This document summarizes a study on using STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) to improve the transient stability of a wind farm connected to a power grid. The study first models the wind turbine system and simulates the grid's transient stability with and without STATCOM. Results show STATCOM improves stability by injecting reactive power. It then examines the relationship between STATCOM's reactive power injection and the critical clearing time - the maximum time allowed for fault clearing before losing stability. STATCOM increases the critical clearing time, allowing more time for faults to be cleared before instability occurs. The study concludes STATCOM effectively improves the wind farm's transient stability during faults.
This document analyzes a DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) based wind energy system with grid integration under normal and abnormal conditions. It models the DFIG, turbine, pitch control system, and grid side and rotor side converters in detail. Simulation results in MATLAB show the system performs satisfactorily under normal conditions by efficiently injecting power to the grid while maintaining synchronization. The analysis proves the control strategy is suitable for DFIG grid integration.
Stabilization and Frequency Regulation in Microgrid by Controlling Pitch Angleijtsrd
PID controller based pitch angle controller for the frequency regulation and active power control in a wind turbine and diesel engine powered hybrid power system, is presented in this paper. For testing the prosed controller, variable wind speed pattern is used for realization of real time wind behavior. Furthermore, the variable load is also connected to the hybrid power system to test the efficacy of the prosed controller. The system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB environment and results obtained are compared with and without pitch angle controller. The frequency deviations in PID based pitch angle controller is less than the without controller. Aman Malik | Kavita Sharma "Stabilization and Frequency Regulation in Microgrid by Controlling Pitch Angle" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33303.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33303/stabilization-and-frequency-regulation-in-microgrid-by-controlling-pitch-angle/aman-malik
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document presents a new control method for improving the performance of low power wind-driven wound rotor induction generators. The proposed method combines input voltage control and slip power control to achieve better efficiency and power factor over a wide range of speeds. Simulation and experimental results show that the combined control method improves both efficiency and power factor compared to conventional slip power control alone. The combined control allows the generator to operate closer to its maximum torque point for higher efficiency at each operating speed.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
This document contains a question bank for the subject Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems. It is divided into 5 units covering various topics related to renewable energy sources and power electronics applications. The questions range from definitions and explanations to circuit diagrams and mathematical problems. Key topics assessed include different renewable energy resources, energy conversion technologies like wind turbines, solar PV systems, and power electronic devices used for renewable integration like inverters, converters, and maximum power point tracking systems.
Commanding Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) to Decouple Active and React...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the steady-state characteristics of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) through MATLAB simulation. The simulation examines various DFIG operating characteristics including torque-speed curves and how active and reactive power outputs are affected by changes in the rotor voltage. Key findings are that adjusting the rotor voltage can shift the DFIG's operating range and expand its torque/power capabilities, and can also influence whether the generator absorbs or produces reactive power from the grid.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
The transient stability analysis of wind turbines interconected to grid under...IJECEIAES
Wind farm has been growing in recent years due to its very competitive electricity production cost. Wind generators have gone from a few kilowatts to megawatts. However, the participation of the wind turbine in the stability of the electricity grid is a critical point to check, knowing that the electricity grid is meshed, any change in active and reactive flux at the network level affects its stability. With a rate of 50% wind turbine penetration into the electricity grid, the stability of the rotor angle is a dynamic phenomenon which is only visible by the variation of the active energy. The purpose of this journal is to verify the impact of wind turbine integration on an electrical grid, by exploiting the relationship between the reactive energy produced by the Doubly Fed Induction Generator equipping most wind energy systems, and the stability of the rotor angle of the synchronous generators equipping the conventional power plants in the electrical system.
This document analyzes a DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator) based wind energy system with grid integration under normal and abnormal conditions. It models the DFIG, turbine, pitch control system, and grid side and rotor side converters in detail. Simulation results in MATLAB show the system performs satisfactorily under normal conditions by efficiently injecting power to the grid while maintaining synchronization. The analysis proves the control strategy is suitable for DFIG grid integration.
Stabilization and Frequency Regulation in Microgrid by Controlling Pitch Angleijtsrd
PID controller based pitch angle controller for the frequency regulation and active power control in a wind turbine and diesel engine powered hybrid power system, is presented in this paper. For testing the prosed controller, variable wind speed pattern is used for realization of real time wind behavior. Furthermore, the variable load is also connected to the hybrid power system to test the efficacy of the prosed controller. The system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB environment and results obtained are compared with and without pitch angle controller. The frequency deviations in PID based pitch angle controller is less than the without controller. Aman Malik | Kavita Sharma "Stabilization and Frequency Regulation in Microgrid by Controlling Pitch Angle" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33303.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33303/stabilization-and-frequency-regulation-in-microgrid-by-controlling-pitch-angle/aman-malik
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document presents a new control method for improving the performance of low power wind-driven wound rotor induction generators. The proposed method combines input voltage control and slip power control to achieve better efficiency and power factor over a wide range of speeds. Simulation and experimental results show that the combined control method improves both efficiency and power factor compared to conventional slip power control alone. The combined control allows the generator to operate closer to its maximum torque point for higher efficiency at each operating speed.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
This document contains a question bank for the subject Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems. It is divided into 5 units covering various topics related to renewable energy sources and power electronics applications. The questions range from definitions and explanations to circuit diagrams and mathematical problems. Key topics assessed include different renewable energy resources, energy conversion technologies like wind turbines, solar PV systems, and power electronic devices used for renewable integration like inverters, converters, and maximum power point tracking systems.
Commanding Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) to Decouple Active and React...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes the steady-state characteristics of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) using a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) through MATLAB simulation. The simulation examines various DFIG operating characteristics including torque-speed curves and how active and reactive power outputs are affected by changes in the rotor voltage. Key findings are that adjusting the rotor voltage can shift the DFIG's operating range and expand its torque/power capabilities, and can also influence whether the generator absorbs or produces reactive power from the grid.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
The transient stability analysis of wind turbines interconected to grid under...IJECEIAES
Wind farm has been growing in recent years due to its very competitive electricity production cost. Wind generators have gone from a few kilowatts to megawatts. However, the participation of the wind turbine in the stability of the electricity grid is a critical point to check, knowing that the electricity grid is meshed, any change in active and reactive flux at the network level affects its stability. With a rate of 50% wind turbine penetration into the electricity grid, the stability of the rotor angle is a dynamic phenomenon which is only visible by the variation of the active energy. The purpose of this journal is to verify the impact of wind turbine integration on an electrical grid, by exploiting the relationship between the reactive energy produced by the Doubly Fed Induction Generator equipping most wind energy systems, and the stability of the rotor angle of the synchronous generators equipping the conventional power plants in the electrical system.
Open-End-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchonous Generator for Wind Energy Conver...Naila Syed
Recent trend in Wind energy conversion system which helps in understanding how the control systems and power energy systems can be interfaced to make the best use of wind energy.
This document presents an online efficiency optimization method for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system in an electric vehicle. A finite element analysis is used to build an accurate machine model that considers magnetic saturation, spatial harmonics, and iron loss effects. The proposed method calculates the total system losses, including fundamental copper and iron losses, harmonic copper and iron losses, magnet loss, and inverter losses. An online algorithm is developed to determine the optimal current angle for maximum efficiency per ampere control over the entire speed range. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed online method over conventional offline efficiency optimization techniques.
This paper explained details of Comparison of solar based closed loop DC -DC converter using PID and ANN Control for Shunt motor drive. Solar panel output is given to full bridge converter, stepup transformer, full wave converter, ∏ filter and Shunt motor drive are connected.Comparator compare the set value and the output signal of the motor produce a signal, based on the signal, full wave conveter produce the voltage to run the motor, Speed of motor,Torque and Armature current,Rise time,Peak time, Settling time and Steady state error are measured and evaluated by experimental.A circuit operation and simulation designed for a 1000 RPM speed of shunt motor arrived and tested.
Analysis of PMSG in Wind Integration using T Source Inverter with Simple Boos...IJTET Journal
The Analysis of PMSG in wind integration using a T-source Inverter with the Simple Boost Control technique for
improving voltage gain is proposed. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) offers higher performance than other
generators because of its higher efficiency with less maintenance. Since they don’t have rotor current, can be used without a gearbox,
which also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle with a reduction of costs. T-Source Inverter has high frequency, low
leakage inductance transformer and one capacitance this is the main difference from the Z-source Inverter. It has low active
components in compare with conventional ZSI. The T source network has an ability to perform DC to AC power conversion. It
provides buck boost operation in a single stage, but the traditional Inverter cannot provide such feature. All the components of the
wind turbine and the grid-side converter are developed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.
Grid connected pv system using 9 level flying capacitor multilevel inverterIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a 9-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter to integrate a photovoltaic system into a power grid. A 9-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter can reduce harmonics and total harmonic distortion compared to conventional inverters. The system was simulated in Matlab/Simulink and includes a PV array, boost converter to increase the voltage, and the 9-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter connected to the grid. Key advantages of multilevel inverters are their ability to handle high power applications with reduced switching losses and lower output distortion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Decoupled Control Technique of DFIG with Dual PWM Converters for Wind ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a decoupled control technique for regulating a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) used in variable speed wind turbine systems. The DFIG has its stator windings directly connected to the grid, while its rotor windings are connected to the grid via back-to-back PWM converters. The proposed system uses vector control and MPPT to independently control active and reactive power output. It develops decoupled control of the DFIG rotor currents and uses PI controllers to regulate the converters. The complete system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the control approach.
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System Units Through an A...IJMTST Journal
This paper illustrates a generic Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System. The AC power frequency is variable and depends of the engine speed. The represents the generator mechanical drive and is modeled by a simple signal builder, which provides the mechanical speed of the engine shaft.The represents the power AC generator. It is composed of a modified version of the simplified synchronous machine. The mechanical input of the modified machine of 50 kW is the engine speed. The Generator Control Unit regulates the voltage of the generator to 200 volts line to line.The represents the Primary Distribution system. It is composed of three current and voltage sensors. There is also a 3-phase contactor controlled by the Generator Control Unit. Finally, a parasitic resistive load is required to avoid numerical oscillations. The section represents the secondary Power Distribution system. It is represented by 4 circuit breakers with adjustable current trip. The section represents the AC loads. There is a 4 kW Transformer and Rectifier Unit (which supplies 28 Vdc), a 12 kW induction machine (motor driving a pump), a 1 kW resistive load (lamps) and a 3 hp simplified (using an average value inverter) brushless DC drive (motor driving a ballscrew actuator)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter Kuldeep Behera
The connection and operation of wind power plants produce some problems that are rising partly owing to large changeability of environment conditions, influencing the electrical energy supply from these sources. To be possible to study phenomena that are connected with wind power plants and impacts of their operation on the operation of distribution and transmission systems, it is necessary to do such as in other branches, different computer simulations. A grid connected wind power generation scheme using doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim is modelling and simulation of DFIG operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) by a suitable control technique to control the rotor current. This method will also replace the conventional converter by Indirect Matrix Converter.
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
Wind-Turbine Asynchronous Generator Synchronous Condenser with Excitation in ...IJMTST Journal
In this paper Standalone operation of a wind turbine generating system under fluctuating wind and variable load conditions is a difficult task. Moreover, high reactive power demand makes it more challenging due to the limitation of reactive capability of the wind generating system.The frequency is controlled by the Discrete Frequency Regulator block. This controller uses a standard three-phase Phase Locked Loop (PLL) system to measure the system frequency. The measured frequency is compared to the reference frequency to obtain the frequency error. This error is integrated to obtain the phase error. The phase error is then used by a Proportional-Differential (PD) controller to produce an output signal representing the required secondary load power. This signal is converted to an 8-bit digital signal controlling switching of the eight three-phase secondary loads. In order to minimize voltage disturbances, switching is performed at zero crossing of voltage.
Three main microgrid control strategies are described:
1. Master-slave mode where one DG acts as the voltage/frequency master and others follow as slaves under P/Q control.
2. Peer-to-peer mode where all DGs use droop control to cooperatively regulate voltage and frequency without a master.
3. Combined mode using aspects of both by assigning control roles based on DG type.
Improving Light-Load Efficiency by Eliminating Interaction Effect in the Grid...IJAPEJOURNAL
A wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is used in wind power plant industry. This paper studies the maximum power extraction of DFIG via evaluation of state-space equations in closed loop control condition for improving light-load efficiency. The DFIG state-space equations have been considered in the form of a multi-input- multi output (MIMO) system. Also, the tracing table has been used to determine the speed which the generated power will be proportional to the maximum load. The tracing table input is the generator speed, and its output is the optimum active power that has been considered as the reference power of the active power control system of the convertor. A controller is presented for the tracing table and the extracted power is able to follow the reference power with minimum ripple. Then, the results are compared with the single-input and single-output (SISO) case, for the values up to 0.2 times of the rated load. Therefore, in MIMO modeling, in the case that the DFIG connected to the grid, by eliminating the interaction effect, the efficiency in light-load can be increased
Advanced Control of Wind Electric Pumping System for Isolated Areas ApplicationIAES-IJPEDS
This document describes an advanced control system for a wind electric pumping system used in isolated areas. The system includes a self-excited induction generator, PWM rectifier, PWM inverter, and induction motor coupled to a centrifugal pump. Simulation results show that the proposed control scheme, which uses rotor flux orientation control and fuzzy logic regulation, effectively controls the DC bus voltage of the induction generator and the pump speed under changing wind speeds. The control aims to provide a desired water flow by varying the pump speed reference while maintaining a stable DC voltage supply.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes an integrated power control strategy for permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind energy conversion systems (WECS) under different grid conditions. The strategy uses the generator-side converter's DC-link voltage to control the generator and the grid-side converter to control power flow injected into the grid. It aims to satisfy grid code requirements for active and reactive current injection while also mitigating current distortion during unsymmetrical grid faults. Compared to traditional strategies, the proposed strategy can help eliminate the need for DC choppers to ride through faults and provides faster and more accurate recovery of electrical responses during grid faults.
An intelligent based fault-tolerant system 2018Premkumar K
This document presents an intelligent fault-tolerant system for solar photovoltaic (PV) inverters using cascaded multilevel inverters. It uses an artificial neural network controller to monitor, detect, and diagnose faults in solar PV panels, batteries, semiconductor switches, and inverters. The system was able to continue delivering power to loads even under faulty conditions through the use of an auxiliary inverter controlled by the neural network controller. Simulations and experiments on a 3 kW PV system demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant system.
This paper proposes a novel 5-level dc-ac converter circuit using with 6 power semiconductor switches. The proposed multilevel inverter generates five-level ac output voltage by implementing Multi-carrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (MSPWM) technique with reduced number of switches. The voltage stress on each switching devices and common mode voltage can be minimized from the suggested system. The designed system gives better controlled output current and improved output voltage with diminished total Harmonic Distortion value. The operating principles of the proposed inverter are discussed. DC Input for the proposed system is obtained from PV System. Finally, an experimental prototype of the proposed system with 12-V input voltage and 20 V /5 W output is implemented along with simulation output of the waveform to the load. The efficiency and the reduction of harmonic content are discussed.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
1) Ethical hacking involves legally accessing a network or system with the owner's permission to test security vulnerabilities. It helps find weaknesses that malicious hackers could exploit.
2) The document provides a history of hacking from the 1960s to present day, including early hackers at MIT and incidents involving stolen credit cards and hacked email accounts.
3) It describes ethical hackers as "white hats" who test security with permission, and outlines some common hacking techniques like port scanning, password cracking, and denial of service attacks used to gather information and launch attacks. The document provides safety tips for online privacy and security.
Open-End-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchonous Generator for Wind Energy Conver...Naila Syed
Recent trend in Wind energy conversion system which helps in understanding how the control systems and power energy systems can be interfaced to make the best use of wind energy.
This document presents an online efficiency optimization method for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system in an electric vehicle. A finite element analysis is used to build an accurate machine model that considers magnetic saturation, spatial harmonics, and iron loss effects. The proposed method calculates the total system losses, including fundamental copper and iron losses, harmonic copper and iron losses, magnet loss, and inverter losses. An online algorithm is developed to determine the optimal current angle for maximum efficiency per ampere control over the entire speed range. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed online method over conventional offline efficiency optimization techniques.
This paper explained details of Comparison of solar based closed loop DC -DC converter using PID and ANN Control for Shunt motor drive. Solar panel output is given to full bridge converter, stepup transformer, full wave converter, ∏ filter and Shunt motor drive are connected.Comparator compare the set value and the output signal of the motor produce a signal, based on the signal, full wave conveter produce the voltage to run the motor, Speed of motor,Torque and Armature current,Rise time,Peak time, Settling time and Steady state error are measured and evaluated by experimental.A circuit operation and simulation designed for a 1000 RPM speed of shunt motor arrived and tested.
Analysis of PMSG in Wind Integration using T Source Inverter with Simple Boos...IJTET Journal
The Analysis of PMSG in wind integration using a T-source Inverter with the Simple Boost Control technique for
improving voltage gain is proposed. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) offers higher performance than other
generators because of its higher efficiency with less maintenance. Since they don’t have rotor current, can be used without a gearbox,
which also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle with a reduction of costs. T-Source Inverter has high frequency, low
leakage inductance transformer and one capacitance this is the main difference from the Z-source Inverter. It has low active
components in compare with conventional ZSI. The T source network has an ability to perform DC to AC power conversion. It
provides buck boost operation in a single stage, but the traditional Inverter cannot provide such feature. All the components of the
wind turbine and the grid-side converter are developed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.
Grid connected pv system using 9 level flying capacitor multilevel inverterIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a 9-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter to integrate a photovoltaic system into a power grid. A 9-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter can reduce harmonics and total harmonic distortion compared to conventional inverters. The system was simulated in Matlab/Simulink and includes a PV array, boost converter to increase the voltage, and the 9-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter connected to the grid. Key advantages of multilevel inverters are their ability to handle high power applications with reduced switching losses and lower output distortion.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Decoupled Control Technique of DFIG with Dual PWM Converters for Wind ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a decoupled control technique for regulating a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) used in variable speed wind turbine systems. The DFIG has its stator windings directly connected to the grid, while its rotor windings are connected to the grid via back-to-back PWM converters. The proposed system uses vector control and MPPT to independently control active and reactive power output. It develops decoupled control of the DFIG rotor currents and uses PI controllers to regulate the converters. The complete system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the control approach.
Aircraft Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System Units Through an A...IJMTST Journal
This paper illustrates a generic Electrical Power Generation & Distribution System. The AC power frequency is variable and depends of the engine speed. The represents the generator mechanical drive and is modeled by a simple signal builder, which provides the mechanical speed of the engine shaft.The represents the power AC generator. It is composed of a modified version of the simplified synchronous machine. The mechanical input of the modified machine of 50 kW is the engine speed. The Generator Control Unit regulates the voltage of the generator to 200 volts line to line.The represents the Primary Distribution system. It is composed of three current and voltage sensors. There is also a 3-phase contactor controlled by the Generator Control Unit. Finally, a parasitic resistive load is required to avoid numerical oscillations. The section represents the secondary Power Distribution system. It is represented by 4 circuit breakers with adjustable current trip. The section represents the AC loads. There is a 4 kW Transformer and Rectifier Unit (which supplies 28 Vdc), a 12 kW induction machine (motor driving a pump), a 1 kW resistive load (lamps) and a 3 hp simplified (using an average value inverter) brushless DC drive (motor driving a ballscrew actuator)
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter Kuldeep Behera
The connection and operation of wind power plants produce some problems that are rising partly owing to large changeability of environment conditions, influencing the electrical energy supply from these sources. To be possible to study phenomena that are connected with wind power plants and impacts of their operation on the operation of distribution and transmission systems, it is necessary to do such as in other branches, different computer simulations. A grid connected wind power generation scheme using doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim is modelling and simulation of DFIG operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) by a suitable control technique to control the rotor current. This method will also replace the conventional converter by Indirect Matrix Converter.
As the rapid development of photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years with the growth of electricity demand, integration of photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) to the distribution system is emerging to fulfil the demand. There are benefits and drawbacks to the distribution system due to the penetration of PVDG. This paper discussed and investigated the impacts of PVDG location and size on distribution power systems. The medium voltage distribution network is connected to the grid with the load being supplied by PVDG. Load flow and short circuit calculation are analyzed by using DigSILENT Power Factory Software. Comparisons have been made between the typical distribution system and the distribution system with the penetration of PVDG. Impacts in which PVDG location and size integrates with distribution system are investigated with the results given from the load flow and short circuit analysis. The results indicate positive impacts on the system interconnected with PVDG such as improving voltage profile, reducing power losses, releasing transmission and distribution grid capacity. It also shows that optimal locations and sizes of DGs are needed to minimize the system’s power losses. On the other hand, it shows that PVDG interconnection to the system can cause reverse power flow at improper DG size and location and increases short circuit level.
Wind-Turbine Asynchronous Generator Synchronous Condenser with Excitation in ...IJMTST Journal
In this paper Standalone operation of a wind turbine generating system under fluctuating wind and variable load conditions is a difficult task. Moreover, high reactive power demand makes it more challenging due to the limitation of reactive capability of the wind generating system.The frequency is controlled by the Discrete Frequency Regulator block. This controller uses a standard three-phase Phase Locked Loop (PLL) system to measure the system frequency. The measured frequency is compared to the reference frequency to obtain the frequency error. This error is integrated to obtain the phase error. The phase error is then used by a Proportional-Differential (PD) controller to produce an output signal representing the required secondary load power. This signal is converted to an 8-bit digital signal controlling switching of the eight three-phase secondary loads. In order to minimize voltage disturbances, switching is performed at zero crossing of voltage.
Three main microgrid control strategies are described:
1. Master-slave mode where one DG acts as the voltage/frequency master and others follow as slaves under P/Q control.
2. Peer-to-peer mode where all DGs use droop control to cooperatively regulate voltage and frequency without a master.
3. Combined mode using aspects of both by assigning control roles based on DG type.
Improving Light-Load Efficiency by Eliminating Interaction Effect in the Grid...IJAPEJOURNAL
A wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is used in wind power plant industry. This paper studies the maximum power extraction of DFIG via evaluation of state-space equations in closed loop control condition for improving light-load efficiency. The DFIG state-space equations have been considered in the form of a multi-input- multi output (MIMO) system. Also, the tracing table has been used to determine the speed which the generated power will be proportional to the maximum load. The tracing table input is the generator speed, and its output is the optimum active power that has been considered as the reference power of the active power control system of the convertor. A controller is presented for the tracing table and the extracted power is able to follow the reference power with minimum ripple. Then, the results are compared with the single-input and single-output (SISO) case, for the values up to 0.2 times of the rated load. Therefore, in MIMO modeling, in the case that the DFIG connected to the grid, by eliminating the interaction effect, the efficiency in light-load can be increased
Advanced Control of Wind Electric Pumping System for Isolated Areas ApplicationIAES-IJPEDS
This document describes an advanced control system for a wind electric pumping system used in isolated areas. The system includes a self-excited induction generator, PWM rectifier, PWM inverter, and induction motor coupled to a centrifugal pump. Simulation results show that the proposed control scheme, which uses rotor flux orientation control and fuzzy logic regulation, effectively controls the DC bus voltage of the induction generator and the pump speed under changing wind speeds. The control aims to provide a desired water flow by varying the pump speed reference while maintaining a stable DC voltage supply.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes an integrated power control strategy for permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind energy conversion systems (WECS) under different grid conditions. The strategy uses the generator-side converter's DC-link voltage to control the generator and the grid-side converter to control power flow injected into the grid. It aims to satisfy grid code requirements for active and reactive current injection while also mitigating current distortion during unsymmetrical grid faults. Compared to traditional strategies, the proposed strategy can help eliminate the need for DC choppers to ride through faults and provides faster and more accurate recovery of electrical responses during grid faults.
An intelligent based fault-tolerant system 2018Premkumar K
This document presents an intelligent fault-tolerant system for solar photovoltaic (PV) inverters using cascaded multilevel inverters. It uses an artificial neural network controller to monitor, detect, and diagnose faults in solar PV panels, batteries, semiconductor switches, and inverters. The system was able to continue delivering power to loads even under faulty conditions through the use of an auxiliary inverter controlled by the neural network controller. Simulations and experiments on a 3 kW PV system demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant system.
This paper proposes a novel 5-level dc-ac converter circuit using with 6 power semiconductor switches. The proposed multilevel inverter generates five-level ac output voltage by implementing Multi-carrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (MSPWM) technique with reduced number of switches. The voltage stress on each switching devices and common mode voltage can be minimized from the suggested system. The designed system gives better controlled output current and improved output voltage with diminished total Harmonic Distortion value. The operating principles of the proposed inverter are discussed. DC Input for the proposed system is obtained from PV System. Finally, an experimental prototype of the proposed system with 12-V input voltage and 20 V /5 W output is implemented along with simulation output of the waveform to the load. The efficiency and the reduction of harmonic content are discussed.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
1) Ethical hacking involves legally accessing a network or system with the owner's permission to test security vulnerabilities. It helps find weaknesses that malicious hackers could exploit.
2) The document provides a history of hacking from the 1960s to present day, including early hackers at MIT and incidents involving stolen credit cards and hacked email accounts.
3) It describes ethical hackers as "white hats" who test security with permission, and outlines some common hacking techniques like port scanning, password cracking, and denial of service attacks used to gather information and launch attacks. The document provides safety tips for online privacy and security.
The document discusses biometrics, which uses biological characteristics to identify individuals. It describes the basic architecture of a biometric system, including enrollment, verification, and identification. Common biometric technologies are fingerprint, hand, voice, retina, and facial recognition. Applications include physical access control, computer login, banking, and voting. Benefits are increased security and convenience, while drawbacks include high costs, potential privacy issues, and the system not being foolproof. The conclusion is that biometrics will likely become more widely used after addressing current limitations.
The document discusses ethical hacking, which involves identifying security vulnerabilities in systems with the owner's permission in order to improve security. It notes that while hacking originally just meant highly skilled programming, it now has negative connotations due to increased system access. Ethical hackers help organizations by finding security holes before criminals can exploit them. The document outlines different types of hackers and attacks, such as SQL injection and cross-site scripting. It emphasizes the importance of ethical hackers working within legal and ethical guidelines to avoid misusing access or violating privacy.
This document discusses using a STATCOM to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system. A STATCOM is a voltage-source converter that can compensate for voltage fluctuations on AC transmission lines. The document examines power quality issues like voltage variations and harmonics in wind energy systems. It presents test results showing that a STATCOM maintains the source voltage and current in-phase to support the reactive power demand of the wind generator and load. The STATCOM fulfills power quality standards and can eliminate or reduce voltage fluctuations at the plant input.
The document discusses reactive power compensation using a STATCOM. It describes various compensation schemes including shunt capacitors, synchronous condensers, SVCs, and STATCOMs. STATCOMs offer fast response times and can compensate for both lagging and leading reactive power. The document then examines the operating principle, control strategies using variable voltage and phase angle control, simulation circuits, reactive power calculations, voltage and current waveforms, and proposed control strategies for STATCOMs, including decoupling Id and Iq currents to improve system response and stability.
Enhancement of power quality in distribution system using d statcomvasaharish
1) The document discusses a project to enhance power quality in a distribution system using a D-STATCOM. It describes common power quality problems like voltage sags, harmonic distortion, and low power factor.
2) It provides details on the components and operation of a D-STATCOM, which contains a voltage source converter, controller, energy storage circuit, and LCL passive filter.
3) The methodology section describes simulating different fault scenarios in a test system both with and without a D-STATCOM and with or without the LCL filter. The results demonstrate that a D-STATCOM can mitigate voltage sags and an LCL filter reduces harmonic distortion.
This document discusses using a D-STATCOM (Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator) to improve power quality and voltage regulation in a photovoltaic (PV) distribution system. The objectives are to analyze the effects of nonlinear loads, study existing harmonics mitigation methods, and propose a best method for compensating reactive power and mitigating current harmonics. It presents the contents, introduces issues like harmonics from power electronic devices and reactive power disturbances. It then describes the operation, topology and components of a D-STATCOM and PV system. MATLAB models of the grid-connected PV system with and without D-STATCOM are presented, showing the D-STATCOM improves power factor and regulates the voltage.
1. Static Synchronous Compensator (Statcom) is a member of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices that uses power electronics to control voltage and reactive power on AC transmission networks.
2. A Statcom consists of a voltage source converter with a DC capacitor that generates a voltage in phase or 180 degrees out of phase with the transmission line to inject or absorb reactive power.
3. Statcoms provide benefits like increasing transmission line loading capacity, improving power flow control and system stability, and dynamic reactive power compensation with response times less than 10 milliseconds.
The UPFC is a FACTS device that can control all three parameters of line power flow - voltage, impedance, and phase angle. It consists of two voltage source inverters, one connected in series with the transmission line and one connected in shunt. The shunt inverter controls reactive power flow and voltage, while the series inverter controls real and reactive power flow by injecting a controllable voltage in series with the line. Control schemes for the UPFC include phase angle control, cross-coupling control, and a generalized control scheme that provides damping against power swings for improved stability. The UPFC offers benefits like improved power transfer capacity, transient stability, and independent control of real and reactive power flows.
STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator) is a regulating device used on AC electricity networks to act as a source or sink of reactive power. It improves power quality and voltage stability. A STATCOM uses a voltage source converter to continuously control voltage and smoothly provide reactive power compensation. It responds faster than SVCs and provides better reactive power support at low voltages, making it superior for voltage stability applications.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
Mitigation of Voltage Dip and Swell Faults in Wind Energy Conversion SystemsIRJET Journal
This document discusses mitigation of voltage dips and swells in wind energy conversion systems. It begins with an abstract that introduces voltage dips and swells as power quality problems that wind energy systems must address to comply with grid standards. It then provides background on wind energy and describes different types of wind turbine configurations and generator systems. Finally, it discusses specific power quality problems like undervoltage, overvoltage, voltage dips, and voltage swells that wind energy systems must be able to mitigate in order to integrate reliably with the electric grid.
4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
Integration of a Wind Turbine Based Doubly Fed Induction Generator Using STAT...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on integrating a wind turbine driven doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) into the power grid using a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and crowbar protection to improve transient stability. A DFIG consists of a wound rotor induction generator connected to the grid via a partial-scale power converter. During faults, a crowbar is used to protect the converter by short-circuiting the rotor, while a STATCOM senses voltage sags and provides quick compensation. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show that using STATCOM and DFIG control schemes can improve power quality and grid stability by regulating voltage and reactive power during disturbances.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Engineering Research Publication
Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
www.erpublication.org
Modeling and Simulation of Wind Energy Conversion System Interconnected with ...idescitation
This document summarizes a paper that models and simulates a wind energy conversion system connected to a radial distribution system. It presents the modeling of various components of the wind energy system, including the wind turbine, induction generator, rectifier, DC link controller, inverter, and an incremental conductance maximum power point tracking algorithm. The performance of the wind energy conversion system is analyzed when connected to IEEE 15 bus radial distribution system in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show that integrating distributed generation at optimal locations and sizes can reduce power losses, improve voltage profiles, and increase reliability indices of the distribution system.
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Various wind turbine concepts with different generator topologies have been developed to convert this abundant energy into electric power. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the most common type of generator used in wind farms. Usually the DFIG generator is a wound rotor induction machine, where the stator circuit is directly connected to grid while the rotor’s winding is connected to the grid via a three-phase converter. This paper describes an approach for the independent control of the active and reactive powers of the variable-speed DFIG. The simulation model including a 1.5 MW-DFIG driven by a wind turbine, a PWM back-to-back inverter and the proposed control strategy are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems environment.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a fuzzy logic controller to operate a STATCOM for reactive power compensation and harmonic mitigation in a grid-connected wind farm. The paper analyzes power quality issues caused by integrating a fixed-speed induction generator-based wind farm into a grid with nonlinear loads, including reactive power absorption, current harmonics, and fluctuating power injection. It presents a simulation model of the wind farm connected to the grid via a STATCOM. Simulation results show that with fuzzy logic control of the STATCOM, total harmonic distortion of the source current is reduced, improving power quality and allowing the wind farm to meet grid codes.
Review Grid Connected Wind Photovoltaic Cogeneration Using Back to Back Volta...IJSRED
This document reviews a proposed system for grid-connected wind and photovoltaic cogeneration using back-to-back voltage source converters. The system uses a permanent magnet synchronous generator for wind power generation and a boost converter for maximum solar power generation through maximum power point tracking. Simulation results are provided to validate the proposed system, which is designed to maximize energy capture from the wind turbine and solar array and deliver it to the utility grid. Control systems are designed for maximum power point tracking of the solar array and synchronization of the inverters with the grid voltage.
IRJET- Improvement of Wind Turbine DFIG using Fault Ride Through Capability T...IRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for improving the fault ride-through capability of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. It begins with an introduction to DFIG wind turbines and discusses challenges during grid faults. It then presents an active crowbar protection system to reduce high rotor currents and voltages during faults. The crowbar works by bypassing the rotor circuit when faults are detected. Fault detection methods like current threshold monitoring are also examined. Simulation results show the crowbar technique helps DFIG wind turbines stay connected to the grid during faults and resume normal operation quickly after faults clear. The paper concludes the crowbar protection and control strategies improve the low voltage ride-through capability of DFIG wind turbines.
Modeling and Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Turbine-Gen...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a vector control direct (FOC) of double fed induction generator intended to control the generated stator powers. This device is intended to be implemented in a variable-speed wind-energy conversion system connected to the grid. In order to control the active and reactive power exchanged between the machine stator and the grid, the rotor is fed by a bi-directional converter. The DFIG is controlled by standard relay controllers. Details of the control strategy and system simulation were performed using Simulink and the results are presented in this here to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Optimized servo-speed control of wind turbine coupled to doubly fed inductio...IJECEIAES
Optimal control of any variable speed wind turbine needs maximum power point tracking (MPPT) coupled to doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for better power generation. This paper offers a novel direct power servo-speed control of wind turbine. This latter is based on DFIG optimal hysteresis MPPT inverter current control combined with space voltage modulation (SVM) inverter voltage technique, thus providing a stable and continuous energy flow to power grid. In this design, the asynchronous machine stator is directly connected to the grid. Bidirectional power converter, acting as frequency converter, is rotor circuit located. Rectifier supplies rotor windings with voltages and reference frequency resulting from control procedure of the power exchange between the stator and grid. Inverter is directly controlled by means of SVM technique to maintain direct current (DC) bus voltage constant. Simulation results show that the proposed configuration improves power converters efficiency due that rotor circuit needs less power than stator circuit which is injected into the grid.
Wind Turbine Generator Tied To Grid Using Inverter Techniques and Its DesignsIJSRD
The document proposes a method for connecting small 300W wind turbine generators directly to the grid using inverter techniques, without the need for batteries. It describes using a permanent magnet generator coupled with a boost converter and three-phase inverter to stabilize voltage and maximize power extraction using MPPT control. Simulation results show that the proposed system is able to maintain grid voltage and power local loads by controlling active and reactive power flow.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IRJET- Performance Enhancement of DFIG based Wind Farms Integrated in Power S...IRJET Journal
This document discusses improving the performance of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind farms integrated into power systems under voltage dips. It proposes coordinating the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and power system stabilizer (PSS) of synchronous generators using fuzzy logic. A fuzzy coordinator is designed to eliminate harmful interactions between AVR and PSS during faults by adjusting their gains based on rotor angle and terminal voltage deviations. Simulation results on the IEEE 10-machine 39-bus system show the fuzzy coordinator helps transmit voltage at the point of common coupling and reduces DFIGs' reactive power needs under faults, enhancing system performance.
Design of Integrated Generator-Rectifier System to Determine the Maximum Powe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a fuzzy logic controller-based maximum power point tracking system for an integrated generator-rectifier system used in offshore wind turbines. The system combines a permanent magnet synchronous generator with active and passive rectifiers. A fuzzy logic controller analyzes the d-axis current of the active rectifier to achieve maximum power point tracking and improve the efficiency of the wind energy conversion system. The proposed method is assessed using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. It is suggested that the integrated system using a fuzzy logic controller can help reduce the levelized cost of energy for offshore wind power applications.
IRJET- STATCOM based Control Scheme for Power Quality Improvement in Grid-Con...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a control scheme using STATCOM to improve power quality in a grid-connected wind energy system with non-linear loads. It proposes using a STATCOM connected to the point of common coupling to inject or absorb reactive power in order to regulate voltage. The control scheme is modeled and simulated in MATLAB. Simulation results show the STATCOM is able to cancel harmonic components from the load current, maintain the source voltage and current in phase, and provide reactive power support to the solar panels and load. The integrated grid and STATCOM system with PV cells demonstrates good performance in power quality improvement.
Similar to Application of statcom to increase transient stability of wind farm (20)
This document proposes a sensorless estimator for speed, armature temperature, and resistance in brushed DC machines using a cascade-forward neural network (CFNN) and quasi-Newton BFGS backpropagation. A thermal model is used to estimate temperature without a thermal sensor. Simulation results show the CFNN estimates match the model outputs, estimating speed with less than 2% error. This approach provides sensorless simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters without some limitations of prior methods like the extended Kalman filter.
Commande par gradins d'un convertisseur multiniveau asymétrique à structure c...Mellah Hacene
Commande par gradins d'un convertisseur multiniveau asymétrique à structure cascade pour l'entraînement d'une machine asynchrone
Cet article consiste à étudier la commande des onduleurs multi-niveaux asymétrique appliquée à la conduite d’une machine asynchrone triphasée. On a étudié ce type d’onduleurs parce qu’il est susceptible de générer des tensions quasi sinusoïdale ayant un nombre de niveau impair largement qui peuvent atteindre entre 2K+1 et 3K niveaux (K: cellules à pont complet). L’utilisation de la structure multi-niveaux cascade afin d’améliorer beaucoup plus la qualité de tension de sortie sans augmenter à priori le nombre de cellules d’onduleurs à pont complet ainsi que cette structure est un intérêt certain car elle contient un nombre réduit d’interrupteurs en comparaison avec les autres. Pour l’entraînement à la vitesse variable pour cette machine, la commande vectorielle avec des correcteurs classiques est appliquée ensuite. Les résultats de simulation confirment la validité et l’efficacité de ce type d’onduleur.
This document presents an implementation of space vector modulation (SVM) for a two-level three-phase inverter using a dSPACE DS1104 controller. It describes the principles of SVM, including voltage vector modeling, sector detection, and pulse generation. Hardware experiments were conducted to validate a SVM control algorithm developed in Simulink. Results showed line voltages from the real hardware matched simulation. THD comparisons confirmed SVM provides lower distortion and higher fundamental output than sinusoidal PWM. The dSPACE system allows real-time testing of control algorithms on actual hardware.
Passivity Based Control for PV Applications by Using a Buck Power Converter
The use of power converters for everyday applications is becoming more and more important. Current technological applications simultaneously demand a high level of precision and performance, so DC-DC converters have a very important role in systems requiring energy level conversion and adaptation. As part of the work of this paper, we are interested in an analysis of modeling and control law synthesis approaches to ensure stability and a certain level of performance in the entire operating domain. The objective of our research work is therefore to propose a control law whose synthesis is based on a formalized (modeling & control) approach with a view to obtaining a control law adapted to the operating point. The principles used are based on the control and observation by the theory of passivity for the synthesis of control law of buck power converter for PV Applications.
Cascade forward neural network based on resilient backpropagation for simulta...Mellah Hacene
Cascade-Forward Neural Network Based on Resilient Backpropagation for Simultaneous Parameters and State Space Estimations of Brushed DC Machines
Advances in Modelling and Analysis B
This document lists the names, organizations, and countries of over 80 reviewers for the 2021 International Mobile, Intelligent, and Ubiquitous Computing Conference (MIUCC). The reviewers are from a variety of universities, research institutes, and other organizations located around the world, including Egypt, India, Bangladesh, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Morocco, Italy, Czech Republic, Malaysia, and others.
The document lists the 2021 committees for the International Mobile, Intelligent, and Ubiquitous Computing Conference (MIUCC). It provides the names and affiliations of the conference chair, co-chairs, secretary general, publications chair, local organization chair, conference operations team, publication committee, technical program committee, and additional committee members. The committees are organizing and overseeing the planning and operations of the 2021 MIUCC conference.
Power transformer faults diagnosis using undestructive methods and ann for dg...Mellah Hacene
Power transformer faults diagnosis using undestructive methods (Roger and IEC) and artificial neural network for dissolved gas analysis applied on the functional transformer in the Algerian north-eastern: a comparative study
Bouchaoui Lahcene, Kamel Eddine Hemsas, Hacene Mellah, saad eddine benlahneche
Nowadays, power transformer aging and failures are viewed with great attention in power transmission industry. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is classified among the biggest widely used methods used within the context of asset management policy to detect the incipient faults in their earlier stage in power transformers. Up to now, several procedures have been employed for the lecture of DGA results. Among these useful means, we find Key Gases, Rogers Ratios, IEC Ratios, the historical technique less used today Doernenburg Ratios, the two types of Duval Pentagons methods, several versions of the Duval Triangles method and Logarithmic Nomograph. Problem. DGA data extracted from different units in service served to verify the ability and reliability of these methods in assessing the state of health of the power transformer. Aim. An improving the quality of diagnostics of electrical power transformer by artificial neural network tools based on two conventional methods in the case of a functional power transformer at Sétif province in East North of Algeria. Methodology. Design an inelegant tool for power transformer diagnosis using neural networks based on traditional methods IEC and Rogers, which allows to early detection faults, to increase the reliability, of the entire electrical energy system from transport to consumers and improve a continuity and quality of service. Results. The solution of the problem was carried out by using feed-forward back-propagation neural networks implemented in MATLAB-Simulink environment. Four real power transformers working under different environment and climate conditions such as: desert, humid, cold were taken into account. The practical results of the diagnosis of these power transformers by the DGA are presented. Practical value.....
Adaptive maximum power point tracking using neural networks for a photovoltai...Mellah Hacene
Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Neural Networks for a Photovoltaic Systems According Grid
Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, (5), 57–66, 2021. https://doi.org/10.20998/2074-272X.2021.5.08
International conference on mechanical engineering and applied mechanics[icme...Mellah Hacene
The document summarizes the 2021 International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics (ICMEAM 2021) that was organized by Yaseen Academy and originally planned to be held in Sanya, China but was changed to an online format due to COVID-19 restrictions. It provides details on the conference organization, topics, presenters and keynote speakers. The conference included presentations on mechanical engineering, structural mechanics and materials science. It featured two keynote speeches from researchers at Innowledgement GmbH on developing the world's smallest and fastest mechanical nano-tools.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WIND TURBINE IN GRID-OFF SYSTEM Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper deals with the construction of a mathematical model of a wind turbine, which is one of the sources in the Grid-Off
system.
Keywords: mathematical model, wind turbine, Grid-Off system, electric generator, wind conditions.
1 Introduction
As one of the power sources of the Grid-Off system is a wind turbine. It is advantageous to work with a
mathematical model for the need of experimental research. In Fig. 1 is a schematic connection of a wind turbine
to a container, which is a Grid-Off system. [1-4]
SIMULATION OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF A WIND TURBINE Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical model of a wind turbine and its simulation. This is one of the main resources available to
the island system (Grid-Off system).
Keywords: wind turbine, island system, Grid-Off system, renewable energy source.
1 Introduction to wind turbine
A wind turbine is basically a converter, or in other words a device that transforms one type of energy into
another. In this case, it is the transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy.
The source of mechanical energy is the flow (flow) of air, which acts on the turbine blades. The blades are
located on a shaft which is coupled to a permanent magnet (magnet). The magnets are a rotating part, which is
named the rotor. The stator consists of a coil (coils) of wound copper conductor. Due to the changing magnetic
field (PM - permanent magnets), an electrical voltage is induced at the terminals (terminals) of the coil / coils. In
essence, it is a synchronous generator, since the variable electric field is coupled (synchronized) with the speed
of the changing and magnetic fields. [1-5]
A schematic block diagram of a wind turbine as a synchronous generator is shown in Fig. 1.
Multiphysics Modeling of Induction Machines_Jd'12 presMellah Hacene
in this paper we interest to how we can validate simultaneously a thermal model and estimated variable of induction motor. This approach is possible by using special simulation package frequently exploited bout in university and industry. A simple description of each one of this famous software is presented.
According to our needs and means; I took a justified choice of the used software in this validation context. In this moment, I make
only the modeling of an induction machine without takes into account the heating effects. Same simulation results of induction
motor model by Maxwell software is given and commented.
4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.,Icee'12 Mellah Hacene
Compared with electrically excited machines, PMSG have a number of economical and technical advantages, so that they are becoming more attractive for direct-drive wind turbines, these advantages can be summarised as follows according to literatures:
Higher efficiency and energy yield,
No additional power supply for the magnet field excitation,
Improvement in the thermal characteristics of the pm machine due to the absence of the field losses,
Higher reliability due to the absence of mechanical components such as slip rings,
Lighter and therefore higher power to weight ratio.
7th International Conference on Electrical Engineering 8- 10 October 2012, Ce...Mellah Hacene
There is now general acceptance that the burning of fossil fuel is having a significant influence on the global climate. Effective mitigation of climate change will require deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, with UK estimates of a 60–80% cut being necessary by 2050.
Still purer with the nuclear power, this last leaves behind dangerous wastes for thousands of years and risks contamination of land, air, and water.
Stochastic Estimation Methods for Induction Motor Transient Thermal Monitorin...Mellah Hacene
The induction machine, because of its robustness and low-cost, is commonly
used in the industry. Nevertheless, as every type of electrical machine, this
machine suffers of some limitations. The most important one is the working
temperature which is the dimensioning parameter for the definition of the
nominal working point and the machine lifetime. Due to a strong demand
concerning thermal monitoring methods appeared in the industry sector. In
this context, the adding of temperature sensors is not acceptable and the
studied methods tend to use sensorless approaches such as observators or
parameters estimators like the extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Then the
important criteria are reliability, computational cost ad real time
implementation.
Design and analysis of an external rotor internal-stator doubly fed induction...Mellah Hacene
In this paper, a time stepping 2D and 3D FEM is performed for modeling and analysis external rotor DFIG .The finite element method currently represents the state-of-the-art in the numerical magnetic field computation relating to electrical machines. FEM is a numerical method to solve the partial differential equations (PDE) that expresses the physical quantities of interest, in this case Maxwell’s equations. This will result in a more accurate result compared to analytical modeling, which can be regarded as a simplification of the PDE. FEM analysis is used for transient mode, magnetic field calculation, the magnetic flux density and vector potential of machine is obtained. In this model we including, non linear material characteristics, eddy current effect, torque-speed characteristics, ambient temperature effect and magnetic analysis are investigated using MAXWELL program. With this program, the components of the DFIG can be calculated with high accuracy.
This document discusses multiphysics modeling and simulation of induction machines using various software packages. It describes ANSYS, Flux2D/Flux-Portunus co-simulation, Motor-CAD co-simulation with SpeedLab, and Maxwell co-simulation with Ephysics software. It focuses on Maxwell software for finite element analysis modeling of an induction machine and presents simulation results for magnetic field, speed, torque, and losses using Maxwell. The results are then commented on.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Application of statcom to increase transient stability of wind farm
1. American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems
2013; 2(2): 50-56
Published online March 10, 2013 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/epes)
doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20130202.14
Application of STATCOM to increase transient stability of
wind farm
Bouhadouza Boubekeur, Ahmed Gherbi, Hacene Mellah
Department of Electrical Engineering, Sétif-1 University, Algeria
Email address:
bouhadouza_b@yahoo.fr (B. Bouhadouza), gherbi_a@yahoo.fr (A. Gherbi), has.mel@gmail.com (H. Mellah)
To cite this article:
Bouhadouza Boubekeur, Ahmed Gherbi, Hacene Mellah. Application of STATCOM to Increase Transient Stability of Wind Farm,
American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. Vol. 2, No. 2, 2013, pp. 50-56. doi: 10.11648/j.epes.20130202.14
Abstract: In this paper we interested to the study the necessary of Facts to increase the transient stability on the presence
of faults and the integration of new renewable source, like wind energy, these lasts make the electrical grid operate in a new
conditions, the STATCOM is one of the important Facts element, It provides the desired reactive-power generation and
absorption entirely by means of electronic processing of the voltage and current waveforms in a voltage source converter
(VSC). This function is identical to the synchronous condenser with rotating mass. In present work we propose a transient
stability improvement using STATCOM under faults, in the first time we study the transient stability with and without
STATCOM for clearly his advantages. In the second time we know the relation between the reactive power injecting by a
STATCOM and the critical clearing time, some simulation results are given, commented and discussed.
Keywords: Transient Stability, Reactive Power, FACTS, STATCOM, Wind Power, CCT
1. Introduction
There is now general acceptance that the burning of fos-
sil fuels is having a significant influence on the global cli-
mate. Effective mitigation of climate change will require
deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, with UK
estimates of a 60–80% cut being necessary by 2050 [1],
Still purer with the nuclear power, this last leaves behind
dangerous wastes for thousands of years and risks contami-
nation of land, air, and water; the catastrophe of Japan is
not far[2], to avoid the problems of the pollution, the ener-
gy policy decision states that the objective is to facilitate a
change to an ecologically sustainable energy production
system such as wind power [3], but the major problem is
how associate the wind power stations to the grid with
assure the linking conditions[4]. In addition, now a day’s
power transmission and distribution systems face increas-
ing demands for more power, better quality and higher
reliability at lower cost, as well as low environmental effect.
Under these conditions, transmission networks are called
upon to operate at high transmission levels, and thus power
engineers have had to confront some major operating prob-
lems such as transient stability, damping of oscillations and
voltage regulation etc [5], in this work we interest to the
transient stability, this last indicates the capability of the
power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to a
severe transient disturbances such as fault on heavily
loaded lines, loss of a large load etc [6].Generator excita-
tion controller with only excitation control can improve
transient stability for minor faults but it is not sufficient to
maintain stability of system for large faults occur near to
generator terminals [6]. Researchers worked on other solu-
tion and found that flexible AC transmission systems
(FACTS) are one of the most prominent solution [7], [8].
The objective principal to use FACTS technology for the
operators of the electric power is to have an opportunity for
the control of the power flow and by increasing the capaci-
ties usable of these lines under the normal conditions. The
parameter which controls the operation of transmission of
energy in a line such as the impedances series and shunts,
running, tension and phase angle is controlled by utilizing
FACTS controllers. FACTS devices increases power han-
dling capacity of the line and improve transient stability as
well as damping performance of the power system [7], [8].
According to the specialized literature we find several
types of FACTS [6-11], in our work we are limited to the
study a great disturbance, so the FACTS element used for
reactive power compensation both assuring the low cost
and high efficiency is STATCOM.
The static synchronous compensators (STATCOM) con-
sist of shunt connected voltage source converter through
coupling transformer with the transmission line. STAT-
2. American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2013, 2(2): 50-56 51
COM can control voltage magnitude and, to a small extent,
the phase angle in a very short time and therefore, has abili-
ty to improve the system [7], [8].
2. Wind Turbine Model
2.1. Squirrel Cage Induction Generator
The fixed speed wind generator systems have been used
with a multiple-stage gearbox and a SCIG directly con-
nected to the grid through a transformer [11].
The well-known advantages of SCIG are it is robust,
easy and relatively cheap for mass production [11], electri-
cally fairly simple devices consisting of an aerodynamic
rotor driving a low-speed shaft, a gearbox, a high-speed
shaft and an induction generator [12].
The gearbox is needed, because the optimal rotor and
generator speed ranges are different, we find also a pole-
changeable SCIG has been used in some commercial wind
turbines; it does not provide continuous speed variations
[11]. The generator is directly grid coupled. Therefore,
rotor speed variations are very small, because the only
speed variations that can occur are changes in the rotor
slip[13], because the operating slip variation is generally
less than 1%, this type of wind generation is normally re-
ferred to as fixed speed [12].
A SCIG consumes reactive power. Therefore, in case of
large wind turbines and/or weak grids, often capacitors are
added to generate the induction generator magnetizing
current, thus improving the power factor of the system as a
whole [13].
The power extracted from the wind needs to be limited,
because otherwise the generator could be overloaded or the
pullout torque could be exceeded, leading to rotor speed
instability. In this concept, this is often done by using the
stall effect. This means that the rotor geometry is designed
in such a way that its aerodynamic properties make the
rotor efficiency decrease in high wind speeds, thus limiting
the power extracted from the wind and preventing the gene-
rator from being damaged and the rotor speed from becom-
ing unstable [13], so the operating condition of a squirrel-
cage induction generator, used in fixed-speed turbines, is
dictated by the mechanical input power and the voltage at
the generator terminals. This type of generator cannot con-
trol bus bar voltages by itself controlling the reactive power
exchange with the network. Additional reactive power
compensation equipment, often fixed shunt-connected
capacitors, is normally fitted [12]; this system concept is
also known as the 'Danish concept' and is depicted in Fig 1
[13].
The slip is generally considered positive in the motor op-
eration mode and negative in the generator mode. In both
operation modes, higher rotor slips result in higher current
in the rotor and higher electromechanical power conversion.
If the machine is operated at slips greater than unity by
turning it backwards, it absorbs power without delivering
anything out i.e. it works as a brake. The power in this case
is converted into I heat loss in the rotor conductor that
needs to be dissipated [14].
Fig. 1 shows the torque-slip characteristic of the induc-
tion machine in the generating mode. If the generator is
loaded at constant load torque only 1 is stable. The
loading limit of the generator i.e. the maximum torque it
can support is called the breakdown torque and represented
in the Fig.1 as If the generator is loaded under a con-
stant torque above , it will become unstable and stall,
draw excessive current and destroy itself thermally if not
properly protected [14].
Figure 1. Torque versus slip characteristic of an induction generator [14].
2.2. Modeling for Fixed - Speed Wind Turbines
The modeling of wind turbine plays an important role in
the building of stability concept. Every research recently
uses grid model, wind turbine model and wind speed model
as a foundation. The specific simulation approach used to
study the dynamics of large power systems is reduced-order
modeling of wind turbine. This model uses several assump-
tions and gives the models the various subsystems of each
of the recent wind turbine types as presents at the Fig.2 [14].
Figure 2. Generator structure of fixed-speed wind turbine model [6].
We use Matlab to modeling the wind turbine system in
two main blocks: rotor model and generator model.
2.2.1. Rotor Model
The traditional rotor model in wind turbine simulation is
base on the well known equation which gives the relation-
ship between the power extracted from wind and wind
speed [14]:
-0.2 -0.6 -0.8 -1-0.4
0
P2P1
Ns Speed
Slip perunit
Tmax
2 Ns
TL Load Torque
3. 52 Bouhadouza Boubekeur et al.: Application of STATCOM to increase transient stability of wind farm
2
).,(
3
wwt
pvpwt
vA
CPCP
ρ
βλ== (1)
Where C is the power coefficient of wind turbine (C is
the function of the blade pitch angle and the tip-speed
ratio); is the air density; is the swept area; is the
wind speed. The tip-speed ratio .is defined as:
v
Rwwt .
=λ (2)
Where w is mechanical angular velocity of wind tur-
bine blades; R is radius of wind turbine blades. The numer-
ical method of C is in Ref [15].
, 0.5176
!!"
#$
% 0.4β % 5( e
*+,
-$ . 0.0068 (3)
Where
01 2
3
045.567
%
5.589
7843
:
;3
(4)
There is always an optimum tip speed ratio λ= corres-
ponding to the maximum power coefficient of wind turbine
C >?@ for any pitch angleβ. The β 0 without considering
wind turbine status at extreme wind speed.
The output torque of wind turbine is [4]:
AB
CDE
(5)
The relation betweenC , β and λ is shown in Fig .3.
Figure 3. Aerodynamic power coefficient variation against tip speed
ratio and pitch angle .
The maximum value of C ( 0.48) is achieved
for 0 degree and for F 8.1.
To extract the maximum power generated, we must fix
the advance report F is the maximum power
cient .
2.2.2.Generator Model
In real wind power market, three types of wind power
system for large WTs exist. The first type is fixed-speed
wind power (SCIG), directly connected to the grid. The
second one is a variable speed wind system using a DFIG
or SCIG. The third type is also a variable speed WT, PMSG
[16].
The IG space vector model is generally composed of
three sets of equations: voltage equations, flux linkage
equations, and motion equation. The voltage equations for
the stator and rotor of the generator in the arbitrary refer-
ence frame are given by [17]:
++=
+−=
qs
s
dsqssqs
ds
s
qsdssds
dt
d
w
iRv
dt
d
w
iRv
ϕϕ
ϕϕ
1
1
(6)
=++=
=+−=
0
1
.
0
1
.
qr
s
drqrrqr
dr
s
qrdrrdr
dt
d
w
siRv
dt
d
w
siRv
ϕϕ
ϕϕ
(7)
The electrical torque is given by this equation after sev-
eral converted steps:
)..( dsqrqsdrme iiiiLT += (8)
J
TT
dt
dw emr −
= (9)
The power flow studies in the IG are represented in
Fig .4 [14].
Figure 4. Power flow and losses in an IG.
3. Statcom
A STATCOM is a controlled reactive-power source. It
provides the desired reactive-power generation and absorp-
tion entirely by means of electronic processing of the vol-
tage and current waveforms in a voltage source converter
(VSC). This function is identical to the synchronous con-
denser with rotating mass, but its response time is extreme-
ly faster than of the synchronous condenser. This rapidity is
very effective to increase transient stability, to enhance
voltage support, and to damp low frequency oscillation for
the transmission system [5].
The schematic representation of the STATCOM and its
equivalent circuit are shown in Fig 5.
Figure 5. STATCOM, VSC connected to the AC network via a shunt
transformer.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
X: 8.1
Y: 0.48
lamda
Cp
B=0°
B=5°
B=10°
B=15°
B=20°
4. American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2013, 2(2): 50-56 53
The STATCOM has the ability to either generate or ab-
sorb reactive power by suitable control of the inverted
voltage|IJK| L MJK, with respect to the AC voltage on the
high-voltage side of the STATCOM transformer, say node
l,| N| L MN.
In an ideal STATCOM, with no active power loss in-
volved, the following reactive power equation yields useful
insight into how the reactive power exchange with the AC
system is achieved.
2
2
cos( )l l vR
vR l vR
vR vR
l l vR
vR
v v v
Q
x x
v v v
x
θ θ= − −
−
=
Where θP θQR for the case of a lossless STATCOM;
If |vP| T |vQR| then QQR becomes positive and the
STATCOM absorbs reactive power. On the other hand, QQR
becomes negative if |vP| L |vQR| and the STATCOM gene-
rates reactive power.
In power flow studies the STATCOM may be
represented in the same way as a synchronous condenser,
which in most cases is the model of a synchronous genera-
tor with zero active power generation. It is adjusts the vol-
tage source magnitude and phase angle using Newton’s
algorithm to satisfy a specified voltage magnitude at the
point of connection with the AC network as presents at the
Fig .5.
)sin*(cos vRvRvRvR jvv θθ +=
It should be pointed out that maximum and minimum
limits will exist for |vQR| which are a function of the
STATCOM. Capacitor rating. On the other hand, θQR can
take any value between 0 and 2π radians but in practice it
will keep close to θP [18].
STATCOM is capable of providing capacitive reactive
power for network with a very low voltage level
near0.15pu. It also is able to generate its maximum capa-
citive power independent of network voltage. This capabili-
ty will be very beneficial in time of a fault or voltage col-
lapse or other restrictive phenomena, as presents at the Fig
6 [10].
Figure 6. Voltage current characteristic of STATCOM.
4. Simulation Results
The proposed test system has a wind farm connected to a
network of 6 bus bars; the type of generators is an IG. Un-
der normal operating conditions, the wind farm provide
9MW, the bank condenser used for offer a reactive power
to the IG ,as presents at the following Fig .7.
Figure 7. Test system.
The first objective of this paper is to evaluate the specific
needs of the system to restore to its initial state as quickly
as possible after fault clearing.
4.1. Without STATCOM
The effect of a three phase short circuit fault at the load
bus is studied. The ground fault is initiated at t 15s and
cleared at t 16s. The system is studied under different
conditions at the load bus as chosen below.
Fig 8 and Fig 9 shows the active and reactive power at
the load bus, we can see the active power curve reached
8.7MW in transient state operation and return near to zero
in the steady state mode even with the presence of the fault,
however we find a peak in the reactive power curve at the
time of the application fault and stabilized at -1Mvar.
Fig 10 and 11 shows the active and reactive power of
each wind turbine.
It is clear according to these results that the active and
reactive power of wind farm are disconnected before the
appearance of fault, because the insufficient of the excita-
tion condenser of generator, and the wind farm protection
systems, however the reactive power gives a negative value
because the presence of the condenser.
Figure 8. Active power at bus 6.
0 5 10 15 20
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Temps [S]
lapuissanceactiveaujbB6[mw]
PJB6
5. 54 Bouhadouza Boubekeur et al.: Application of STATCOM to increase transient stability of wind farm
Figure 9. Reactive power at bus 6.
Figure 10. Active power of wind farm.
Figure 11. Reactive power of wind farm.
4.2. With STATACOM
According to the previous simulation results, we added
the STATCOM at bus 6 for view the STATCOM effects.
Fig 12 and 13 shows the active and reactive power at the
load bus, we can note that in the both curves the two pow-
ers also stabilized faster with less oscillation compared with
the preceding case in the transient state and even after the
fault, however fig 14 and 15 shows the active and reactive
power for each wind turbine.
According to the simulation results, the curves presented
above shows the importance of the compensation when the
wind farm recovers its operation after the fault and takes its
stability with some oscillation by the intervention of
STATCOM at bus bar 6.
Figure 12. Active power at bus 6.
Figure 12. Active power at bus 6.
Figure 13. Reactive power at bus 6.
0 5 10 15 20
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Temps [S]
lespuissancesréactivesaujbB6[mvar]
QJB6
0 5 10 15 20
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Temps [S]
lapuissanceactivedewindturbine[mw]
P1
P2
P3
0 5 10 15 20
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Temps [S]
lapuissanceréactivedewindturbine[mvar]
Q1
Q2
Q3
0 5 10 15 20
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Temps [S]
lapuissanceactiveaujbB6[mw]
P JB6
0 5 10 15 20
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Temps [S]
lespuissancesréactivesaujbB6[mvar]
Q JB6
0 5 10 15 20
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Temps [S]
lespuissancesréactivesaujbB6[mvar]
Q JB6
6. American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2013, 2(2): 50-56 55
Figure 14. Active power of Wind Farm.
Figure 15. Reactive power of Wind farm.
4.3. Transient Stability
In this section, the following evaluation index is used to
show the impact of grid-connected wind farms of IG type
on the transient stability test system.
Critical clearance time (CCT) of faults is generally con-
sidered as the best measurement of severity of a contingen-
cy and thus widely used for ranking contingencies in ac-
cordance with their severity; in addition CCT is defined as
the longest allowed fault clearance time without losing
stability [4]. In our studies, the CCT is employed as a tran-
sient stability index to evaluate the test system; we use a
different value of reactive power injecting by a STATCOM
for controller the CCT.
Fig 16 shows CCT for several values of STATCOM, we
illustrate that the relation between the reactive power in-
jecting by a STATCOM and the CCT is nearly a linear.
Figure 16. Critical time for several values of STATCOM.
5. Conclusions
The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources
in the grid, high demands, caused destabilized the electrical
network, so the researchers must be finding and master a
new techniques for produced more power, better quality
and higher reliability at lower cost. In first section a global
description of system was presented, for each its compo-
nent a brief presentation are given, modeled and simulated.
In the second section, the dynamics of the grid-
connected wind farm is compared with and without the
presence of STATCOM under fault, our test network con-
tain three wind farm each wind farm has two equal wind
turbine, according to the simulation results, it clearly illu-
strates the need of STATCOM improvement when the wind
farm recovers its operation after the fault and takes its sta-
bility and do not leave the wind farm disconnect in the
insufficient of the excitation condenser case. In the last
section, a several successive simulation are executed for
understand the relation between the STATCOM dimension
and the CCT.
References
[1] AL. Olimpo, J. Nick, E. Janaka, C. Phill and H Mike, “Wind
Energy Generation Modelling and Control,” John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd 2009.
[2] H. Mellah and K. E. Hemsas, “Design and Analysis of an
External-Rotor Internal-Stator Doubly Fed Induction Gene-
rator for Small Wind Turbine Application by Fem,” Interna-
tional Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. vol. 2,
no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2013.
[3] A. Petersson, "Analysis Modeling and Control of Doubly-
Fed Induction Generators for Wind Turbines,” PhD thesis,
Chalmers university of technology, GOteborg, Sweden 2005.
[4] B .BOUHADOUZA, “Amélioration de la Stabilité
Transitoire des Fermes Eoliennes par l’utilisation des
STATCOM,” magister theses of Setif university, Algeria,
2011.
[5] A. Pahade and N. Saxena, “Transient stability improvement
by using shunt FACT device (STATCOM) with Reference
Voltage Compensation (RVC) control scheme,” International
Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
vol. 2, pp.7-12, 2013.
[6] S. Chauhan, V. Chopra, S. Singh, “Transient Stability Im-
provement of Two Machine System using Fuzzy Controlled
STATCOM,” International Journal of Innovative Technolo-
gy and Exploring Engineering, vol. 2,pp. 52-56, March 2013.
[7] V. K. Chandrakar, A. G. Kothari, “Comparison of RBFN
based STATCOM, SSSC and UPFC Controllers for Tran-
sient Stability improvement,” Power Systems Conference
and Exposition, PSCE '06, pp. 784 – 791, IEEE PES 2006.
[8] M. Mohammad Hussaini, R. Anita, "The Study of Dynamic
Performance of Wind Farms with the Application Trends in
Engineering,” International Journal of Recent Trends in En-
gineering, vol. 2, pp. 158-160, 2009
[9] P. Kumkratug, “The Effect of STATCOM on Inter-Area
5 10 15 20
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Temps [S]
lapuissanceactivedewindturbine[mw]
P1
P2
P3
5 10 15 20
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Temps [S]
lapuissanceréactivedewindturbine[mvar]
Q1
Q2
Q3
12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
Q STATCOM (MVAr)
CCT(msec)
CCT
7. 56 Bouhadouza Boubekeur et al.: Application of STATCOM to increase transient stability of wind farm
Power System Stability Improvement,” IEEE computer so-
ciety conference, Second UKSIM European Symposium on
Computer Modeling and Simulation, pp. 359 – 363, 2008.
[10] X. Zhang, C. Rehtanz and B. Pal, “Flexible AC Transmis-
sion Systems: Modelling and Control,” Publisher: Springer,
2006.
[11] H. Li, Z. Chen, "Overview of different wind generator sys-
tems and their comparisons,” IET, Renewable Power Gener-
ation, vol. 2, pp. 123–138, 2008.
[12] A. Olimpo, J. Nick, E. Janaka, C. Phill and H Mike, “Wind
Energy Generation Modelling and Control, John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd 2009.
[13] J.G. Slootweg, S. de Haan, H. Polinder, W. L. Kling, “Mod-
eling wind turbines in power system dynamics simulations,”
Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, Vol. 1, pp. 22
– 26, IEEE, 2001.
[14] M. Huong Nguyen, T. K. Saha, “Dynamic simulation for
wind farm in a large power system,” Power Engineering
Conference, AUPEC '08. Australasian Universities, pp. 1 – 6,
IEEE, 2008.
[15] L. Shenghu , L. Zhengkai , H. Xinjie , J. Shusen, “Dynamic
equivalence to induction generators and wind turbines for
power system stability analysis,” 2nd IEEE International
Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Genera-
tion Systems (PEDG), pp. 887 – 892, IEEE 2010.
[16] H. Mellah, K. E. Hemsas, “Simulations Analysis with Com-
parative Study of a PMSG Performances for Small WT Ap-
plication by FEM,” International Journal of Energy Engi-
neering, vol.3, no 2, pp. 55-64, 2013.
[17] B. wu, Y. Lang, N. Zargari, S. Kouro, “power conversion
and control of wind energy systems,” IEEE press, wiley,
Canada 2010.
[18] E.Acha, V.G.Agelidis, O.Anaya-lara, T.J.E.Miller, “power
Electronic Control in Electrical Systems", Newnes. A divi-
sion of reed educational and professional publishing ltd,
2002.
[19] M. A. Kamarposhti, M. Alinezhad, “Comparison of SVC
and STATCOM in Static Voltage Stability Margin En-
hancement", International Journal of Electrical Power and
Energy Systems Engineering, 2010.