
and 5th metatarsal come in contact
with the ground

21. Posterior Transverse Arch
• Formed by greater part of tarsus and
metatarsus
• Incomplete because only lateral end
comes in contact with the ground
• Forms a "half dome"

22. Factors responsible for maintenance of the arches
• Shape of the bones
• Intersegmental ties holding
the different segments
together
• Tie beams or bowstrings
that connect the two ends
of an arch
• Slings that keep the summit
pulled up
• Suspension

23. Intersegmental Ties:
• The Spring ligament for medial
longitudinal arch
• The long and short plantar ligaments
for the lateral longitudinal arch
• Interosseous muscles for transverse
arch.

24. Tie beams:
• Plantar aponeurosis and muscles of the
first layer of foot for longitudinal
arches
• Adductor hellucis for transverse arches

25. Slings:
• Tendons of posterior compartment
into the sole I.e. tibialis posterior,
flexor hellucis longus, flexor digitorum
longus for medial arch
• Peroneus longus and brevis for lateral
arch
• Tendons of tibialis anterior and
peroneus longus together form a sling
to support both longitudinal arches
• Tendon of peroneus longus for
transverse arches along with tibialis
posterior.