This document presents an online efficiency optimization method for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system in an electric vehicle. A finite element analysis is used to build an accurate machine model that considers magnetic saturation, spatial harmonics, and iron loss effects. The proposed method calculates the total system losses, including fundamental copper and iron losses, harmonic copper and iron losses, magnet loss, and inverter losses. An online algorithm is developed to determine the optimal current angle for maximum efficiency per ampere control over the entire speed range. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed online method over conventional offline efficiency optimization techniques.
In industrial electric drive systems, it is common to find objects that need to solve the problem of angular position control, moving the object from one position to another asymptotically with no over-correction and guarantee. calculation of maximum fast impact. This is a multi-target optimization problem with many different solutions. This paper presents a method of constructing a PMSM motor position controller with a variable structure using dSPACE 1104 card. The system consists of a position control loop with a variable structure that is an outer loop and a speed control loop degree is the inner loop. In which, the speed adjustment loop uses adaptive law to compensate for uncertain functions and build a sliding mode observation to estimate load torque, friction and noise. The results of the simulation study were verified on Matlab-Simulink environment and experimented on dSPACE 1104 card to check the correctness of the built controller algorithm. The research results in the paper are the basis for the evaluation and setting up of control algorithms, design of electric drive systems in industry and the military.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32โฐ, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ฬ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26โฐ tilt angle.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper presents simulation and experimental results of anti-windup PI controller to improve induction machine speed control based on direct torque control (DTC) strategy. Problems like rollover can arise in conventional PI controller due to saturation effect. In order to avoid such problems anti-windup PI controller is presented. This controller is simple for implementation in practice. The proposed anti-windup PI controller demonstrates better dynamic step changes response in speed in terms of overshoots. All simulation work was done using Simulink in the MATLAB software. The experimental results were obtained by practical implementation on a dSPACE 1104 board for a 1.5 KW induction machine. Simulation and experimental results have proven a good performance and verified the validity of the presented control strategy.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
The hardware implementation of sensorless brushless direct current motor drive incorporating H-infinity control strategy with optimized weights by particle swarm optimization in the speed control is carried out in this work. The methodology involved in the design of brushless direct current (BLDC) motor control with sensorless position detection technique, the design of H-infinity speed controller, steps involved in particle swarm optimization for optimizing coefficients of its weights and the hardware implementation is discussed in detail in this paper. Texas Instruments microcontroller board C2000 Delfino Launchpad LAUNCHXL F28377S and driver BOOSTXL DRV8301 are used for realization of the speed controller. The code is developed using C2000 hardware support package in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. A comprehensive performance analysis is accomplished during starting of the motor and during the fast application and removal of load. This strategy is found to be robust resulting in faster load disturbance rejection and better reference speed tracking. The experimental results of the proposed strategy are compared with that of conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The time domain parameters are also compared. It is found that the proposed strategy exhibits better performance characteristics during transients and sudden disturbances in load.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
Recently, LCL has become amongst the most attractive filter used for grid-connected flyback inverters. Nonetheless, the switching of power devices in the inverter configuration creates harmonics that affect the end application behavior and might shorten its lifetime. Furthermore, the resonance frequencies produced by the LCL network contribute to the system instability. This paper proposes a step-by-step guide to designing an LCL filter by considering several key aspects such as the resonance frequency and maximum current ripple. A single-phase grid-connected flyback microinverter with an LCL filter was designed then constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Several different parameter variations and damping solutions were used to analyze the performance of the circuit. The simulation result shows a promising total harmonic distortion (THD) value below 5% and harmonic suppression up to 14%.
In industrial electric drive systems, it is common to find objects that need to solve the problem of angular position control, moving the object from one position to another asymptotically with no over-correction and guarantee. calculation of maximum fast impact. This is a multi-target optimization problem with many different solutions. This paper presents a method of constructing a PMSM motor position controller with a variable structure using dSPACE 1104 card. The system consists of a position control loop with a variable structure that is an outer loop and a speed control loop degree is the inner loop. In which, the speed adjustment loop uses adaptive law to compensate for uncertain functions and build a sliding mode observation to estimate load torque, friction and noise. The results of the simulation study were verified on Matlab-Simulink environment and experimented on dSPACE 1104 card to check the correctness of the built controller algorithm. The research results in the paper are the basis for the evaluation and setting up of control algorithms, design of electric drive systems in industry and the military.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32โฐ, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ฬ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26โฐ tilt angle.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper presents simulation and experimental results of anti-windup PI controller to improve induction machine speed control based on direct torque control (DTC) strategy. Problems like rollover can arise in conventional PI controller due to saturation effect. In order to avoid such problems anti-windup PI controller is presented. This controller is simple for implementation in practice. The proposed anti-windup PI controller demonstrates better dynamic step changes response in speed in terms of overshoots. All simulation work was done using Simulink in the MATLAB software. The experimental results were obtained by practical implementation on a dSPACE 1104 board for a 1.5 KW induction machine. Simulation and experimental results have proven a good performance and verified the validity of the presented control strategy.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
The hardware implementation of sensorless brushless direct current motor drive incorporating H-infinity control strategy with optimized weights by particle swarm optimization in the speed control is carried out in this work. The methodology involved in the design of brushless direct current (BLDC) motor control with sensorless position detection technique, the design of H-infinity speed controller, steps involved in particle swarm optimization for optimizing coefficients of its weights and the hardware implementation is discussed in detail in this paper. Texas Instruments microcontroller board C2000 Delfino Launchpad LAUNCHXL F28377S and driver BOOSTXL DRV8301 are used for realization of the speed controller. The code is developed using C2000 hardware support package in MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. A comprehensive performance analysis is accomplished during starting of the motor and during the fast application and removal of load. This strategy is found to be robust resulting in faster load disturbance rejection and better reference speed tracking. The experimental results of the proposed strategy are compared with that of conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The time domain parameters are also compared. It is found that the proposed strategy exhibits better performance characteristics during transients and sudden disturbances in load.
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
Recently, LCL has become amongst the most attractive filter used for grid-connected flyback inverters. Nonetheless, the switching of power devices in the inverter configuration creates harmonics that affect the end application behavior and might shorten its lifetime. Furthermore, the resonance frequencies produced by the LCL network contribute to the system instability. This paper proposes a step-by-step guide to designing an LCL filter by considering several key aspects such as the resonance frequency and maximum current ripple. A single-phase grid-connected flyback microinverter with an LCL filter was designed then constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Several different parameter variations and damping solutions were used to analyze the performance of the circuit. The simulation result shows a promising total harmonic distortion (THD) value below 5% and harmonic suppression up to 14%.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 ยฐC to 90 ยฐC, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency ฮท. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
Electricity is a major source of energy for fast growing population and the use of nonrenewable source is harmful for our environment. This reason belongs to devastating of environment, so it is required to take immediate action to solve these problems which result the solar energy development. Production of a solar energy can be maximizing if we use solar follower. The major part of solar panels is microcontroller with arrangement of LDR sensor is used to follow the sun, where the sensors is less efficient to track the sun because of the low sensitivity of LDR. We are proposing a method to track sun more effetely with the help of both LDR sensors and image processing. This type of mechanism can track sun with the help of image processing software which combines both result of sensors and processed sun image to control the solar panel. The combination of both software and hardware can control thousands of solar panels in solar power plants.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
Harvesting energy from the sun makes the photovoltaic (PV) power generation a promising technology. To obtain a consistent state of charge (SOC), consistent energy must be harvested and efficiently directed to the battery. Overcharging or undercharging phenomena decreases the lifetime of the battery. Besides, the effect of irradiance toward solar in term of sunlight intensity effects the efficiency and hence, sluggish the SOC. The main problem of the solar panel revealed when the temperature has increased, the efficiency of solar panel will also be decreased. This manuscript reports the finding of developing an automatic active cooling system for a solar panel with a real time energy monitoring system with internet-of-things (IoT) facility. The IoT technology assists user to measure the efficiency of the solar panel and SOC of the battery in real time from any locations. The automatic active cooling system is designed to improve the efficiency of the solar panel. The effectiveness of the proposed system is proven via the analysis of the effect of active cooling toward efficiency and SOC of photovoltaic system. The results also tabulate the comparative studies of active-to-passive cooling system, as well as the effect of cooling towards SOC and efficiency of the solar panel.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-ร -vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
Optimizing of the installed capacity of hybrid renewable energy with a modifi...IJECEIAES
ย
The lack of wind speed capacity and the emission of photons from sunlight are the problem in a hybrid system of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. To overcome this shortcoming, the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm is applied that could control the converter work cycle and the switching of the buck boost therefore maximum efficiency of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is reached. The operation of the PV-wind hybrid system, consisting of a 100 W PV array device and a 400 W wind subsystem, 12 V/100 Ah battery energy storage and LED, the PV-wind system requires a hybrid controller for battery charging and usage and load lamp and itโs conducted in experimental setup. The experimental has shown that an average increase in power generated was 38.8% compared to a single system of PV panels or a single wind turbine sub-system. Therefore, the potential opportunities for increasing power production in the tropics wheather could be carried out and applied with this model.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
ย
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from NโN (0 0 ) to NโS (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The power generation using solar photovoltaic (PV) system in microgrid requires energy storage system due to their dilute and intermittent nature. The system requires efficient control techniques to ensure the reliable operation of the microgrid. This work presents dynamic power management using a decentralized approach. The control techniques in microgrid including droop controllers in cascade with proportional-integral (PI) controllers for voltage stability and power balance have few limitations. PI controllers alone will not ensure microgridโs stability. Their parameters cannot be optimized for varying demand and have a slow transient response which increases the settling time. The droop controllers have lower efficiency. The load power variation and steady-state voltage error make the droop control ineffective. This paper presents a control scheme for dynamic power management by incorporating the combined PI and hysteresis controller (CPIHC) technique. The system becomes robust, performs well under varying demand conditions, and shows a faster dynamic response. The proposed DC microgrid has solar PV as an energy source, a lead-acid battery as the energy storage system, constant and dynamic loads. The simulation results show the proposed CPIHC technique efficiently manages the dynamic power, regulates DC link voltage and batteryโs state of charge (SoC) compared to conventional combined PI and droop controller (CPIDC).
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
Stand-alone applications of Photovoltaic (PV) can be found in water pumping systems for rural area. The proper electric motor must be chosen for optimal considerations. One of the modern electric motor called brushless motor (BLDC) can be an alternative for this application although it has complexity in control. Powering such a motor by using electric energy generating by PV modules will be an interesting problem. In this paper, a PV powered BLDC motor system is proposed. The PV modules must produce maximum power at any instant time and then this power must be able to rotate the motor. By combining sequential stator energizing due to a rotor detection and a PWM concept, the speed of BLDC can be controlled. Meanwhile, to get maximum power of PV modules, detection of voltage and current of the modules are required to be calculated. Digital Signal Control (DSC) is implemented to handle this control strategy and locks the width of the PWM signal to maintain the PV modules under maximum power operation. The effectiveness of the proposed system has been verified by simulation works. Finally the experimental works were done to validate.
With the dominating utility of the internet, it becomes critical to manage the efficiency and reliability of telecom and datacenter, as the power consumption of the involved equipment also increases. Much power being wasted through the power conversion stages by converting AC voltage to DC voltage and then stepping down to lower voltages to connect to information and communication technology (ICT) equipment. 48/12 VDC is the standard DC bus architecture to serve the end utility equipment. This voltage level is further processed to multiple lower voltages to power up the internal auxiliary circuits. Power losses are involved when it is converted from higher voltage to lower voltages. Therefore, the efficiency of power conversion is lower. There is a need to increase the efficiency by minimizing the power losses which occur due to the conversion stages. Different methods are available to increase the efficiency of a system by optimizing the converter topologies, semiconductor materials and control methods. There is another possibility of increasing the efficiency by changing the architecture of a system by increasing the DC bus voltage to higher voltages to optimize the losses. This paper presents a review of available high voltage options for telecom power distribution and developments, implementations and challenges across the world.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
ย
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
Modified T-type topology of three-phase multi-level inverter for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
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In this article, a three-phase multilevel neutral-point-clamped inverter with a modified t-type structure of switches is proposed. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme of the proposed inverter is also developed. The proposed topology of the multilevel inverter has the advantage of being simple, on the one hand since it does contain only semiconductors in reduced number (corresponding to the number of required voltage levels), and no other components such as switching or flying capacitors, and on the other hand, the control scheme is much simpler and more suitable for variable frequency and voltage control. The performances of this inverter are analyzed through simulations carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment on a threephase inverter with 9 levels. In all simulations, the proposed topology is connected with R-load or RL-load without any output filter.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
An improved luo converter for high power applicationseSAT Journals
ย
Abstract
Power conversion is one of the major requirements in various industries and in daily life. Among various types of power
conversion, DC-DC conversion has greater importance. DC-DC conversion can be reliably performed using luo converter. It
employs voltage lift technique so that output voltage is increased stage by stage, in arithmetic progression. Luo converter can be
incorporated with the Z network or impedance network so as to ensure simple start up and smooth power conversion. An
impedance network consist of two identical inductors and two identical capacitors connected in โXโ shape. Besides power
conversion it also offers filtering operation. The luo converter in this scheme is of switched capacitor type. It helps to provide
regulated output voltage from an unregulated source of power supply. The major benefits of this proposed scheme is that it
combines the advantages of the switched capacitor, voltage lift technique and the impedance network. Hence the proposed scheme
has various advantages such as high power density, larger range of output DC voltage, lower or no inrush current, lower
harmonic injection, simple circuit, high voltage transfer gain, can process upto several tens of watts of power. The simulation
analysis and the hardware implementation shows that the output voltage obtained is higher than the expected theoretical value.
i.e, it is the highly boosted voltage output.
Keywords: Z-network, boost voltage, voltage lift technique
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
On the Performances Investigation of Different Surface Mounted Permanent Magn...IAES-IJPEDS
ย
In recent years, permanent magnet machines have become a common choice
in many industrial applications. Therefore, several structures have been
developed, and the choice of a topology designed for a specified application
requires the knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of different
topologies. The present work deals with the evaluation of the performances
of different radial flux surface-mounted permanent magnet motors designed
for an electric vehicle motor application. The objective of this survey is to
show the effect of the rotor position (inner or outer) and the magnets
segmentation on the machine output torque and iron losses. In this context,
four machines with: (i) inner rotor, (ii) inner rotor segmented magnets, (iii)
outer rotor and (iv) outer rotor segmented magnets have been designed and
studied. All these machines have the same geometrical dimensions and
current loading. The main idea is to develop a machine with smoothness
torque, lower torque ondulation, lower iron losses, and which is mechanically
robust. Firstly, the output torque of the different structure is computed.
Secondly, by means of an improved analytical model coupled with 2
dimensional transient finite element analysis (FEA), the machines iron losses
are predicted.
Dynamic design and simulation analysis of permanent magnet motor in different...Mellah Hacene
ย
This paper deals with investigation on non purely sinusoidal input supply analysis of line-start PMM using finite element analysis (FEA), in the present times a greater awareness is generated by the problems of harmonic voltages and currents produced by non-linear loads like the power electronic converters. These combine with non-linear nature of PMM core and produce severe distortions in voltages and currents and increase the power loss, additional copper losses due to harmonic currents, increased core losses, electromagnetic interference with communication circuits, efficiency reduction, increased in motors temperature and torque oscillations. In addition to the operation of PMM on the sinusoidal supplies, the harmonic behavior becomes important as the size and rating of the PMM increases. Thus the study of harmonics is of great practical significance in the operation of PMM.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 ยฐC to 90 ยฐC, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency ฮท. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
Electricity is a major source of energy for fast growing population and the use of nonrenewable source is harmful for our environment. This reason belongs to devastating of environment, so it is required to take immediate action to solve these problems which result the solar energy development. Production of a solar energy can be maximizing if we use solar follower. The major part of solar panels is microcontroller with arrangement of LDR sensor is used to follow the sun, where the sensors is less efficient to track the sun because of the low sensitivity of LDR. We are proposing a method to track sun more effetely with the help of both LDR sensors and image processing. This type of mechanism can track sun with the help of image processing software which combines both result of sensors and processed sun image to control the solar panel. The combination of both software and hardware can control thousands of solar panels in solar power plants.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
Harvesting energy from the sun makes the photovoltaic (PV) power generation a promising technology. To obtain a consistent state of charge (SOC), consistent energy must be harvested and efficiently directed to the battery. Overcharging or undercharging phenomena decreases the lifetime of the battery. Besides, the effect of irradiance toward solar in term of sunlight intensity effects the efficiency and hence, sluggish the SOC. The main problem of the solar panel revealed when the temperature has increased, the efficiency of solar panel will also be decreased. This manuscript reports the finding of developing an automatic active cooling system for a solar panel with a real time energy monitoring system with internet-of-things (IoT) facility. The IoT technology assists user to measure the efficiency of the solar panel and SOC of the battery in real time from any locations. The automatic active cooling system is designed to improve the efficiency of the solar panel. The effectiveness of the proposed system is proven via the analysis of the effect of active cooling toward efficiency and SOC of photovoltaic system. The results also tabulate the comparative studies of active-to-passive cooling system, as well as the effect of cooling towards SOC and efficiency of the solar panel.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-ร -vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
Optimizing of the installed capacity of hybrid renewable energy with a modifi...IJECEIAES
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The lack of wind speed capacity and the emission of photons from sunlight are the problem in a hybrid system of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. To overcome this shortcoming, the incremental conductance (IC) algorithm is applied that could control the converter work cycle and the switching of the buck boost therefore maximum efficiency of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is reached. The operation of the PV-wind hybrid system, consisting of a 100 W PV array device and a 400 W wind subsystem, 12 V/100 Ah battery energy storage and LED, the PV-wind system requires a hybrid controller for battery charging and usage and load lamp and itโs conducted in experimental setup. The experimental has shown that an average increase in power generated was 38.8% compared to a single system of PV panels or a single wind turbine sub-system. Therefore, the potential opportunities for increasing power production in the tropics wheather could be carried out and applied with this model.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
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The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from NโN (0 0 ) to NโS (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The power generation using solar photovoltaic (PV) system in microgrid requires energy storage system due to their dilute and intermittent nature. The system requires efficient control techniques to ensure the reliable operation of the microgrid. This work presents dynamic power management using a decentralized approach. The control techniques in microgrid including droop controllers in cascade with proportional-integral (PI) controllers for voltage stability and power balance have few limitations. PI controllers alone will not ensure microgridโs stability. Their parameters cannot be optimized for varying demand and have a slow transient response which increases the settling time. The droop controllers have lower efficiency. The load power variation and steady-state voltage error make the droop control ineffective. This paper presents a control scheme for dynamic power management by incorporating the combined PI and hysteresis controller (CPIHC) technique. The system becomes robust, performs well under varying demand conditions, and shows a faster dynamic response. The proposed DC microgrid has solar PV as an energy source, a lead-acid battery as the energy storage system, constant and dynamic loads. The simulation results show the proposed CPIHC technique efficiently manages the dynamic power, regulates DC link voltage and batteryโs state of charge (SoC) compared to conventional combined PI and droop controller (CPIDC).
Transmission lines react to an unexpected increase in power, and if these power changes are not controlled, some lines will become overloaded on certain routes. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices can change the voltage range and phase angle and thus control the power flow. This paper presents suitable mathematical modeling of FACTS
devices including static var compensator (SVC) as a parallel compensator and high voltage direct current (HVDC) bonding. A comprehensive modeling of SVC and HVDC bonding in the form of simultaneous applications for power flow is also performed, and the effects of compensations are compared. The comprehensive model obtained was implemented on the 5-bus test system in MATLAB software using the Newton-Raphson method, revealed that generators have to produce more power. Also, the addition of these devices stabilizes the voltage and controls active and reactive power in the network.
Stand-alone applications of Photovoltaic (PV) can be found in water pumping systems for rural area. The proper electric motor must be chosen for optimal considerations. One of the modern electric motor called brushless motor (BLDC) can be an alternative for this application although it has complexity in control. Powering such a motor by using electric energy generating by PV modules will be an interesting problem. In this paper, a PV powered BLDC motor system is proposed. The PV modules must produce maximum power at any instant time and then this power must be able to rotate the motor. By combining sequential stator energizing due to a rotor detection and a PWM concept, the speed of BLDC can be controlled. Meanwhile, to get maximum power of PV modules, detection of voltage and current of the modules are required to be calculated. Digital Signal Control (DSC) is implemented to handle this control strategy and locks the width of the PWM signal to maintain the PV modules under maximum power operation. The effectiveness of the proposed system has been verified by simulation works. Finally the experimental works were done to validate.
With the dominating utility of the internet, it becomes critical to manage the efficiency and reliability of telecom and datacenter, as the power consumption of the involved equipment also increases. Much power being wasted through the power conversion stages by converting AC voltage to DC voltage and then stepping down to lower voltages to connect to information and communication technology (ICT) equipment. 48/12 VDC is the standard DC bus architecture to serve the end utility equipment. This voltage level is further processed to multiple lower voltages to power up the internal auxiliary circuits. Power losses are involved when it is converted from higher voltage to lower voltages. Therefore, the efficiency of power conversion is lower. There is a need to increase the efficiency by minimizing the power losses which occur due to the conversion stages. Different methods are available to increase the efficiency of a system by optimizing the converter topologies, semiconductor materials and control methods. There is another possibility of increasing the efficiency by changing the architecture of a system by increasing the DC bus voltage to higher voltages to optimize the losses. This paper presents a review of available high voltage options for telecom power distribution and developments, implementations and challenges across the world.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
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As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
Modified T-type topology of three-phase multi-level inverter for photovoltaic...IJECEIAES
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In this article, a three-phase multilevel neutral-point-clamped inverter with a modified t-type structure of switches is proposed. A pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme of the proposed inverter is also developed. The proposed topology of the multilevel inverter has the advantage of being simple, on the one hand since it does contain only semiconductors in reduced number (corresponding to the number of required voltage levels), and no other components such as switching or flying capacitors, and on the other hand, the control scheme is much simpler and more suitable for variable frequency and voltage control. The performances of this inverter are analyzed through simulations carried out in the MATLAB/Simulink environment on a threephase inverter with 9 levels. In all simulations, the proposed topology is connected with R-load or RL-load without any output filter.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
An improved luo converter for high power applicationseSAT Journals
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Abstract
Power conversion is one of the major requirements in various industries and in daily life. Among various types of power
conversion, DC-DC conversion has greater importance. DC-DC conversion can be reliably performed using luo converter. It
employs voltage lift technique so that output voltage is increased stage by stage, in arithmetic progression. Luo converter can be
incorporated with the Z network or impedance network so as to ensure simple start up and smooth power conversion. An
impedance network consist of two identical inductors and two identical capacitors connected in โXโ shape. Besides power
conversion it also offers filtering operation. The luo converter in this scheme is of switched capacitor type. It helps to provide
regulated output voltage from an unregulated source of power supply. The major benefits of this proposed scheme is that it
combines the advantages of the switched capacitor, voltage lift technique and the impedance network. Hence the proposed scheme
has various advantages such as high power density, larger range of output DC voltage, lower or no inrush current, lower
harmonic injection, simple circuit, high voltage transfer gain, can process upto several tens of watts of power. The simulation
analysis and the hardware implementation shows that the output voltage obtained is higher than the expected theoretical value.
i.e, it is the highly boosted voltage output.
Keywords: Z-network, boost voltage, voltage lift technique
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
On the Performances Investigation of Different Surface Mounted Permanent Magn...IAES-IJPEDS
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In recent years, permanent magnet machines have become a common choice
in many industrial applications. Therefore, several structures have been
developed, and the choice of a topology designed for a specified application
requires the knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of different
topologies. The present work deals with the evaluation of the performances
of different radial flux surface-mounted permanent magnet motors designed
for an electric vehicle motor application. The objective of this survey is to
show the effect of the rotor position (inner or outer) and the magnets
segmentation on the machine output torque and iron losses. In this context,
four machines with: (i) inner rotor, (ii) inner rotor segmented magnets, (iii)
outer rotor and (iv) outer rotor segmented magnets have been designed and
studied. All these machines have the same geometrical dimensions and
current loading. The main idea is to develop a machine with smoothness
torque, lower torque ondulation, lower iron losses, and which is mechanically
robust. Firstly, the output torque of the different structure is computed.
Secondly, by means of an improved analytical model coupled with 2
dimensional transient finite element analysis (FEA), the machines iron losses
are predicted.
Dynamic design and simulation analysis of permanent magnet motor in different...Mellah Hacene
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This paper deals with investigation on non purely sinusoidal input supply analysis of line-start PMM using finite element analysis (FEA), in the present times a greater awareness is generated by the problems of harmonic voltages and currents produced by non-linear loads like the power electronic converters. These combine with non-linear nature of PMM core and produce severe distortions in voltages and currents and increase the power loss, additional copper losses due to harmonic currents, increased core losses, electromagnetic interference with communication circuits, efficiency reduction, increased in motors temperature and torque oscillations. In addition to the operation of PMM on the sinusoidal supplies, the harmonic behavior becomes important as the size and rating of the PMM increases. Thus the study of harmonics is of great practical significance in the operation of PMM.
For driving constant loads in industry, the use of direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors with ferrite magnets (DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM) is proposed. The bibliographic search demonstrated that this new motor has greater efficiency than one similar induction motor (IM). It was evidenced that the main element that is required for direct starting is to insert a squirrel cage into the rotor of a PMa-SynRM, which does not produce negative operational effects in a steady state. An economic evaluation was carried out in a sugar mill company, applying the differential net present value (NPV) method, and a sensitivity analysis, considering the four factors that present the most variation. It was demonstrated, by means of a Pareto diagram standardized for the NPV that the most significant factors are fuel factor, lifespan and the multiplication of both. With response surfaces that are obtained with a multilevel factorial experiment, it was determined that, by varying the factors in the ranges considered, the NPV always remains positive and higher than 2200 USD. This is mainly due to the notable difference between the efficiency of the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM and that of the IM. Consequently, is proved that an investment in the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM may be feasible.
ISSN 2395-650X
A Science Journal Publication serves as a reputable platform for the dissemination of scientific research and discoveries across a wide range of disciplines. These journals ensure the quality and accuracy of the research presented, fostering a collaborative environment where researchers share their insights, theories, and breakthroughs with the global scientific community.
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
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PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
IRAMY Inverter Control for Solar Electric VehicleIJPEDS-IAES
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Solar Electric Vehicles (SEV) are considered the future vehicles to solve the issues of air pollution, global warming, and the rapid decreases of the petroleum resources facing the current transportation technology. However, SEV are still facing important technical obstacles to overcome. They include batteries energy storage capacity, charging times, efficiency of the solar panels and electrical propulsion systems. Solving any of those problems and electric vehicles will compete-complement the internal combustion engines vehicles. In the present work, we propose an electrical propulsion system based on three phase induction motor in order to obtain the desired speed and torque with less power loss. Because of the need to lightweight nature, small volume, low cost, less maintenance and high efficiency system, a three phase squirrel cage induction motor (IM) is selected in the electrical propulsion system. The IM is fed from three phase inverter operated by a constant V/F control method and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) algorithm. The proposed control strategy has been implemented on the texas instruments TM320F2812 Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to generate SVPWM signal needed to trigger the gates of IGBT based inverter. The inverter used in this work is a three phase inverter IRAMY20UP60B type. The experimental results show the ability of the proposed control strategy to generate a three-phase sine wave signal with desired frequency. The proposed control strategy is experimented on a locally manufactured EV prototype. The results show that the EV prototype can be propelled to speed up to 60km/h under different road conditions.
This paper presents a new design and performance of single phase permanent magnet flux-switching machine (PMFSM) for electric bicycle application. 8Slot-12Pole design machine were choose by analyzing the highest power density value. All active parts such as permanent magnet and armature coil are located on the stator, while the rotor part consists of only single piece iron. PMFSM have a great advantage with robust rotor structure that make it much higher power and applicable for EV application compared to SRM and IPMSM. The design, operating principles, characteristics of torque, and power of this new topology are investigated by JMAG-Designer via a 2D-FEA. Size of motor and volume of PM is designed at 75mm and 80g, respectively. Based on the investigation, it can be concluded that the proposed topology of single phase 8Slot 12Pole PMFSM achieved the target of highest performance of power density, approximately at 0.113W/mm3 with reduced permanent magnet and size of design motor. Due to the low torque performance of this initial design, further works is ongoing to improve the torque performance. In future work, outer rotor PMFSM structure design will be presented and compared with the โDeterministic Optimization Methodโ to improve the initial design.
Wind turbine doubly-fed induction generator defects diagnosis under voltage dipsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
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Voltage dips are brief but frequent disturbances that can be defined as the most important problem affecting all electrical grids, it cannot be completely avoided and represent the main priority for the industry. This study remains part of monitoring the quality of electrical energyโs field. Its aim is to apply two approaches signals for improving the failure recognition in wind turbine conversion chain. One is based on the combination of spectral analysis of stator current by fast Fourier transform and Lissajous curves technique of grid currents. The second approach is based on the stator current analysis by discrete wavelet transform which is considered an ideal tool for this purpose due to its time-frequency localization. These defects diagnosis methods have shown their efficiency in detection, visualization and analysis of voltage dips in order to develop a control strategy for a wind turbine requiring continuity of its service despite the presence of voltage dips.
Nonlinear control of WECS based on PMSG for optimal power extraction IJECEIAES
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This paper proposes a robust control strategy for optimizing the maximum power captured in Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) based on permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), which is integrated into the grid. In order to achieve the maximum power point (MPPT) the machine side converter regulates the rotational speed of the PMSG to track the optimal speed. To evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller, a comparative study between the IBC control and the vector control based on PI controller was carried out through computer simulation. This analysis consists of two case studies including stochastic variation in wind speed and step change in wind speed.
Similar to Online efficiency optimization of IPMSM for electric vehicles (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42ยฐ 29' 41" N and 21ยฐ 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42ยฐ 39โฒ 32โณ N, 21ยฐ 22โฒ30โณE). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper presents a new simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converter suitable for low voltage and large current applications. Cascade connection enables very low voltage ratio without using very small duty cycles nor transformers. Large current with very low ripple content is achieved by using the multiphase technique. The proposed converter needs smaller number of components compared to conventional cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converters. This paper also presents useful analysis of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter with a method to optimize the phase and cascade number. Simulation and experimental results are included to verify the basic performance of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter.
A new bidirectional multilevel inverter topology with a high number of voltage levels with a very reduced number of power components is proposed in this paper. Only TEN power switches and four asymmetric DC voltage sources are used to generate 25 voltage levels in this new topology. The proposed multilevel converter is more suitable for e-mobility and photovoltaic applications where the overall energy source can be composed of a few units/associations of several basic source modules. Several benefits are provided by this new topology: Highly sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms, low Total Harmonic Distortion, very low switching losses, and minimum cost and size of the device. For optimum control of this 25-level voltage inverter, a special Modified Hybrid Modulation technique is performed. The proposed 25-level inverter is compared to various topologies published recently in terms of cost, the number of active power switches, clamped diodes, flying capacitors, DC floating capacitors, and the number of DC voltage sources. This comparison clearly shows that the proposed topology is cost-effective, compact, and very efficient. The effectiveness and the good performance of the proposed multilevel power converter (with and without PWM control) are verified and checked by computational simulations.
This paper presents a novel shunt active power filter (SAPF). The power converter that is used in this SAPF is constructed from a four-leg asymmetric multi-level cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter that is fed from a photovoltaic source. A three-dimensional space vector modulation (3D-SVPWM) technique is adopted in this work. The multi-level inverter can generate 27-level output with harmonic content is almost zero. In addition to the capability to inject reactive power and mitigating the harmonics, the proposed SAPF has also, the ability to inject real power as it is fed from a PV source. Moreover, it has a fault-tolerant capability that makes the SAPF maintaining its operation under a loss of one leg of the multi-level inverter due to an open-circuit fault without any degradation in the performance. The proposed SAPF is designed and simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK using a single nonlinear load and the results have shown a significant reduction in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current under the normal operating condition and post a failure in one phase of the SAPF. Also, similar results are obtained when IEEE 15 bus network is used.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
This paper presents an analytical comparison between two-level inverter and three-level neutral point diode clamped inverters for electric vehicle traction purposes. The main objective of the research is to declare the main differences in the performance of the two inverter schemes in terms of the switching and conduction losses over an entire domain of the modulation index and the phase angle distribution, steady-state operation, transient operation at a wide range of speed variation, and the total harmonic distortion THD% of the line voltage output waveform. It also declares the analysis of the three-level neutral point diode clamped inverter (NPCI) obstacle and the unbalance of the DC-link capacitor voltages. The introduced scheme presents an Induction Motor (IM) drive for electric vehicle (EV) applications. Considering the dynamic operation of the EV, the speed of the three-phase induction motor is controlled using a scalar V/Hz control for the full range of the IM power factor (PF). A comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink model for the proposed scheme is established.
The study made in this paper concerns the use of the voltage-oriented control (VOC) of three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier with constant switching frequency. This control method, called voltage-oriented controlwith space vector modulation (VOC-SVM). The proposed control scheme has been founded on the transformation between stationary (ฮฑ-ฮฒ) and and synchronously rotating (d-q) coordinate system, it is based on two cascaded control loops so that a fast inner loop controls the grid current and an external loop DC-link voltage, while the DC-bus voltage is maintained at the desired level and ansured the unity power factor operation. So, the stable state performance and robustness against the loadโs disturbance of PWM rectifiers are boths improved. The proposed scheme has been implemented and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The control system of the VOC-SVM strategy has been built based on dSPACE system with DS1104 controller board. The results obtained show the validity of the model and its control method. Compared with the conventional SPWM method, the VOC-SVM ensures high performance and fast transient response.
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Online efficiency optimization of IPMSM for electric vehicles
1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021, pp. 1369~1378
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1369-1378 ๏ฒ 1369
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
Online efficiency optimization of IPMSM for electric vehicles
Hanaa Elsherbiny, Mohamed Kamal Ahmed, Mahmoud A. Elwany
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, El-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 16, 2021
Revised Apr 30, 2021
Accepted May 9, 2021
This paper presents an online efficiency optimization method for the interior
permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system in an electric
vehicle (EV). The proposed method considers accurately the total system
losses including fundamental copper and iron losses, harmonic copper and
iron losses, magnet loss, and inverter losses. Therefore, it has the capability
to always guarantee maximum efficiency control. A highly trusted machine
model is built using finite element analysis (FEA). This model considers
accurately the magnetic saturation, spatial harmonics, and iron loss effect.
The overall system efficiency is estimated online based on the accurate
determination of system loss, and then the optimum current angle is defined
online for the maximum efficiency per ampere (MEPA) control. A series of
results is conducted to show the effectiveness and fidelity of proposed
method. The results show the superior performance of proposed method over
the conventional offline efficiency optimization methods.
Keywords:
Finite element analysis
Interior permanent magnet
synchronous motors
Inverter and iron losses
Online efficiency optimization
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Hanaa Elsherbiny
Department of Electrical Engineering
El-Azhar University
El-Nasr Road, Nasr City, 11751 Cairo, Egypt
Email: Hanaaelsherbiny.60@azhar.edu.eg
1. INTRODUCTION
The electric vehicles (EVs) are the future of transportation. They have lots of advantages such as no
emissions, low maintenance, low cost, and safety drive [1]-[3]. However, the batteries have limited capacities
that affects the milage per charge. As most of battery power is consumed by the main drive system (motor +
converter), it is very important to optimize their efficiencies to increase milage per battery charge.
At early days of transportation, the direct current machines (DCMs) were used because they have
simple and linear controls. However, the existence of commutator and brushes cause lots of problems leading
to lower speed ranges and lower efficiencies [4]. Recentely, due to the huge progress in field of power
electronics and semi-conductors, the induction machines (IMs), synchronous reluctance machines (SynRMs),
switched reluctance machines (SRMs), and interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs) are
reported for EVs. Due to the presence of copper losses in IMs, they have relatively low efficiencies and low
power factors which is disadvantageous for EV traction. The SynRMs have relatively high torque ripple.
They also need high volt amper (VA) rating of inverters due to the poor power factor. The SRMs have
hnherited high torque ripple due to the sequential commutation of coils, doubly salient structure, and deep
magnetic saturation. They also poss complicated control algorithms [4]-[7]. The IPMSMs have the best
performance to be used as the main drive in EVs. They offer not only high efficiency, wide speed range, high
power density, but also small weight and size with low noise [8], [9]. Despite the high efficiency of the
IPMSMs, much research has been conducted to improve motor efficiency. On one side, new design
configurations for both the stator and rotor are developed to improve motor efficiency [5], [8]. Also, the
converter design is investigated for better system efficiency [10], [11]. On the other side, new control
2. ๏ฒ ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021 : 1369 โ 1378
1370
techniques are introduced to improve system efficiency. First, the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) is
developed [12]-[15]. Then, the maximum efficiency per ampere (MEPA) is introduced [16]-[20].
The MEPA has better efficiency improvement compared to MTPA. This is mainly because the
MTPA control reduces only the copper losses in PMSM [17], [18]. As a result, it does not guarantee the
maximum system efficiency (motor + converter). On the contrary, the MEPA considers not only the copper
losses in PMSM but also the iron losses, inverter losses, mechanical losses, and harmonic iron and copper
losses. This, in turn, helps to accurately estimate and improve the overall system efficiency [17]-[20].
Therefore, the MEPA control has an increasing interest by the research community. Ni et al., Uddin and
Rebeiro, and Yang et al. in [18]-[20], the fundamental iron losses are considered to maximize the system
efficiency. However, harmonic iron losses are not considered which affect motor efficiency, especially in the
high-speed and light load regions [16]. Balamurali et al and Ni et al. in [16]-[18], offline MEPA control
methods are proposed. These methods require numerous repetitive experiments to generate the lookuptables.
The detailed information of machine losses under all operation conditions is also required. Moreover, they
are very time-consuming and require a huge computation burden. Furthermore, the high frequency machine
losses are rarely considered, which results in an inevitable searching error [21], [22]. In addition, the
generated lookup table does not consider the variation of stator resistance due to temperature, the variation of
DC voltage, and the variation of machine parameters. The lookup table fits only a limited area of operation.
To solve these problems, an online maximum efficiency per ampere (OMEPA) control method has been
developed in this paper.
This paper presents an OMEPA control method for IPMSM in EVs. First, an accurate machine
model that considers magnetic saturation, spatial harmonics, and iron loss effect is built. The finite element
analysis (FEA) is employed to calculate the magnetic characteristics of IPMSM. The FEA considers
accurately the saturation and spatial harmonics as well as cross-coupling. Second, the total system efficiency
is calculated accurately by the consideration of detailed system losses including fundamental and harmonic
iron losses, copper losses, as well as inverter losses. Third, an online searching algorithm for MEPA has been
developed to derive the optimal current angle, and hence the optimal efficiency over the entire speed range.
The rest of the paper is organized is being as: Section 2 involves the detailed system and loss
modelling. Section 3 gives the proposed online MEPA control. The results and discussions are in Section 4.
Finally, Section 5 is the conclusion.
2. SYSTEM MODELING
The system modeling involves the modelling of IPMSM and the detailed analysis of system losses
including copper losses, fundamental iron losses, harmonic iron losses, magnet loss, and inverter losses.
2.1. Modeling of IPMSM
The modeling of an IPMSM can be represented by (1).
๐ฃ๐,๐ = ๐ ๐ ๐๐,๐ +
๐๐๐,๐
๐๐ก
โ โต๐๐๐,๐, ๐๐ =
3
2
๐๐๐(๐๐๐๐ โ ๐๐๐๐), ๐ฝ
๐โต
๐๐ก
= ๐๐ โ ๐๐ฟ โ ๐ตโต (1)
where (vd, vq), (id, iq), and (ฮปd, ฮปq) are d and q-axis components of voltage, current, and flux-linkage,
respectively. Rs is the stator resistance. ฯe and ฯ are the electrical and mechanical angular speeds. Te is the
motor torque, p is the pole pairs, J is the inertia, B is the frictional coefficient, and TL is the load torque.
To consider the effect of magnetic saturation and spatial harmonics, ฮปd, ฮปq, and Te are calculated as
functions of id, iq and rotor position ฮธi as illustrated by (2). The relationships ฮปd (id, iq, ฮธi), ฮปq (id, iq, ฮธi), and Te
(id, iq, ฮธi) are calculated using the finite element analysis (FEA). These data are obtained via FEA by varying
id from -20 to 0 A in steps of 1A, iq is changed from from 0 to 20 A in steps of 1A, and ฮธi is varied from 0ห
(d-axis) to 72ห (q-axis for 12 slots, 10 poles IPMSM) insteps of 1ห (mech. degree). Then, the average flux-
linkages and torque are obtained according to (3). These results are shown in Figure 1 (a), Figure 1 (b), and
Figure 1 (c). As noted, the flux linkages (ฮปd, ฮปq), and torque show nonlinear relations with currents (id, iq). The
stator pole shoes, and rotor rips have the highest flux densities. They are in deep saturation as illustrated by
Figure 2.
๐๐ = ๐(๐๐, ๐๐, ๐๐), ๐๐ = ๐(๐๐, ๐๐, ๐๐), ๐๐ = ๐(๐๐, ๐๐, ๐๐) (2)
๐๐(๐๐, ๐๐) =
โ ๐๐(๐๐,๐๐,๐๐)
๐
๐=0
๐+1
, ๐๐(๐๐, ๐๐) =
โ ๐๐(๐๐,๐๐,๐๐)
๐
๐=0
๐+1
, ๐๐(๐๐, ๐๐) =
โ ๐๐(๐๐,๐๐,๐๐)
๐
๐=0
๐+1
(3)
3. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694 ๏ฒ
Online efficiency optimization of IPMSM for electric vehicles (Hanaa Elsherbiny)
1371
By performing inverses of (3), id and iq are determined by (4). The IPMSM model can be built as
illustrated in Figure 3. The model is built based on (1)-(4). The inputs are the vd and vq. The voltages are
employed to estimate ฮปd and ฮปq using (1). Then, armature currents (ida, iqa) are calculated using flux inverse
model in (4). The iron losses are represented by currents idfe and iqfe. The motor electromagnetic torque is
estimated as a function of ida and iqa currents. Noting that the model involves not only magnetic saturation
and spatial harmonic effects but also iron loss effect.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 1. The FEA-calculated: (a) d-axis flux, (b) q-axis flux, (c) torque
Figure 2. The flux lines and flux density at iq=8A, id=-2A and ฮธi= 0ห
4. ๏ฒ ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021 : 1369 โ 1378
1372
vd
-
ฮฃ
+
ida
id (ฮปd, ฮปq)
iq (ฮปd, ฮปq)
1/s
Rs
1/s
Rs
ฯe
ฮฃ
ฯe
Te
Te(ida, iqa)
ฮปd
ฮปq
-
+
-
+
iqa
vq
ฮฃ
iq-fe
iq +
+
ฮฃ
id-fe
+
+
id
Figure 3. The schematic of IPMSM model
๐๐ = ๐โ1
(๐๐, ๐๐), ๐๐ = ๐โ1
(๐๐, ๐๐) (4)
2.2. Loss modeling
This section describes the total system losses including motor and inverter losses. The total system
losses (Ploss) are copper losses (Pcu), fundamental iron losses (PFe, f), harmonic iron losses (PFe, h), magnet loss
(PMag), and inverter losses (Pinv). The total system losses (Ploss) are given by (5).
๐๐๐๐ ๐ = ๐๐๐ข + ๐๐น๐,๐ + ๐๐น๐,โ + ๐๐๐๐ + ๐๐๐๐ฃ (5)
2.2.1. Copper losses
The fundamental copper loss of an IPMSM can be estimated by (6). The harmonics copper losses
can be ignored as the employed switching frequency of inverter is 10kHz [16].
๐๐๐ข = 3๐ผ๐
2
๐ ๐ =
3
2
๐ ๐ (๐๐
2
+ ๐๐
2
) (6)
2.2.2. Iron losses
The Bertotti iron loss formula is a widely used method to evaluate the iron loss in electric machines.
It calculates iron losses per unit volume is being as [23].
๐๐๐ = ๐1(๐๐
2
+ ๐๐
2
) + ๐2(๐๐
1.5
+ ๐๐
1.5
), ๐1 = (๐โ๐ + ๐๐๐2) (
๐๐ก
๐ด๐ก๐
2 +
๐
๐ฆ
๐ด๐ฆ๐
2
) , ๐2 = ๐๐๐1.5
(
๐๐ก
๐ด๐ก๐
1.5 +
๐
๐ฆ
๐ด๐ฆ๐
1.5)
๐๐ก = ๐โ๐ก๐ด๐ก ; ๐
๐ฆ = ๐(๐ท๐ โ โ๐ฆ)๐ด๐ฆ ; ๐๐ =
๐2๐๐๐
2
6
; ๐๐,๐ =
โ2
โ3
๐๐,๐
๐๐๐พ๐ค
(7)
๐ด๐ก๐ =
โ3
โ2
(๐๐๐พ๐ค). ๐ผ๐๐ด๐ก๐/(2๐); ๐ด๐ฆ๐ =
โ3
โ2
(๐๐๐พ๐ค). 2๐ด๐ฆ
where f is the frequency. The coefficients kh, kc, and ke are for hysteresis, eddy current, and additional losses,
respectively. Vt and Vy are the total volumes of stator tooth and yoke, respectively. The Atc and Ayc are the
equivalent areas of stator tooth and yoke, respectively. ht and hy are the heights of stator tooth and yoke,
respectively. Q is the number of slots. At and Ay are the physical areas of stator tooth and yoke, respectively.
Ds is the outer diameter of stator. ๐ is the material conductivity. kd is the lamination thickness. NT is the
number of phase turns. Kw is the winding factor. ฯd and ฯq are the d- and q-axis ๏ฌuxes. ฮฑi is the pole arc
factor. Without the consideration of excess loss, the equivalent iron loss resistance Rc is given as Rc = โตe
2
/k1.
2.2.3. The harmonic iron loss
It is calculated as a function of ripple voltage rms, โ๐
๐๐๐
2
, DC link voltage Vdc, and modulation index
m as given by (8) [24]. The modulation index is de๏ฌned as ๐ =
โ3๐๐
๐๐๐
.
5. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694 ๏ฒ
Online efficiency optimization of IPMSM for electric vehicles (Hanaa Elsherbiny)
1373
๐๐๐,โ = ๐พโ,๐๐๐๐ฆโ๐
๐๐๐
2
; ๐คโ๐๐๐ โ๐
๐๐๐
2
=
๐๐๐
2
3
(
2
๐
๐ โ
1
2
๐2
) (8)
where Vm is the peak output voltage. Kh, eddy is the eddy current loss coefficient, it is taken as 2.3mW/V2
[24].
2.2.4. The magnet loss
The magnet loss depends on magnet volume (VM), magnet width (bM), magnet resistivity (๐M), and
the maximum value of flux density (Bm).
๐๐๐๐ =
๐๐ ๐๐
2
๐ต๐
2 ๐2
12๐๐
(9)
2.2.5. The inverter losses
The inverter has both conduction and switching losses [25]. The conduction loss of one insulated
gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) (Pco-IGBT) and conduction loss for one diode (Pco-diode) in a 2-level VSI can be
defined by (10). Besides, the switching losses of one IGBT (PSW-IGBT) and switching loss for one diode (PSW-
diode) in a 2-level VSI can be defined by (11) [26]. The total inverter losses (Pinv) can be estimated by (12).
๐๐๐_๐ผ๐บ๐ต๐ =
1
2
(๐
๐๐๐
๐ผ๐
๐
+ ๐ ๐
๐ผ๐
2
4
) + ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ (๐
๐๐๐
๐ผ๐
8
+ ๐ ๐
๐ผ๐
2
3๐
)
(10)
๐๐๐_๐๐๐๐๐ =
1
2
(๐๐ท๐
๐ผ๐
๐
+ ๐ ๐ท
๐ผ๐
2
4
) โ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ (๐๐ท๐
๐ผ๐
8
+ ๐ ๐ท
๐ผ๐
2
3๐
)
๐๐๐โ๐ผ๐บ๐ต๐ =
1
๐
(๐๐๐ + ๐๐๐๐)๐๐ (
๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐
) (
๐ผ๐
๐ผ๐๐๐
) ; ๐๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐ =
1
๐
๐๐๐๐๐ (
๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐
) (
๐ผ๐
๐ผ๐๐๐
) (11)
๐๐๐๐ฃ = 6 โ ((๐๐๐โ๐ผ๐บ๐ต๐ + ๐๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐) + (๐๐๐โ๐ผ๐บ๐ต๐ + ๐๐๐โ๐๐๐๐๐)) (12)
where cosฮธ is the power factor, Vceo and VDo depict the threshold voltages for IGBT and diode, respectively,
Ro and RD represent the resistances of IGBT and diode, respectively, fs is the switching frequency, eon and eoff
are the required amount of energy to turn-on and turn-off the IGBT, respectively, err is the required amount
of energy to turn-off the diode, Im is the peak magnitude of current, Vnom and Inom are the nominal voltage and
current of loss measurements, respectively.
3. THE PROPOSED ONLINE EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION METHOD
The proposed OMEPA control determines the current angle (๐ฝ) that maximizes the system
efficiency. The flowchart of searching algorithm is illustrated in Figure 4. The procedure is achieved online
for a known maximum current (Im), and motor speed (โต). For each operating point, the current angle is
changed in small steps (ฮ๐ฝ). The d- and q-axis current components are estimated by (13). Then, the total
system losses (Ploss) are estimated using (5)-(12). After that, the system efficiency (ฦ) is updated by (13)
considering the voltage and current constraints in (14). The online efficiency calculation should also consider
the variations in temperature, DC voltage, and motor parameters.
โ Measure DC voltage (Vdc), speed (ฯ), and temperature.
โ The winding resistance is updated as a function of temperature using (15).
โ For each current angle ๐ฝ, the d- and q-axis current components are calculated using (13).
โ The d- and q-axis flux linkages are updated using (16).
โ The d- and q-axis voltage components are updated using (17).
โ The system losses are estimated using (5)-(12).
โ The online system efficiency is updated using (13) considering the voltage and current constraints in (14).
โ If ๐ฝโฅ ๐ฝmax, determine angle that corresponds to maximum efficiency. Else, ๐ฝ is changed by ฮ๐ฝ, then go to
point 2.
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Start
Calculate the direct and quadrature flux linkages
Calculate the steady-state voltage considering the
saturation effect according to (17).
Enter the desired speed and peak current
ฮฒ = ฮฒinitial
Calculate the direct and quadrature currents (id , iq )
Calculate the total system losses (fundamental and
harmonic motor losses + inverter losses) using (5)
Update torque and efficiency modeling considering
saturation and cross saturation and iron losses.
Yes
ฮฒ = ฮฒ + ฮฮฒ
ฮฒ โค ฮฒmax
Output the optimal current angle for maximum
efficiency
End
No
Figure 4. The Flowchart of searching algorithm
The temperature directly affects the stator resistance and hence the amount of copper loses. The
temperature effect is included considering (15). The DC voltage is measured instantaneously each sample
time. The motor parameters are fitted as functions of d-and q-axis current components. At each operating
point, defined by โต and Im, ๐ฝ angle corresponding to maximum efficiency is reported.
๐๐ = โ๐ผ๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐ฝ; ๐๐ = ๐ผ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ฝ; ฦ =
๐๐โโต
๐๐โโต + ๐๐๐๐ ๐
; (13)
โ๐๐
2
+ ๐
๐
2 โค ๐
๐๐๐ฅ; โ๐๐
2
+ ๐๐
2 โค ๐ผ๐๐๐ฅ (14)
๐ = ๐ ๐{1 + ๐ผ(๐ โ ๐๐)} (15)
๐๐(๐๐, ๐๐) = ๐ฟ๐(๐๐, ๐๐)๐๐ + ๐๐๐(๐๐); ๐๐(๐๐, ๐๐) = ๐ฟ๐(๐๐, ๐๐)๐๐ (16)
๐ฃ๐(๐๐, ๐๐) = ๐ ๐๐ โ โต๐๐๐(๐๐, ๐๐); ๐ฃ๐(๐๐, ๐๐) = ๐ ๐๐ + โต๐๐๐(๐๐, ๐๐) (17)
where Vmax and Imax are the maximum permissible phase voltage and phase current, respectively. Ro depicts
the winding resistance at temperature To. T is the present temperature of windings. ฮฑ is the thermal coefficient
of copper. Ld and Lq are d- axis and q- axis inductances. ฮปPM is the PM flux linkage.
4. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
The results include a steady state comparison between proposed OMEPA control method and offline
maximum efficiency per ampere-lookup table (MEPA-LUT) control method reported in Ni et al [18].
Moreover, the dynamic behavior of OMEPA is presented and analyzed. The influence of DC voltage
variation, temperature variation, and the variation of motor parameters is also investigated.
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Online efficiency optimization of IPMSM for electric vehicles (Hanaa Elsherbiny)
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4.1. The steady state comparision
It is worthy noted that, the MEPA-LUT has an inherited capability to accurately determine the
system efficiency as it runs motor model at each change in current angle (๐ฝ). It also considers the update of
reference voltages after the PI controller which improves the estimation of system losses. However, this
method considers certain operating conditions. Any change of theses condition could lead to unaccepted
performance. If the proposed OMEPA method can produce a high efficiency as MEPA-LUT control method,
this means one thing that the proposed OMEPA can accurately estimate the system efficiency without the
need to run motor model. It updates the flux and voltages after the variation of ๐ฝ using (16), (17).
Figure 5 (a), and Figure 5 (b) shows the steady state comparison between proposed OMEPA and
conventional MEPA-LUT methods under two speeds of 1000 and 1750r/min, respectively. for each speed
(1000 and 1750r/min), the maximum current is changed from 2A to 12A. Then, the best current angle is
defined by each control method (OMEPA and MEPA-LUT). After that, the corresponding system
efficiencies are calculated and compared. As noted, the two efficiencies are very close. This in turn verifies
the calculation accuracy of system efficiency using the proposed OMEPA. The lower part of Figure 5 shows
efficiency error (ฮทError). This error is defined by ฮทError = ฮทOMEPA - ฮทMEPA-LUT. Positive error means higher
system efficiency by the proposed OMEPA and vice versa. As noted, the efficiency error (ฮทError) is almost
positive despite its small values. This happens because the proposed OMEPA method could search with
smaller angle resolutions (ฮ๐ฝ) compared to MEPA-LUT method.
4.2. The dynamic performance of proposed OMEPA during payload Torque change
Figure 6 shows the dynamic performance of the proposed OMEPA under sudden changes in load
torque at the rated speed of 1500r/min. The load is changes as illustrated by Figure 6 (a). As a result, the
maximum current (Im) is also changing correspondingly with load torque see Figure 6 (b). The proposed
OMEPA determines the best current angle (๐ฝ) that corresponding to maximum efficiency see Figure 6 (c). As
noted, the proposed OMEPA updates ๐ฝ each control period which reflects the fast dynamic performance
in Figure 6 (c). The variation of ๐ฝ also varies both the d- and q-axis current as shown in Figure 6 (d),
Figure 6 (e), respectively. Theses affects the system losses and hence the system efficiency as seen in
Figure 6 (f).
4.3. Effect of DC voltage variation
In most EVs, the battery voltage (DC voltage) changes depending on its state of charge (SOC). The
voltage variation affects system performance especially at high speeds. Figure 7 shows the simulation results
under variation of DC voltage at 2000r/min. The DC voltage is changed from 200V (rated voltage) to 170V
at 0.1sec. As seen in Figure 7 (a), Figure 7 (b) and Figure 7 (c), for the convention MEPA-LUT method, from
0 to 0.1sec, the system tracks accurately the commanded reference currents and produces the required torque
under the rated voltage. When the voltage decreases to 170V at 0.1sec, the system fails to track the currents
and hence fails to produce the required torque. This happens because the LUT are generated under rated
voltage of 200V and does not consider voltage variations. Hence, the reference d-and q-axis currents need to
be corrected with the variation of DC voltage. On the contrary, for the proposed OMEPA method, the system
tracks accurately the commanded reference current despite voltage variations, it also produces the required
torque Figure 7 (d), Figure 7 (e) and Figure 8 (f).
(a) (b)
Figure 5. Comparative between OMEPA and MEPA-LUT at, (a)1000 r/min, and (b) 1750 r/min
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)
Figure 6. Simulation results of OMEPA during torque changing, (a) the electromagnetic torque, (b) the
maximum current, (c) the current angle, (d) the d-axis currents, (e) the d-axis currents, (f) the system
efficiency
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
(f)
Figure 7. Simulation results under variation of DC voltage at 2000r/min, (e) q-axis currents with OMEPA, (f)
Torque with OMEPA
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4.4. Effect of temperature and motor parameter variations
The IPMSMs in EVs have temperature sensors that are installed in stator windings. These sensors
provide instantaneous temperature variations not only for protection issues but also for control ones. The
winding resistance of IPMSM changes with the temperature as illustrated by (15). The change of stator
resistance will affect the amount of copper losses. Hence, it affects the accuracy of efficiency calculation for
both the online and offline calculations.
The offline MEPA control methods assumes constant stator resistance. When the temperature
increases, the resistance will also increase, and hence the copper losses. Therefore, the offline MEPA method
will deviate from the MEPA operation. In order to include the effect of temperature within the offline MEPA
control, several experimental measurements are required which means cost, effort, and time. On the contrary,
once the temperature is measured by the temperature sensors, the stator resistance is updated using (15)
within the control algorithm of the proposed OMEPA. This is a very simple implementation method that
compensates for the resistance variation due to the temperature.
Figure 8 (a), and Figure 8 (b) shows the effect of temperature on both copper loss and efficiency,
respectively. The amount of copper losses considering temperature effect (Pcu-CTE) is greater than that without
considering temperature effect (Pcu-WCTE) as illustrated by Figure 8 (a). The corresponding system efficiency
at 10A is shown in Figure 8 (b), as seen, the proposed OMEPA has higher system efficiency as it considers
the real amount of copper losses due to temperature variations. If the motor parameters changes, they can be
considered within the control algorithm of OMEPA by the same way the temperature is considered. Online
parameter estimation methods can be used to estimate the accurate motor parameters, then, theses parameters
can be used very simply within the OMEPA control.
(a) (b)
Figure 8. Effect of temperature variation on copper losses and efficiency, (a) copper losses, and (b) system
efficiency at 1000r/min and at 100โฐC
5. CONCLUSION
An online maximum efficiency control method for IPMSM in EVs is introduced in this paper. The
system efficiency is calculated online based on the detailed system loss models. A searching algorithm for
the current angle that corresponds to maximum efficiency point is developed. The proposed OMEPA control
offers high dynamic performance as it updates the current angle at each control period. It also offers higher
flexibility as it can consider any instantaneous variations of DC voltage (battery voltage), temperature, and
motor parameters. The proposed OMEPA control method is independent in tracking the maximum efficiency
point as well as robust to DC voltage variations.
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