This document summarizes the anatomy of the face, including:
- The skin of the face is thick, elastic and highly vascular. It allows for rapid spread of edema.
- The facial skeleton contains 14 bones including the mandible, maxilla, nasal and zygomatic bones.
- Facial muscles originate from the mesoderm and function to open and close the 3 main orifices of the face. They include muscles of the nose, mouth and around the orbit.
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAINDrVishal2
THIS SEMINAR ON VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAIN ENCOMPASSES ALL THE POSSIBLE DETAILED EXPLANATION ALONG WITH DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SAME. APPLIED AND SURGICAL ANATOMY ALONG WITH RECENT MODALITIES HAS BEEN ADDED HEREIN..
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAINDrVishal2
THIS SEMINAR ON VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAIN ENCOMPASSES ALL THE POSSIBLE DETAILED EXPLANATION ALONG WITH DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SAME. APPLIED AND SURGICAL ANATOMY ALONG WITH RECENT MODALITIES HAS BEEN ADDED HEREIN..
It contains following subheadings:
-maxilla and mandible anatomy
-TMJ(Temporo mandibular joint)
-Muscles of mastication
By:
Dr. Syed Irfan Qadeer
Prof. and HOD Department of Anatomy
SPIDMS,Lucknow
This is an educational presentation that describes methods of studying skull. Various Normas has been explained with diagrams. The presentation is the continuation of previously uploaded matter wherein major bones of the skull was explained. link to previous ppt is https://www.slideshare.net/AyshahHashimi/skull-copy
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. Extent
• Above
– Hair line of scalp
• Below
– Chin and base of mandible
• Each side
– Auricle
Forehead – common area for scalp and face
3. Skin
• Highly vascular
– Plastic surgery gives excellent
results
• Sebaceous and sweat glands
– Activities control by sex
hormones
– Acne in adults
• Due to inflammation of sebaceous
glands
4. Skin …. Contd.,
• Thick, elastic and gives
attachment to muscles
– Wounds tends to gape
– And profuse bleeding
• Lax
– Permits rapid spread of
oedema
5. Superficial fascia
• Contains
– Facial muscles
– Vessels and nerves
– Variable amount of fat
• Fat is
– Abundant in cheek
– Absent in eyelids
8. Muscles
• Morphologically remnants of
– Panniculus carnosus
• Embryologically –
– Derived from mesoderm of
• II-branchial arch
• Functionally
– To close and open
• 3 main orifices
9. Muscles of Nose (3)
• Nasalis
– 2 parts
• Compressor naris
• Dilator naris
• Depressor septi Nasi
• Procerus
10. Nasalis
• 2 parts
– Compressor naris
• O
– Ant surface of maxilla
» Lat to nasal notch
• I
– Opposite side muscles meet
along the bridge
• A
– Compresses ant nasal opening
– Dilator naris
• O
– Just inferior to origin of com
naris
• I
– Ala of nose
• A
– Dilates the ant nasal opening
11. Depressor
septi nasi
• O
– Ant surface of maxilla
• Incisive fossa (below nasal
notch)
– I
• Inferior part of nasal septum
– A
• Widening nasal opening
13. Muscles of Mouth
1+10
• Orbicularis oris
• Levator labii superioris
alaeque nasi
• Levator labi superioris
• Levator anguli oris
• Zygomaticus major
• Zygomaticus minor
• Risorius
• Depressor labii inferioris
• Depressor anguli oris
• Mentalis
• Buccinator
• Muscles of mouth
– Can be divided into
• 2 groups
– One sphincter & 10 elevators
• Elevators can be divided into
– 3 subgroups
» Muscles acting on upper lip
» Muscles acting on lower lip
» Muscles acting at the angle
14. Muscles acting on upper lip
• Levator labii superioris
alaeque nasi
• Levator labii superioris
• Zygomaticus minor
15. • O
– Superior part of frontal process of maxilla
• I
– Divides into 2 parts
• Nasal
– Skin & cartilage of ala
• Labial
– Upper lip (into orbicularis oris)
• A
– Medial part
• Dilates nose
– Lateral part elevates upper lip
Levator labii superioris alaque nasi
16. Levator labii
superioris
• O
– Infraorbital margin of
maxilla
• Above infraorbital foramen
• I
– Skin of upper lip
• A
– Elevates upper lip
17. Zygomaticus minor
• O
– Outer surface of zygomatic
bone
• Zygomaticomaxillary suture
• I
– Skin of upper lip lateral part
• A
– Elevates upper lip
18. Muscles acting on angle of mouth
• Levator anguli oris
• Zygomaticus major
• Risorius
• Depressor anguli oris
19. Levator anguli oris
• O
– Canine fossa of maxilla
• Below infraorbital foramen
• I
– Angle of mouth
• A
– Raises angle of mouth
20. Zygomaticus major
• Smiling muscle
• O
– Zygomatic bone
• Anterior to zygomaticotemporal
suture
• I
– Angle of mouth
• A
– Elevates angle of mouth laterally
21. Risorius
• Grinning muscle
• O
– Parotid fascia
• I
– Angle of mouth
• A
– Pulls the angle of mouth
downwards & laterally
22. Depressor anguli oris
• O
– Posterior part of
• Oblique line of mandible
• I
– Angle of mouth
• A
– Pulls angle of mouth downwards &
laterally
27. Orbicularis oris
• Sphincter
• Encircles oral fissure
• Has 2 parts
– Extrinsic & intrinsic (Deep)
• O
– Incisive fossa of
• Maxilla & mandible
• I
– Surround the orifice and
attach angle of mouth
– Skin of lips
• A
– Closure of lips
– Compressor of lips
(mastication)
– Protrusion of lips
28. Buccinator
• Muscle of cheek
• O
– Alveolar process of
• Maxilla & mandible
– At Third molar tooth
– Ant surface of
pterygomandibular raphe
– Post part of
• Oblique line of mandible
• I
29. Insertion of Buccinator
• All fibres converge at angle
of mouth
• Upper fibers
– Passes into upper lip
– Meet with opposite side
• Lower fibres
– Passes into lower lip
– Meet with opposite side
• Middle fibres
– Decussate at angle
– Lower part goes to upper lip
– Upper part reaches lower lip
30. Buccinator
• Action
– Compresses cheek
– Helps in
• Chewing
• Blowing
• Sucking
• Relations
– Covered by
• Buccopharyngeal fascia
• Buccal pad of fat
– Deep Relations
• Mucous membrane and
• Pharyngobasilar fascia
• Structures piercing
– Parotid duct
34. Muscles around orbit
• Orbicularis oculi
– Sphincter of orbit
– Surrounds palpebral
fissure
– Has 3 parts
• Palpebral
• Orbital
• Lacrimal
35. Orbicularis oculi
• Orbital part
– O
• Medial palpebral ligament
• Frontal process of maxilla
• Nasal process of frontal bone
– I
• Encircles orbit
– A
• Locks eyelid
36. Orbicularis oculi
• Palpebral part
– O
• Medial palpebral ligament
– I
• Lateral palpebral raphae
– A
• Closes the eyelids gently
• Blinking & sleeping
37. Orbicularis oculi
• Lacrimal part
– O
• Posterior Lacrimal crest
• Lateral surface of lacrimal bone
– I
• Divides into upper & lower parts
• Attached to tarsal plates
• Lateral palpebral raphe
39. Corrugator supercilii
• Muscle of frowning
• O
– Medial part of superciliary
arch
• I
– Skin above supra orbital
margin
• A
– Draws eyebrow medially
40. Arteries of face
• Facial artery
• Superficial temporal
• Opthalmic artery
41. Facial branches of facial artery
• Inferior labial
• Superior labial
• Lateral nasal
• Angular
45. Veins
• Facial vein
– Formation
• By Union of
– Supra trochlear
– Supra orbital
• Pierces
– Deep fascia below
mandible
• Joins with
– Anterior division of
• Retromandibular v
– Forms
• Common facial vein
46. Facial vein
• Communications
– With cavernous vein
• Through – angular vein &
superior opthalmic vein
– With pterygoid venous
plexus
• Through – deep facial vein
47. Dangerous area of face
• Upper lip and lower part of
nose –
– lying between the angular
vein and deep vein of face
• Facial vein is devoid of
valves
• Rests on facial muscles
• Movements of facial
muscles facilitate spread of
emboli
48. Nerve supply of face
• Sensory
– Trigeminal nerve
• Except area over angle of
mandible
– Supplied by
» Great auricular nerve
(C2, 3)
49. Sensory nerves
• Opthalmic (5)
– Lacrimal
– Supra orbital
– Supra trochlear
– Infra trochlear
– External nasal
50. Sensory nerves
• Maxillary (3)
- a) Zygomatico temporal
- b) Zygomatico facial
- c) Infra orbital
Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial
Infraorbital nerve
53. Supranuclear palsy
• Upper motor neurons
– Occlusion of blood supply to
motor area
– Or Internal capsule area
• Results
– Contralateral side lower
facial muscles paralysed
• Upper muscle has bilateral
control of motor cortex
54. Bell’s palsy
• Lower motor neuron
• Lesion in peripheral part of
facial nerve
– Near stylomastoid foramen
• Paralysis of ipsilateral side
