Glycerol is a chemical compound that is generally non-toxic, sweet tasting, vicious liquid. Glycerol is completely soluble in water and alcohol.Glycerol was first obtained as a bi-product of soap manufacture through saponification of fats. Glycerine is used in the cosmetics and medicinal industries.
Glycerol is a chemical compound that is generally non-toxic, sweet tasting, vicious liquid. Glycerol is completely soluble in water and alcohol.Glycerol was first obtained as a bi-product of soap manufacture through saponification of fats. Glycerine is used in the cosmetics and medicinal industries.
Coniine structure elucidation SLIDESHARE sem 5 bscMAYURI SOMPURA
structure of coniine ,properties of coniine ,preparation of coniine ,constitution of coniine ,bergmann method for preparation of coniine ,bergmann method for synthesis of coniine ,ladenberg method for synthesis of coniine ,chemistry of coniine
Browning is the process of food turning brown due to the chemical reactions that take place within. The process of browning is one of the chemical reactions that take place in food chemistry and represents an interesting research topic regarding health, nutrition, and food technology.
Any series of hydroxyl comppounds derived from saturated hydrocarbons.
It is aclear liquid that has a strong smell.
A colourless, volatile, flameable liquid which is produced by fermentatiopn.
The test organism used here is known as Saccharomyces cervisae.
It is a type of yeast which is used in the production of alcohol.
It produces the enzyme invertase in both a cytoplasmic and a secreted form.
This yeast ferments a number of common substrates including sucrose and maltose.
The starter is prepared from the selected yeast isolated in pure culture.
A tube contaioning 10ml of of sterile wort is inoculated from pure culture of yeast.
After incubation for 25-30C for suitable time,culture in tube may be used to inoculate 200ml of sterile mash.
Aeration is useful in the preparation of starter.
Temperature – About 70C-80C
Time – 50 hours
The 90-95% alcohol is further purified, dehydrated or denatured to obtain different alcohols
Coniine structure elucidation SLIDESHARE sem 5 bscMAYURI SOMPURA
structure of coniine ,properties of coniine ,preparation of coniine ,constitution of coniine ,bergmann method for preparation of coniine ,bergmann method for synthesis of coniine ,ladenberg method for synthesis of coniine ,chemistry of coniine
Browning is the process of food turning brown due to the chemical reactions that take place within. The process of browning is one of the chemical reactions that take place in food chemistry and represents an interesting research topic regarding health, nutrition, and food technology.
Any series of hydroxyl comppounds derived from saturated hydrocarbons.
It is aclear liquid that has a strong smell.
A colourless, volatile, flameable liquid which is produced by fermentatiopn.
The test organism used here is known as Saccharomyces cervisae.
It is a type of yeast which is used in the production of alcohol.
It produces the enzyme invertase in both a cytoplasmic and a secreted form.
This yeast ferments a number of common substrates including sucrose and maltose.
The starter is prepared from the selected yeast isolated in pure culture.
A tube contaioning 10ml of of sterile wort is inoculated from pure culture of yeast.
After incubation for 25-30C for suitable time,culture in tube may be used to inoculate 200ml of sterile mash.
Aeration is useful in the preparation of starter.
Temperature – About 70C-80C
Time – 50 hours
The 90-95% alcohol is further purified, dehydrated or denatured to obtain different alcohols
polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms.
Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth. The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–50% and that of dried hemp is approximately 45%.
Cellulose is mainly used to produce paperboard and paper.
Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as cellophane and rayon.
Conversion of cellulose from energy crops into biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under investigation as an alternative fuel source.
Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton.
Some animals, particularly ruminants and termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such as Trichonympha.
In humans, cellulose acts as a hydrophilic bulking agent for feces and is often referred to as a "dietary fiber".
- Tools and equipment
- Sources of Starch
- Classification of Starch
- The Starch Molecule
- Starch Properties and Reactions
- Functional Properties of Starches
Solubility
Source
Classification
Important polysaccharide
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Xantham
Pectin
Agar
Inulin
Chitin
Function of polysaccharide
Conclusion
It is a Complexaing agent.
Synonym: cavitron, cycloamyloses, cycloglucan, cyclic oligosaccharide
It is a important for increasing the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs.
Cyclodextrines are produced from starch by means of enzymatic conversion.
They are used in food, pharmaceutical, drug delivery, and chemical industries, as well as agriculture and environmental engineering.
Cyclodextrines are composed of 5 or more α-D glucopyranoside units linked 1->4, as in amylose linkage.
Cyclodextrines contains 32 1,4-anhydroglucopyranoside units, while as a poorly characterized mixture, at least 150-membered cyclic oligosaccharides are also known. Typical cyclodextrins contain a number of glucose monomers ranging from six to eight units in a ring.
CDs, with lipophilic inner cavities & hydrophilic outer surfaces, are interacting with a guest molecule to form non covalent inclusion complexes.
Today CDs are only synthesized either by fermentation or enzymatically.
Many CGTases from different microorganisms are known, cloned, sequenced, characterized and used for production of CDs.
Cellulose is a long chain of linked sugar molecules that gives wood its remarkable strength. It is the main component of plant cell walls, and the basic building block for many textiles and for paper. Cotton is the purest natural form of cellulose. In the laboratory, ash less filter paper is a source of nearly pure cellulose.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. Polysaccharides :
Polysaccharides are the carbohydrates, which on
hydrolysis give large number of monosaccharide units.
Examples:
1. Insulin on hydrolysis gives a large number of fructose units.
2. Starch on hydrolysis gives a large number of alpha-glucose
units.
3. Cellulose on hydrolysis gives a large number of beta-
units.
3. Starch occurs as microscopic granules in roots, tubers etc.. Corn, potatoes,
wheat and rice are important commercial sources of starch.
Heating starch with water causes granules to swell and produce a colloidal
suspension from which two major components can be isolated. One fraction
iscalled amylose and the other amylopectin. Most starches yield 10-20%
amylose and 80-90% amylopectin.
STARCH
4. Properties of Starch
Starch granules are insoluble in cold water , but if outer membrane is
broken(by grinding), the granules swell in cold water and form a gel.
In boiling water, they swell and burst to form an colloidal solution ( starch
paste) that converts into gels on cooling.
When heated with water under pressure or with dilute acids, it forms soluble
starch.
Further treatment with dilute acids hydrolyses this successively into dextrins
, maltose and ultimately glucose.
7. Manufacture of Starch
The chief commercial sources of starch are maize, rice, potatoes and sago.
The grains are first of all made into a pulp by soaking in water followed by
crunching of the cell walls containing starch.
The pulp thus prepared is then carried by a current of running water on to
wire sieves.
Proteins and cellulose remain on the sieves and starch is washed as a milky
liquid.
The milky liquid is allowed to settle and starch separated by decantation.
The starch is finally air dried.
8. USES
1. Laboratory indicator for Iodometric titration.
2. Used in paper making.
3. In laundry works
4. Important constituent of many foods.
5. Used for the manufacturer of glucose, dextrins,
alcohol etc.
9. 2. CELLULOSE (C6H10O5)N
It is chief structural material to which the plants
give their form and rigidity.
Wood and jute are important sources of cellulose.
10. PROPERTIES
Cellulose is a colurless fibrous substance having an organised tubular
structure which varies with the source .
It is insoluble in water but dissolves in a solution of cupric hydroxide in
ammonia from which it may be pipetted by addition of acids. This
property is utilised in the manufacture of artificial silk.
Concentrated NaOH solution acts on cellulose to give a gelatinous
translucent mass.
It is a non-reducing carbohydrate having a very high molecular weight.
Also it forms ethers when treated with alkyl halides in presence of alkali.
Similar to esterification.
12. PREPARATION
1. From wood
wood shavings are successively treated with dil alkali, dil acid,
water, alcohol and ether. All the other substances like lignin, resins
etc accompanying cellulose are removed by these treatments and
cellulose is obtained as an amorphous mass which may be bleached
with hypochlorites to give a white amorphous powder of cellulose.
2. From cotton
Extraction with organic solvents removes fats and waxes. Treatment
with hydrofluoric acid removes mineral matter. The crude cellulose
thus obtained is bleached to get pure cellulose.
13. INDUSTRIAL USES OF CELLULOSE
1. Cellulose nitrate :
the completely nitrated cellulose containing three -NO2 groups per glucose unit is
called cellulose nitrate or gun cotton. It is used in the manufacture of explosives like cordite
and blasting gelatine, when mixed with glyceryl trinitrate.
2. Pyroxylin :
Used in medicine for skin cuts. Also used in photography and in the manufacture of
cellulose paints and lacquers
3. Celluloid plastic :
Pyroxylin solution in alcohol, mixed with camphor is used for making toys, photographic
films etc..
4. Cellophane :
It is formed when a solution of cellulose xanthate is pressed under force through a
narrow slit, followed by softening with glycerol. It is used as a protective film and wrapping
material.
14. ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES
1) Molisch Test :
It consist in adding 2 to 3 drops of 1% alcoholic solution of alpha –
naphthol to a 5% aqueous solution of the organic compound, followed by a
careful addition of about 2ml of concentrated sulphuric acid. Formation of a
deep violet ring at the junction of the liquids indicates the presence of a
carbohydrate.
2) Action of heat :
When heated strongly in a dry test tube, carbohydrates generally char and
give out the smell of burnt sugar.
3) Action of concentrated sulphuric acid :
When warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid, carbohydrates show
immediate blackening. At higher temperature CO2, CO, & SO2 are evolved.
15. GLYCOGEN
Like plants, animals also store glucose in the form of starch like
substances called glycogens.
Structurally, glycogens resemble amylopectin.
Glycogen is found in the form of granules in cytoplasm in many cell types
and plays an important role in the glucose cycle.
16. CHITIN
A long chain polymer of N – acetylglucosamine, is a derivative
of glucose. It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the
exoskeletons of insects and scales of fish.
Chitin has proved useful for several medicinal and industrial
purposes.
