Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
Labile & inert and substitution reactions in octahedral complexesEinstein kannan
The first part includes a definition of labile and inert. lability and inertness on the basis of VB theory and CFT and also factors affecting inertness and lability of the complexes.
And also the second part includes Substitution Reactions in Octahedral Complexes like mechanisms and their evidence.
Definition - Mechanism - Effect of dielectric constant on the rate of reactions in solutions - Salt effect - Primary salt effect - Bronsted – Bjerrum equation - Secondary salt effect - Effect of pressure on rate of reaction in solution - Volume of activation - Significance
These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
Fluoroantimonic acid is the strongest superacid based on the measured value of its Hammett acidity function (H0), which has been determined for different ratios of HF:SbF5.
Crown ethers
NOMENCLATURE
GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF CROWN ETHER
AZA CROWN
CRYPTAND
APPLICATIONS
1. SYNTHETIC APPLICTION
Esterification
Saponification
Anhydride formation
Potassium permanganate oxidation
Aromatic substitution reactions
Elimination reactions
Displacement reaction
Generation of carbenes
Superoxide anion
Alkylations – 1. o-alkylations
2. c-alkylations
3. n-alkylations
2. ANALYTICAL APPLICATION
Determination of gold in geological samples
Super critical fluid extraction of trace metal from solid and liquid materials
Application of ionic liquids in analytical chemistry
Oxidation and determination of aldehydes
Crown ethers are used in the laboratory as phase transfer catalyst
OTHER APPLICATION
It is used in photocynation
Resolution of racemic mixture
Benzoin condensation
Hetrocyclisation
Synthesis of furanones
Acetylation of secondary amines in presence of primary amine
Labile & inert and substitution reactions in octahedral complexesEinstein kannan
The first part includes a definition of labile and inert. lability and inertness on the basis of VB theory and CFT and also factors affecting inertness and lability of the complexes.
And also the second part includes Substitution Reactions in Octahedral Complexes like mechanisms and their evidence.
Definition - Mechanism - Effect of dielectric constant on the rate of reactions in solutions - Salt effect - Primary salt effect - Bronsted – Bjerrum equation - Secondary salt effect - Effect of pressure on rate of reaction in solution - Volume of activation - Significance
These are chemical shift reagents and solvent induced shifts have their application in resolving the NMR Spectra of complex structures by inducing shift with respect to reference compound. Thus useful in interpretation of structures of complex organic compounds.
Fluoroantimonic acid is the strongest superacid based on the measured value of its Hammett acidity function (H0), which has been determined for different ratios of HF:SbF5.
preparation of buffers, buffers and isotonic systems. Methods for
adjustment of tonicity of solutions. Buffers in pharmaceutical and biological systems.
5 membered heterocyclic compound Furan. it is complete powerpoint presentation who want to learn from basics of heterocyclic chemistry. I have referred from various books and done my best so that view can get all they can without scroll many books. Kindly give your feedback after viewing powerpoint presentation
this ppt include introduction synthesis, physical ,chemical properties, and uses of pyrrole furan and thiophene
also include introduction of 5 membered heterocyclic compound and fused heterocyclic compounds
Non- aqueous titrations are those in which the titrations of too weakly acidic or basic substances are carried out using non-aqueous solvents so as to get sharp end point.
Such titrations can also be used for the titration of the substances not soluble in water.
The speed, precision and accuracy of the non-aqueous method are close to those of classical acidimetric and alkalimetric titrations.
First reported successful quantitative titration of organic acid and base in non-aqueous solvent: 1910.
To an understanding of non-aqueous acid base titrimetry the theories of acid and base is very important. The theories are:
Acids are hydrogen containing compounds that dissociates to yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
Bases are compounds that dissociates to yield hydroxide/hydroxyl ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
Introduction
History
Acid & Base
Ionization of water
Definitions of pH
(1) Mathematical Definition
(2) pH
(3) pOH
Buffer solution
(1) Types
(2) Buffer action
(3) Biological buffer systems
Henderson – Hasselbalch Equation
Measurement of pH
(1) pH Scale
(2) pH indicators
(3) pH meter
pH in human body and nature
Importance
Conclusion
Reference
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
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2. According to the classical definition, a super acid is an acid with an acidity greater
than that of 100% pure sulfuric acid, which has Hammett acidity function of -12.
According to the modern definition, a super acid is a medium in which the
chemical potential of the proton is higher than in pure sulfuric acid.
3. More efficient proton donor than pure sulphuric acid.
Viscous, corrosive liquid.
1018 times more acidic than sulphuric acid.
Formed when powerful Lewis acid is dissolved in a powerful Bronsted acid.
4. HAMMETT ACIDITY FUNCTION:
Is a measure of acidity that is used for very concentrated solution of strong acid,
including super acid.
Proposed by the physical organic chemist
Louis Plack Hammett.
H0= pK BH + log [B]/[BH+]
5. EXAMPLES
1. Fluorosulphuric acid: (H0= -15.1)
Is a inorganic compound with chemical formula HSO3F
Strongest acid commercially available.
It is a tetrahedral molecule. Colourless liquid, although commercial
samples are yellow.
It is prepared by reaction of HF and sulfur trioxide.
SO3 + HF HSO3F
6. 2. Carborane: (H0< -18)
Chemical formula- H(CXB11Y5Z6) (X,Y,Z =H,Akl, F, Cl, Br, CF3)
These are a class of super acid, some of which are estimated to be
at least one million times stronger than pure sulphuric acid.
Strongest known Bronsted acid.
7. 3. Fluoroantimonic acid (H0 between -21 and -23)
Organic compound with chemical formula H2FSbF6.
It is extremely strong acid.
Prepared by treating hydrogen fluoride with antimony pentafluoride in a 2:1 ratio
This results in the formation of fluoronium ion.
2 HF + SbF5 SbF6
- + H2F
+
The extreme Acidity of fluoroantimonic acid is because of fluoroantimonic ion.
8. 4. Triflic acid (H0 = - 14.9)
Also known as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.
Is a sulfonic acid With chemical formula CF3SO3H.
It is hygroscopic, colorless, slightly viscous liquid and soluble in polar solvents.
It is produced industrially by electrochemical fluorination of methane sulfonic
acid.
. CH3SO3H + 4HF CF3SO2F + H2O + 3H2
CF3SO2F is hydrolyzed.
It can also be produced by oxidation of trifluoromethylsulfenylchloride.
CF3SCl + 2Cl2 +3H2O CF3SO3H + 5HCl
It is mainly used in research as a catalyst in esterification.
9. 5. Magic acid (H0 = -19.2)
It consists a mixture of fluorosulpuric acid and antimony pentafluoride in 1:1
ratio.
It is conjugate Bronsted- Lewis super acid system developed by George Olah.
It has been used to stabilize carbonation and hypercoordinated carbonium ions
in liquid medium.
It can proton weak bases including methane, xenon, halogens and molecular
hydrogen.
10. APPLICATIONS:
In petrochemist, super acidic media are used as catalysts, especially
for alkylation.
Typical catalysts are sulfated oxides of titanium or zirconium
specially treated alumina or zeolite.
Solid acids are alkylation benzene with ethene and propene.
