The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is the main muscle of respiration. It has a central tendon and is dome shaped. It has three parts - sternal, costal and vertebral. It has openings for the aorta, esophagus and inferior vena cava. During respiration, contraction of the diaphragm increases the vertical diameter of the chest cavity.
In this pppt I have described surgical anatomy of chest wall, lungs and mediastinum. This will be useful to medical students, surgical residents and surgons
In this pppt I have described surgical anatomy of chest wall, lungs and mediastinum. This will be useful to medical students, surgical residents and surgons
neuronal organelles
the neuron contains all the regular organelles of the eukaryotic cells. however, rough endoplasmic
reticulum, free ribosomes and polyribosomes of the neurons are collectively referred to as the nissl
(chromophil) bodies (granules).
these organelles are responsible for the intense basophilia of the neuronal perikaryon and are absent in the
axon hillock and in the axon (see diagram 3.).
neurofibrils, neurofilaments, microtubules and microfilaments are widely distributed in the cell body, axon
and dendrites.
golgi complex and lysosomes are restricted to the cell body while mitochondria are widely distributed in all
parts of the neuron but are particularly abundant at the axonal terminals.
inclusion bodies:
the neuron also contains inclusion bodies, which have variable distribution in the nervous system, e.g.:
melanin pigments (neuromelanin) are found in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and locus coeruleus of
the pons in the brainstem
lipofuscin (lipochrome) pigments are found in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, sensory and
sympathetic ganglia. they are stored in granules derived from lysosomes. lipofuscin appears from the age
of 8 and increases with age. they may appear in other nerve cells but never found in the purkinje cells of
the cerebellum.
other inclusion bodies include:
zinc metal in the hippocampus of the brain
iron metal in the occolomotor nucleus of the midbrain
calcium and magnesium salts (brain sand) in the pineal gland.
synaptic vesicles are membrane-bound sacs of neurotransmitter located at the boutons terminaux of axons.
the axon :( see diagram 3a and 3b)
the characteristic features of the axon are:
a.it arises from the region of the cell body called the axon hillock
b.it is often longer than the dendrites but of uniform diameter.
c.a typical neuron possesses only one axon.
d.its plasmalemma is called the axolemma and its cytoplasm the axoplasm.
e.it contains all neuronal organelles except nissl bodies and golgi complex.
f.may have collateral branches.
g.may be covered by myelin sheath for insulation and rapid conduction of impulses.
h.conducts impulses away from the cell body.
i.its terminal branches are called telodendria, which terminate in dilated terminals (boutons
terminaux) that are involved in formation of contact points called synapses.
j.the initial segment is often involved in inhibitory axo-axonal synapses.
the dendrite (see diagram 3.)
the characteristic features of the dendrite are:
a.it is often shorter than the axon and tapers from the cell body hence the diameter is not
uniform.
b.it has numerous branches.
urinary system includes kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra.
kidney is retroperitoneal with 4 layers of coverings. 2 boarders, 2 surfaces and poles. hilum contains neuro vascular structures and ureter. ureter lies posteriorly.
ureter is muscular tube parts are pelvis, abdominal and pelvic part
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Diaphragm
• Separates
– Thoracic & abdominal
cavity
• Principle muscle of
respiration
– Peripheral muscular part
– Central fibrous part
• Central tendon
Diaphragm
Thorax
Abdomen
3. Surfaces & parts
• Superior
– Features
• Dome or Cupola
– Projection on either side
• Central tendon
– Depression in centre
– Relations
• Rt. & Lt. Pleura & fibrous pericardium
• Inferior
– Lined by peritoneum
– Rt. Side
• Liver, kidney, suprarenal gland
– Lt. side
• Liver, fundus, spleen, kidney, suprarenal gland
4. 1)Sternal part
“post. Xiphiod process”
2) Costal part lower 6 rips
3)Vertebral part
2 crura and ligaments
Has 3 origin:
8. Crura
• Right & Left crus
– Right crus
• Right side of anterior
aspect of upper 3 lumbar
– Left crus
• Left side of anterior
aspect of upper 2 lumbar
vertebrae
1
2
3
Right crus
1st 3 lumbar
Left crus
1st 3 lumbar
9. Arcuate ligaments
• Median arcuate ligament
– Tendinous ligament
– Between upper ends of
two crura
– At T-12 level
10. Arcuate ligaments
• Medial arcuate ligament
– Thickened upper psoas
fascia
– Extends
• From
– Side of body of L2
vertebra
• To
– Tip of transverse
process of L1
2
1
Medial arcuate ligament
L2 to TP of L1
11. Arcuate ligaments
• Lateral arcuate ligament
– Thickened upper margin of
fascia
• Covers Quadratus
lumborum muscle (anterior
layer of thoracolumbar
fascia)
• Extends
– From
• Tip of transverse process of
L1
– To
• 12th rib
2
1
Lateral arcuate ligament
L1 to TP 12th rib
12. Insertion
• Central tendon
– Muscle fibres converge from
circumferential origin
• Features of central tendon
– Trifoliate in shape
• An anterior
• Two tongue shaped posterior
– Fused with fibrous
pericardium
Nearer to sternum than vertebral
column
central tendon
16. Aortic opening
• Osseo aponeurotic
• Lies behind diaphragm (median
arcuate ligament)
• Features
– Level - T 12
– Shape – round
– Boundaries
• Front – median arcuate ligament
• Behind – body of 12th thoracic
vertebra
• On sides – crus
– Structures passing
• Aorta
• Thoracic duct
• Azygos vein
17. Oesophageal opening
• Lies in muscular part
• Fibres from right crus
encircle it
• Level - T10
• Shape – Elliptical
• Structures passing
– Oesophagus
– Gastric or Vagus nerves
– Oesophageal branches of left
gastric artery
– Phreno- oesophageal ligament
– Lymphatics from liver
18. Venacaval opening
• Situation - central tendon
of diaphragm
• Level – T 8
• Shape - Quadrilateral
• Structures passing
– Inferior vena cava
– Right phrenic nerve
– Few lymph vessels from
liver
19. Minor openings
• 8 openings
– Behind
• Medial arcuate ligament
• Lateral arcuate ligament
– Piercing crura
• Right & left crus
– Between origins of
• Sternal & costal
• Costal & transverse
abdominis
• Costal orgins
20. Space of Larry
• Gap between
– Muscular slips from
• Xiphoid process & 7th costal
cartilage
• Structure passing
– Superior epigastric vessels
21. Other structures
• Musculophrenic
– Between 7th & 8th ribs
• Lower 5 intercostal nerves
and vessels
– Between adjacent costal slips
(7th to 11th )
• Subcostal
– Deep to lateral arcuate
• Sympathetic
– Deep to medial arcuate
• Greter, lesser and least
splanchnic
– Piercing crus
22. Nerve supply
Motor
Phrenic nerve (C3-5)
Sensory
Central part
Phrenic nerve
Peripheral part
Lower 6 intercostal nerves
25. Development
• Develops from 4 sources
• Septum transversum
• Pleuroperitoneal
membrane
• Medial dorsal portion of
primary oesophageal
mesentry
• Marginal ingrowths of the
body wall
26. Applied anatomy
• Hiccups
– Due to involuntary
spasmodic contraction
– Accompanied by closure
of glottis
• Hernia
– Hiatal hernia
• Sliding hernia
– Cardiooesophageal
junction & cardiac end of
stomach pass into
posterior mediastinum
27. Suprarenal glands
• Ductless gland
• Yellowish retroperitoneal
organ
• Located at upper poles of
each kidney
– At the level of T12
• Component of hypothalamic-
pituitary-suprarenal axis
– Responsible for coordinating
stress response and metabolism
28. Right suprarenal gland - Features
• Pyramid( )shaped
• Caps the upper pole of right kidney
• Apex
• Base
• 3 borders
– Anterior
• Has hilum for suprarenal vein
– Medial
– Lateral
• 3 surfaces
– Anteromedial
– Anterolateral
– Posterior
30. Left suprarenal gland - Features
• Crescentic in shape
• Extends along the
medial border of
left kidney
– From upper pole
to hilus
• 2 poles
– Upper & lower
• 2 borders
– Medial & lateral
• 2 surfaces
– Anterior
• Hilum for
suprarenal vein
– Posterior
31. • Relations
– Anterior
• Pancreas, lesser sac and stomach
– Posterior
• Diaphragm
Left suprarenal gland
32. Arterial supply
• Each gland is supplied by
– 3 arteries from
– 3 distinct sources
• Superior suprarenal artery
– A branch of inferior phrenic
artery
• Middle suprarenal artery
– A branch of the abdominal aorta
• Inferior suprarenal artery
– A branch of the renal artery
33. Venous drainage
• Each gland is emptied
only by just one vein
– Which comes from the
hilus of the gland
• Right suprarenal vein
empties into
– Inferior vena cava
• Left suprarenal vein
empties into
– Left renal vein
34. Sheath
• Encircled by 2 sheaths
– Immediate covering of loose
areolar tissue consisting of a
large amount of perirenal fat
– Outer to this renal fascia
encloses the suprarenal gland
along with the kidney but the
gland is divided from the
kidney by a septum
35. Development
• Cortex
– From coelomic epithelium
(mesothelium) derived from
mesoderm
• Medulla
– From Neural crest cells
36. Mechanism of
respiration
• Increase in
– vertical diameter by
diaphragmatic contraction
– Anteroposterior diameter
by pump handle movement
of sternum
– Transverse diameter by
bucket handle movements
of lower ribs
