This document discusses redox titrations. It begins by defining oxidation and reduction reactions. It then discusses different types of redox titrations including cerimetry, iodimetry, iodometry, bromatometry, dichrometry, and titration with potassium iodate. For each type of titration, the document describes the basic principles and provides some examples of applications. The document is presented by Miss Harshada R. Bafna and contains information on concepts, types, and specific techniques for various redox titration methods.
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators.nehla313
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators,
strong acid strong base
weak acid strong bse
strong acid weak base
weak acid and weak base
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Potentiometry, Electrochemical cell, construction and working of indicator an...Vandana Devesh Sharma
Potentiometry - Electrochemical cell -Construction and working of reference (Standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode and calomel electrode)
Indicator electrodes (metal electrodes and glass electrode)
Methods to determine end point of potentiometric titration
and applications
Potentiometry is the method to find the concentration of solute in
A given solution by measuring the potential between two Electrodes
(reference and Indicator electrode) . Potentiometric titration involves
the measurement of the potential of the indicator electrode and
reference electrode.
In potentiometric titration reference and indicator electrodes are
immersed in the solution of particular analyte (titrand) and
potential of indicator electrode is measured with relation to
reference electrode.
Titrant is added in analyte (Titrand) and change in potential is noted
down.
At the end point there is sharp change in potential on indicator
electrode.
Graph is plotted between the indicator electrode potential and
volume of titrant added.
This method is used for determination of sharp end point.
Types of Potentiometric Titration
1. Acid-base titration 2. Redox Titration 3.Complexometric titration 4. Precipitation Titration
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
EDTA Titration
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators.nehla313
Neutralization curves in acid base analytical titrations, indicators,
strong acid strong base
weak acid strong bse
strong acid weak base
weak acid and weak base
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Potentiometry, Electrochemical cell, construction and working of indicator an...Vandana Devesh Sharma
Potentiometry - Electrochemical cell -Construction and working of reference (Standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode and calomel electrode)
Indicator electrodes (metal electrodes and glass electrode)
Methods to determine end point of potentiometric titration
and applications
Potentiometry is the method to find the concentration of solute in
A given solution by measuring the potential between two Electrodes
(reference and Indicator electrode) . Potentiometric titration involves
the measurement of the potential of the indicator electrode and
reference electrode.
In potentiometric titration reference and indicator electrodes are
immersed in the solution of particular analyte (titrand) and
potential of indicator electrode is measured with relation to
reference electrode.
Titrant is added in analyte (Titrand) and change in potential is noted
down.
At the end point there is sharp change in potential on indicator
electrode.
Graph is plotted between the indicator electrode potential and
volume of titrant added.
This method is used for determination of sharp end point.
Types of Potentiometric Titration
1. Acid-base titration 2. Redox Titration 3.Complexometric titration 4. Precipitation Titration
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
EDTA Titration
Learning objectives
Introduction
Preparation of a standard solution used for redox titration
Oxidizing and reducing agents used in volumetric analysis
N/10 potassium permanganate preparation
N/10 potassium dichromate preparation
N/10 Iodine solution preparation
Examples of redox titrations
Conclusion
References
Application of Fe3O4 Sphere Doped with Zn for Enhanced Sonocatalytic Removal ...ijtsrd
Fe3O4 sphere doped Zn were successfully prepared by the simple one pot solvothermal method. Morphology and structure of the as synthesised products was checked through the XRD, SEM, HRTEM techniques. The Fe3¬O4 hollowsphere doped showed the high photocatalytic activity for degradation of hexavalent chromium under visible light irradiation. The effects of reaction conditions such as initial pH, photocatalyst dosage and hexavalent chromium contratentation were also studied systematically. The stability of the catalsyts and and possible catalytic mechanism was also proposed. The results indicate that Fe3O4 sphere doped Zn can be promising catalyst for photo reduction of hexavalent chromium. Xuan Sang Nguyen "Application of Fe3O4 Sphere Doped with Zn for Enhanced Sonocatalytic Removal of Cr (VI) From Aqueous Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47862.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/47862/application-of-fe3o4-sphere-doped-with-zn-for-enhanced-sonocatalytic-removal-of-cr-vi-from-aqueous-solutions/xuan-sang-nguyen
Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts: Preparation, Thermal Pretreatment and Behavior Du...Gerard B. Hawkins
Fischer-Tropsch Process
Themes
Competitive Dissociative Adsorption
Reducibility of Metal Oxides
Feed Stock of the Fischer-Tropsch Process
Catalytic Partial Oxidation
Heats of Reaction
Direct vs Indirect Catalytic Partial Oxida.....
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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2. Concepts of oxidation and reduction.
Types of redox titrations. (Principles and applications)
Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Bromatometry, Dichrometry,
Titration with potassium iodate.
Contents-
14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 2
3. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 3
Concepts of oxidation and reduction
Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state of an atom,
an ion, or of certain atoms in a molecule.
Example: The reaction between magnesium metal and oxygen to form
magnesium oxide involves the oxidation of magnesium.
2Mg + O2 2Mgo
Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state of an atom,
an ion, or of certain atoms in a molecule.
Example: Copper oxide can be reduced to copper by heating it while passing
hydrogen gas over it. The hydrogen gets oxidised to form water
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
4. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 4
Redox titrations
Redox titration is based on an oxidation-reduction reaction between the titrant
and the analyte.
It may involve the use of a redox indicator and/or a potentiometer.
Example –
1.Treating a solution of iodine with a reducing agent to produce iodide using a starch
indicator to help detect the endpoint.
Principle
In this involved the oxidation-reduction titrations is that the oxidation process
involves the loss of electrons whereas the reduction process involves the gain of electrons.
6. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 6
Cerimetry
Principle:
Oxidation-reduction titrations involving cerium sulphate as an
oxidizing agent is called as ceriometry titration.
Cerium sulphate is powerful oxidant and can be used only in acidic
solution.
In natural solution ceric hydroxide (hydrous cerci oxide) or basic salts
precipitate.
Cerium salts have intense yellow color and end point detection can be
possible without any indicator in hot solution
7. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 7
Advantages:
1. Cerium (IV) solutions are stable over prolonged period. They need not be protected
from light, and may be even boiled for a short time without appreciable change in
concentration.
2. Cerium sulphate can be used to determine the reducing agents in presence of high
concentration of HCl. This an advantage over KMnO4
3. Cerium (IV) solutions in 0.1M solutions are not too highly colored to obstruct
vision when reading meniscus in burettes.
4. In reaction of Cerium (IV) salts in acid solution with reducing agent, simple change
takes place. Permanganate leads to several reduction products
Ce4+ + e- Ce3+
8. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 8
Application:
1. Used in the assay of FeSO4 ( Ferrous sulphate).
2. Used in assay of Ferrous glauconate tablets
3. Used in assay of Ferrous fumarate tablets
4. Used in assay of TiO2 (Titanium dioxide)
5. Used in assay of ascorbic acid tablets
6. Used in assay of Paracetamol.
9. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 9
Iodimetry
Titration in which a standard Iodine solution is used (Direct Iodometric)
Principle:
Iodimetry covers titration with a standard solution of iodine. Iodimetry deals with
the titration of iodine liberated in chemical reaction. This method is based upon the
inter conversion of elemental I2 and iodide ion.
I2+ 2e- 2I-
In Iodimetry, the formation if iodine takes place as a result of hydriodic acid (HI),
with a oxidizing agent. The HI is obtained directly in the reaction flask by the action
of dilute HCl or H2SO4 on a solution of KI.
2KI + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2HI
10. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 10
Free iodine is liberated as result of the oxidation of KI in acidic solution. The iodine
liberated is titrated with standard solution of sodium thiosulphate. The free iodine is
converted to I- ion (iodide ion) with reducing agent.
Thus, Iodimetry titration is used for the quantitative determination of oxidizing
agent and reducing agent.
Standard solution of sodium thiosulphate and iodine are used in this method with
starch as indicator. With free iodine it gives blue color.
Applications:
1. Assay of Na2S2O3 (Sodium Hypo Sulphite) by iodimetry.
2. Assay of sodium meta bisulfide by iodimetry.
11. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 11
Iodometry
The titrations in which the equivalent amount of I2 is liberated from KI by the
sample the liberated I2 is titrated against standard Na2S2O3 solution such a
type of indirect determination of strong oxidizing agents is called iodometry.
Principle:
The titrations in which the liberated I2 is titrated with a standard solution of
Na2S2O3 solution using starch-mucilage as indicator is called iodometric
titrations. The indirect iodometric titration method is termed as iodometry.
Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
12. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 12
Application:
1. Assay of CuSO4 (Cooper sulphate)
2. Determination of chlorine in bleaching powder.
3. Assay of Phenol
4. Assay of Chloramine
5. Detection of chlorate
6. Determination of As2O3 (Arsenic oxidearsenous trioxide)
7. Determination of H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide)
8. Determination of H2SO3 (Sulfurous acid)
9. Assay of Benzyl penicillin
10.Assay of Ceric sulphate
13. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 13
Bromatometry
Principle:
Potassium Bromate is a powerful oxidizing agent which is reduced smoothly to
bromide in the presence of HCl and which is then oxidized to give free bromine by
bromate (excess).
BrO3
- + 6H+ + 6e- 3Br2 + 3H2O
KBrO3 + 5Br- + 6HCL 3Br2 + 6KCL + 3H2O
Application:
1. Assay of Isoniazid
2. Determination of Hydroxylamine
3. Determination of As/Sb. (Arsenic / Antimony)
14. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 14
Dichrometry
Principle:
Dichromate titrations or titrations with potassium dichromate in acidic solution are
based on the conversion of dichromate ion containing hexavalent chromium into
trivalent chromium ions.
Cr2O7
-2 + 14 H+ + 6e- 2Cr+++ + 7 H2O
Application:
1. Determine the % of Fe ( Iron ) in sample of iron wire
2. Determine ferrous and ferric ions in a solution
3. Determine ferric ion % in solution of ferric alum
4. Determine the % of Fe as haematite.
15. 14-09-2020Redox titration.(HRB) 15
Titration with potassium iodate.
Potassium Iodate is a powerful oxidizing agent under suitable conditions, it reacts
quantitatively with both iodides and iodine, arsenide's and other reducing agents.
Iodate titration can be performed in presence of alcohol, saturated organic acid and many
other kinds of organic matter.
Principle :
The reaction between potassium iodate and reducing agents such as iodide ions or As2O3
(Arsenic oxidearsenous trioxide) in solutions of moderate acidity (0.12 -2M HCl) stops at the
state when the iodate is reduced to iodine.
KIO3 + 5KI + 6HCl 3I2 + 6KCl + 3H2O
2KIO3 + 5H3AsO3 +2HCl I2 +5H3AsO4 +H2O +2KCl
16. 14-09-2020 16
Reference
1. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis (volume – I) by DR A V Kasture, DR H N
More, DR K R Mahadik, DR S G Wadodkar, Nirali Prakashan, Pg.no. 107-122.
2. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis by David. G. Watson, Churchill
Livingstone, Pg.no. – 59.
3. www.google.com.
