International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
Simulation of generalized hybrid model for solar and wind power generationIJERA Editor
Due to urbanization, globalization and industrialization the demand for energy is rapidly increasing allows the world and India is not an exception. Out of all energies electrical energy is playing a major role in developed as well as developing countries. The energy is mostly produced by fossil fuels which are developing day his is to by day .they also produce lot of pollutants which totally damage the environment the alternative to this is to encourage renewable energy source. Now days the energy production at domestic level is becoming popular with the help of solar and wind energies . These technologies are widely used now days in the present paper an attempt has been made to simulate a generalized hybrid model including solar and wind.
A Technique for Shunt Active Filter meld micro grid SystemIJERA Editor
The proposed system presents a control technique for a micro grid connected hybrid generation system ith case study interfaced with a three phase shunt active filter to suppress the current harmonics and reactive power present in the load using PQ Theory with ANN controller. This Hybrid Micro Grid is developed using freely renewable energy resources like Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Wind Energy (WE). To extract the maximum available power from PV panels and wind turbines, Maximum power point Tracker (MPPT) has been included. This MPPT uses the “Standard Perturbs and Observe” technique. By using PQ Theory with ANN Controller, the Reference currents are generated which are to be injected by Shunt active power filter (SAPF)to compensate the current harmonics in the non linear load. Simulation studies shows that the proposed control technique performs non-linear load current harmonic compensation maintaining the load current in phase with the source voltage.
Dynamic Modeling of Autonomous Wind–diesel system with Fixed-speed Wind TurbineIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind turbines have often connected to small power systems, operating in parallel to diesel generators, as is typically the case in autonomous wind–diesel installations or small island systems with high wind potential. Hence, the modeling and analysis of the dynamic behavior of wind–diesel power systems in presence of wind power will be important. In this paper, the system under study is modeled by a set of dynamic and algebraic equations (DAE). Dynamic behavior of a wind-diesel system is investigated by the proposed dynamic model. Wind-diesel system consists of wind turbines that are connected to synchronous diesel generator via short transmission line with local load. Dynamic stability of autonomous wind–diesel systems are discussed with emphasis on the eigenvalue analysis and the effective parameters on system stability. In this regards, saddle node bifurcation and hopf bifurcation are also investigated.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
Simulation of generalized hybrid model for solar and wind power generationIJERA Editor
Due to urbanization, globalization and industrialization the demand for energy is rapidly increasing allows the world and India is not an exception. Out of all energies electrical energy is playing a major role in developed as well as developing countries. The energy is mostly produced by fossil fuels which are developing day his is to by day .they also produce lot of pollutants which totally damage the environment the alternative to this is to encourage renewable energy source. Now days the energy production at domestic level is becoming popular with the help of solar and wind energies . These technologies are widely used now days in the present paper an attempt has been made to simulate a generalized hybrid model including solar and wind.
A Technique for Shunt Active Filter meld micro grid SystemIJERA Editor
The proposed system presents a control technique for a micro grid connected hybrid generation system ith case study interfaced with a three phase shunt active filter to suppress the current harmonics and reactive power present in the load using PQ Theory with ANN controller. This Hybrid Micro Grid is developed using freely renewable energy resources like Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and Wind Energy (WE). To extract the maximum available power from PV panels and wind turbines, Maximum power point Tracker (MPPT) has been included. This MPPT uses the “Standard Perturbs and Observe” technique. By using PQ Theory with ANN Controller, the Reference currents are generated which are to be injected by Shunt active power filter (SAPF)to compensate the current harmonics in the non linear load. Simulation studies shows that the proposed control technique performs non-linear load current harmonic compensation maintaining the load current in phase with the source voltage.
Dynamic Modeling of Autonomous Wind–diesel system with Fixed-speed Wind TurbineIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind turbines have often connected to small power systems, operating in parallel to diesel generators, as is typically the case in autonomous wind–diesel installations or small island systems with high wind potential. Hence, the modeling and analysis of the dynamic behavior of wind–diesel power systems in presence of wind power will be important. In this paper, the system under study is modeled by a set of dynamic and algebraic equations (DAE). Dynamic behavior of a wind-diesel system is investigated by the proposed dynamic model. Wind-diesel system consists of wind turbines that are connected to synchronous diesel generator via short transmission line with local load. Dynamic stability of autonomous wind–diesel systems are discussed with emphasis on the eigenvalue analysis and the effective parameters on system stability. In this regards, saddle node bifurcation and hopf bifurcation are also investigated.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling and Simulation of Wind Energy Conversion System Interconnected with ...idescitation
The global electrical energy consumption is steadily rising and consequently there
is a demand to increase the power generation capacity. A significant percentage of the
required capacity increase can be based on renewable energy sources.The integration of
Distributed Generations into grid has a great importance in improving system reliability.
The power generation with renewable energy sources is essential in now-a-days to control
the atmospheric pollution and global warming. To get fast tracking for maximum power, it
is preferable to use incremental conductance method. MPPT control for variable speed
wind turbine is driven by Induction Generator. The wind turbine generator is operated
such that the rotor speed varies according to wind speed to adjust the duty cycle of power
inverter and maximizes wind energy conversion system efficiency. The system includes the
wind turbine, induction generator, three phase rectifier, DC link voltage controller, three
phase inverter. In this paper, modeling and simulation of wind energy conversion system
(WECS) with incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is
presented. This WECS is connected to electric utility to measure the performance. In this
paper, the objective such as optimal location and sizing of DG units are studied to check the
system performance in reducing the power losses, increase in voltage profile and reliability.
For analyzing the performance of WECS, a case study is carried out on IEEE 15 bus radial
distribution system. The case studies shows that there is gradual improvement in voltage
profile, reduction in power losses and variation in reliability indices and results were
simulated in the MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results shown in this paper can contribute well
to electrical utilities with radial distribution systems.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
An improved luo converter for high power applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract
Power conversion is one of the major requirements in various industries and in daily life. Among various types of power
conversion, DC-DC conversion has greater importance. DC-DC conversion can be reliably performed using luo converter. It
employs voltage lift technique so that output voltage is increased stage by stage, in arithmetic progression. Luo converter can be
incorporated with the Z network or impedance network so as to ensure simple start up and smooth power conversion. An
impedance network consist of two identical inductors and two identical capacitors connected in ‘X’ shape. Besides power
conversion it also offers filtering operation. The luo converter in this scheme is of switched capacitor type. It helps to provide
regulated output voltage from an unregulated source of power supply. The major benefits of this proposed scheme is that it
combines the advantages of the switched capacitor, voltage lift technique and the impedance network. Hence the proposed scheme
has various advantages such as high power density, larger range of output DC voltage, lower or no inrush current, lower
harmonic injection, simple circuit, high voltage transfer gain, can process upto several tens of watts of power. The simulation
analysis and the hardware implementation shows that the output voltage obtained is higher than the expected theoretical value.
i.e, it is the highly boosted voltage output.
Keywords: Z-network, boost voltage, voltage lift technique
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
A grid connected hybrid generation system (HGS) consisting of wind energy conversion System (WECS)/Photo voltaic (PV) System/solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is designed and simulated by using Matlab/Simulink. SOFC is the replacement of battery, attached to produce the clean energy when these renewable energy sources are unable to produce required amount of electric power. A controller is used to regulate the flow of H2 through the valveto the SOFC and the rest amount of H2 is stored in storage tank. Also, an operational control strategy (OCS) is developed to utilize maximum amount of power of PV to the required load and rest amount of power is coming from wind to fulfill the load demand. Hence, the electrolyzer is supplied by the wind power to convert the water in to H2 and oxygen. Also the power quality factor (PQF) analysis is exercised to measure the quality of power transmission.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WIND TURBINE IN GRID-OFF SYSTEM Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper deals with the construction of a mathematical model of a wind turbine, which is one of the sources in the Grid-Off
system.
Keywords: mathematical model, wind turbine, Grid-Off system, electric generator, wind conditions.
1 Introduction
As one of the power sources of the Grid-Off system is a wind turbine. It is advantageous to work with a
mathematical model for the need of experimental research. In Fig. 1 is a schematic connection of a wind turbine
to a container, which is a Grid-Off system. [1-4]
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
Improvement of Wind farm with PMSG using STATCOMIJPEDS-IAES
This paper studies about the dynamic performance of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator with Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for Wind farm integration. A whole dynamic model of wind energy conversion system (WECS) with PMSG and STATCOM are established in a MATLAB environment. With this model the dynamic behaviour of the generator and the overall system has been studied to determine the performance of them with and without STATCOM. Final results portrays that the WECS based PMSG with STATCOM improves the transient response of the wind farm when the system is in fault.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
Nonlinear control for an optimized grid connection system of renewable energy...journalBEEI
This paper proposes an integral backstepping based nonlinear control strategy for a grid connected wind-photovoltaic hybrid system. The proposed control strategy aims at extracting the maximum power available while respecting the grid connection standards. The proposed system has a reduced number of power electronic converters, thereby ensuring lower costs and reduced energy losses, which improves the profitability and efficiency of the hybrid system. The effectiveness of the proposed topology and control methodology is validated using the MATLAB/Simulink software environment. The satisfactory results achieved under various atmospheric conditions and in different operating modes of the hybrid system, confirm the high efficiency of the proposed control strategy.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling and Simulation of Wind Energy Conversion System Interconnected with ...idescitation
The global electrical energy consumption is steadily rising and consequently there
is a demand to increase the power generation capacity. A significant percentage of the
required capacity increase can be based on renewable energy sources.The integration of
Distributed Generations into grid has a great importance in improving system reliability.
The power generation with renewable energy sources is essential in now-a-days to control
the atmospheric pollution and global warming. To get fast tracking for maximum power, it
is preferable to use incremental conductance method. MPPT control for variable speed
wind turbine is driven by Induction Generator. The wind turbine generator is operated
such that the rotor speed varies according to wind speed to adjust the duty cycle of power
inverter and maximizes wind energy conversion system efficiency. The system includes the
wind turbine, induction generator, three phase rectifier, DC link voltage controller, three
phase inverter. In this paper, modeling and simulation of wind energy conversion system
(WECS) with incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is
presented. This WECS is connected to electric utility to measure the performance. In this
paper, the objective such as optimal location and sizing of DG units are studied to check the
system performance in reducing the power losses, increase in voltage profile and reliability.
For analyzing the performance of WECS, a case study is carried out on IEEE 15 bus radial
distribution system. The case studies shows that there is gradual improvement in voltage
profile, reduction in power losses and variation in reliability indices and results were
simulated in the MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results shown in this paper can contribute well
to electrical utilities with radial distribution systems.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
An improved luo converter for high power applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract
Power conversion is one of the major requirements in various industries and in daily life. Among various types of power
conversion, DC-DC conversion has greater importance. DC-DC conversion can be reliably performed using luo converter. It
employs voltage lift technique so that output voltage is increased stage by stage, in arithmetic progression. Luo converter can be
incorporated with the Z network or impedance network so as to ensure simple start up and smooth power conversion. An
impedance network consist of two identical inductors and two identical capacitors connected in ‘X’ shape. Besides power
conversion it also offers filtering operation. The luo converter in this scheme is of switched capacitor type. It helps to provide
regulated output voltage from an unregulated source of power supply. The major benefits of this proposed scheme is that it
combines the advantages of the switched capacitor, voltage lift technique and the impedance network. Hence the proposed scheme
has various advantages such as high power density, larger range of output DC voltage, lower or no inrush current, lower
harmonic injection, simple circuit, high voltage transfer gain, can process upto several tens of watts of power. The simulation
analysis and the hardware implementation shows that the output voltage obtained is higher than the expected theoretical value.
i.e, it is the highly boosted voltage output.
Keywords: Z-network, boost voltage, voltage lift technique
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
A grid connected hybrid generation system (HGS) consisting of wind energy conversion System (WECS)/Photo voltaic (PV) System/solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is designed and simulated by using Matlab/Simulink. SOFC is the replacement of battery, attached to produce the clean energy when these renewable energy sources are unable to produce required amount of electric power. A controller is used to regulate the flow of H2 through the valveto the SOFC and the rest amount of H2 is stored in storage tank. Also, an operational control strategy (OCS) is developed to utilize maximum amount of power of PV to the required load and rest amount of power is coming from wind to fulfill the load demand. Hence, the electrolyzer is supplied by the wind power to convert the water in to H2 and oxygen. Also the power quality factor (PQF) analysis is exercised to measure the quality of power transmission.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WIND TURBINE IN GRID-OFF SYSTEM Mellah Hacene
Abstract
This paper deals with the construction of a mathematical model of a wind turbine, which is one of the sources in the Grid-Off
system.
Keywords: mathematical model, wind turbine, Grid-Off system, electric generator, wind conditions.
1 Introduction
As one of the power sources of the Grid-Off system is a wind turbine. It is advantageous to work with a
mathematical model for the need of experimental research. In Fig. 1 is a schematic connection of a wind turbine
to a container, which is a Grid-Off system. [1-4]
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
Improvement of Wind farm with PMSG using STATCOMIJPEDS-IAES
This paper studies about the dynamic performance of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator with Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) for Wind farm integration. A whole dynamic model of wind energy conversion system (WECS) with PMSG and STATCOM are established in a MATLAB environment. With this model the dynamic behaviour of the generator and the overall system has been studied to determine the performance of them with and without STATCOM. Final results portrays that the WECS based PMSG with STATCOM improves the transient response of the wind farm when the system is in fault.
The real problems in diminution of power quality occurs due to the rapid growth of nonlinear load are leads to sudden decrease of source voltage for a few seconds i.e sag, swell, harmonics in source and load current, voltage unbalance etc. All these problems can be compensated by using Unified Power Quality Controller (UPQC) and the operation of UPQC depends upon the available voltage across capacitor present in dc link. If the capacitor voltage is maintained constant then it gives satisfactory performance. The proposed research is basically on designing of Photo Voltaic (PV) /Wind energy fed to the dc link capacitor of UPQC so as to maintain proper voltage across it and operate the UPQC for power quality analysis. The said model is simulated in Matlab and results are verified by using FFT analysis.The proposed PV/ Wind energy-UPQC is design in Matlab simulation for reduction of voltage sag, swell, interruption of voltage, harmonics in load current and compensation of active and reactive power.
Stability Improvement in Grid Connected Multi Area System using ANFIS Based S...IJMTST Journal
Generally, the non-conventional energy sources are being extensively used in case of power electronic
converter based distribution systems. This paper mainly focuses on the wind energy system integrating with
grid connected system and also improvement of power quality features. The wind energy power plant is
modelled based on associated equations. For improving this power quality problems, this paper proposes the
concepts of shunt converter controllers. This paper also proposes the concepts of ANFIS based Static
Compensator. And also the results are compared for this cases. Thus with such a control, a balanced load
currents are obtained even in the presence of non-linear load. The experimental setup is done in Matlab and
verified the simulation results
Nonlinear control for an optimized grid connection system of renewable energy...journalBEEI
This paper proposes an integral backstepping based nonlinear control strategy for a grid connected wind-photovoltaic hybrid system. The proposed control strategy aims at extracting the maximum power available while respecting the grid connection standards. The proposed system has a reduced number of power electronic converters, thereby ensuring lower costs and reduced energy losses, which improves the profitability and efficiency of the hybrid system. The effectiveness of the proposed topology and control methodology is validated using the MATLAB/Simulink software environment. The satisfactory results achieved under various atmospheric conditions and in different operating modes of the hybrid system, confirm the high efficiency of the proposed control strategy.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Wind Turbine Generator Tied To Grid Using Inverter Techniques and Its DesignsIJSRD
This paper proposes a method of using small sizes WTG of 300W low capacity turbine in small grid channel with inverter techniques. Power can be fed directly to grid by improving durability and eliminating battery usage, using WTG inverter technique. The proposed wind tied with grid by PMG includes boost converter and three phase inverter. For tracking wind speed with variations of wind power MPPT method is used. Interleaving technique is adopted for different frequency variables to improve power capacity. Final result proves WTG helps in improving wind power application as shown in simulation result.
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Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that
results in a failure or a mis-operation of end user equipment’s. Utility distribution networks, sensitive
industrial loads and critical commercial operations suffer from various types of outages and service
interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. With the restructuring of power systems and with
shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of power quality is going to take
newer dimensions. Injection of the wind power into an electric grid affects the power quality. The
performance of the wind turbine and thereby power quality are determined on the basis of measurements
and the norms followed according to the guideline specified in International Electro-technical Commission
standard, IEC-61400. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality
measurements are-the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical
behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to national/international guidelines.
Static Compensator (STATCOM) is connected at a point of common coupling with a battery energy storage
system (BESS) to mitigate the power quality issues. The battery energy storage is integrated to sustain the
real power source under fluctuating wind power. Here two control schemes for STATCOM are Fuzzy logic
controller and hybrid Fuzzy logic controller. We can better response for hybrid fuzzy compare to fuzzy logic
controller. The STATCOM control scheme for the grid connected wind energy generation system for power
quality improvement is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set. Finally the proposed
scheme is applied for both balanced and unbalanced linear nonlinear loads.
Performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit in dist...ijcsit
In this paper, the performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit is presented. In this
study a model of wind power is driven by an induction machine. Wind power that is distributed generation
is capable of supplying power to ac power distribution network. Wind power generation system is modeled
and simulated using Matlab Simulink software such that it can be suitable for modeling some kind of
induction generator configurations. To analyze more deeply the performance of the wind turbine system,
both normal and fault conditions scenarios have been applied. Simulation results prove the excellent
performance of the wind power unit under normal and fault conditions in the power distribution system.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
Development of DC voltage control from wind turbines using proportions and in...IJECEIAES
This research article presents the method to control the DC voltage of the boost converter by using a proportional-integral (PI) controller. With AC voltage from a wind turbine generator, converting to DC voltage level by rectifier, this DC voltage controlled by PI controller is to control boost converter that sends DC links to the inverter which converting alternating current voltage to direct current voltage through three-phase load and to the grid-connected system. For switching the IGBTs in the inverter, the PWM signal, on the hysteresis current control, is controlled by the signal from the detected reference voltage based on the grid-connected system and the voltage from a wind turbine generator. The tests made the comparison of results from the simulation with the MATLAB/Simulink program and result from the hardware on the prototype. The power quality results, such as harmonic, power factor, are in acceptable ranges.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
Analysis of PMSG in Wind Integration using T Source Inverter with Simple Boos...IJTET Journal
The Analysis of PMSG in wind integration using a T-source Inverter with the Simple Boost Control technique for
improving voltage gain is proposed. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) offers higher performance than other
generators because of its higher efficiency with less maintenance. Since they don’t have rotor current, can be used without a gearbox,
which also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle with a reduction of costs. T-Source Inverter has high frequency, low
leakage inductance transformer and one capacitance this is the main difference from the Z-source Inverter. It has low active
components in compare with conventional ZSI. The T source network has an ability to perform DC to AC power conversion. It
provides buck boost operation in a single stage, but the traditional Inverter cannot provide such feature. All the components of the
wind turbine and the grid-side converter are developed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.
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Fl3610001006
1. Y. Malleswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1000-1006
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Performance Evaluation of PWM Converter Control Strategy for
PMSG Based Variable Speed Wind Turbine
Y. Malleswara Rao, B. Srinivasa Rao
M-tech Student Scholar Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, AITAM Engineering College,
Tekkali; Srikakulam (Dt); A.P, India.
Associate Professor Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, AITAM Engineering College, Tekkali;
Srikakulam (Dt); A.P, India.
Abstract
Integration of wind power to grid introduces power quality issues, which mainly consist of voltage regulation
and reactive power compensation. Induction machines are mostly used as generators in wind power based
generations. Induction generators draw reactive power from the grid to which they are connected. Therefore, the
integration of wind power to power system networks is one of the main concerns of the power system engineers.
The addition of wind power into the electric grid affect's the power quality This paper describes the modeling
and control of a variable speed wind turbine system for medium power based Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator (PMSG) which feeds an AC power grid. The generator speed is regulated under fluctuating wind
speed through this converter. A dc link voltage controller is used to regulate the dc bus voltage under fluctuating
wind and grid disturbance. The direct drive PMSG is connected to the load through a switch mode rectifier and
a vector controlled pulse width modulated (PWM) IGBT-inverter. The generator side switch mode rectifier is
controlled to achieve maximum power from the wind. The load side PWM inverter is using a relatively complex
vector control scheme to control the amplitude and frequency of the inverter output voltage. The simulation
results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Keywords: Renewable Energy Sources; Variable Speed Wind Turbine; PMSG; PWM Rectifier; HBCC,
STATCOM.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the demand for electricity is
increasing. Faced with this problem, and so in
order to limit the use of the fossil and natural
resources such as uranium, hydrocarbons and
water, and to reduce pollution, some countries,
have turned to new forms of energy called
"renewable". These energy sources use directly or
indirectly solar energy. Among these, wind is
clearly in good place, not to replace conventional
sources, but as complementary energy booster.
The constant speed wind turbines and
induction generators were often used, in the early
stages of wind power development. Some of the
disadvantages of the fixed speed generators are the
low efficiency, poor power quality, high mechanical
stress but also that by having a fixed speed operation
the maximum coefficient of performance is obtained
only at a particular wind speed. Due to development
of power electronics and their falling costs, the
variable speed operation became the most attractive
option. By running the wind turbine generator in
variable speed, variable frequency mode, and the
maximum power can be extracted, at low and medium
wind speeds. Among all kinds of wind energy
conversion systems (WECSs), a variable speed wind
turbine (WT) equipped with a multi pole permanent
magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is found to be
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very attractive and suitable for application in large
wind farms. With gearless construction, such PMSG
concept requires low maintenance, reduced losses and
costs, high efficiency and good controllability.
Currently, the PMSG-based WECS has been
commercialized by some WT manufactures, such as
Siemens Power Generation and GE Energy.
Direct-drive wind energy conversion
systems based on PMSG (Permanent-Magnet
Synchronous Generator) have some advantages such
as no gearbox, high power density, high precision,
and simple control method [1], [2]. In order to
achieve objectives such as continuity and security,
high levels of wind power are confronted with new
challenges as well as other new approaches in the
power system operation. Therefore some countries
have issued dedicated grid codes for connecting the
wind power systems to the grid [3]. Lately, the microand smart-grid have been researched for the
efficiency of power management [4]. However, in
these systems, the grid voltage is much fluctuated in
comparison with the conventional grid. Therefore,
robust control of the wind power generation system is
needed for grid variations.
In general, DC-link voltage is controlled by
the grid side converter. The grid-side converter may
be out of control for the grid voltage sags in the
conventional control method. When the grid fault
1000 | P a g e
2. Y. Malleswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1000-1006
happens, the DC-link voltage is increased due to the
continuous operation of the wind turbine and
generator. In the proposed method, the generator- side
converter controls the DC-link voltage, and the gridside converter controls the power of the PMSG wind
turbine system. The DC-link voltage control strategy
by the generator- side converter has been proposed.
The STATCOM (or SSC) is a shuntconnected reactive-power compensation device that is
capable of generating or absorbing reactive power and
in which the output can be varied to control the
specific parameters of an electric power system. It is
in general a solid-state switching converter capable of
generating or absorbing independently controllable
real and reactive power at its output terminals when it
is fed from an energy source or energy-storage device
at its input terminals. Specifically, the STATCOM
considered in this project is a voltage source
converter that, from a given input of dc voltage,
produces a set of 3-phase ac-output voltages, each in
phase with and coupled to the corresponding ac
system voltage through a relatively small reactance.
The dc voltage is provided by an energy-storage
capacitor [5] [6].
3-ɸ line
Balanced /
Unbalanced
supply
Linear/ Non
linear load
Vfabc
Vabc
PWM
INVERTER
Vabc
Vdc
Fig.1 STATCOM Principal Diagram
A STATCOM can improve power-system
performance in such areas as the following:
The dynamic voltage control in transmission
and distribution systems, The power-oscillation
damping in power-transmission systems, The
transient stability, The voltage flicker control and The
control of not only reactive power but also (if needed)
active power in the connected line, requiring a dc
energy source. A STATCOM is analogous to an ideal
synchronous machine, which generates a balanced set
of three sinusoidal voltages—at the fundamental
frequency—with controllable amplitude and phase
angle. This ideal machine has no inertia, is practically
instantaneous, does not significantly alter the existing
system impedance, and can internally generate
reactive (both capacitive and inductive) power.
II. WIND TURBINE MODEL
The rotor converts the energy contained by
the wind into rotate mechanical energy. The power
captured from the wind turbine is obtained as
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cross sectional area of the turbine [m2], v is the wind
velocity [m/s], λ is the tip speed ratio, β is the pitch
angle of rotor blades [deg], and Cp is the power
coefficient.
Although this equation seems simple, Cp is
dependent on the ratio between the turbine’s angular
velocity Ω turbine and the wind speed v. This ratio,
called the tip speed ratio λ, it is given by
(2)
Where: R is the radius of the turbine [m].
The power coefficient ‘Cp’ is the most
important parameter for the wind energy conversion
system design. It represents the turbine efficiency,
and is defined as the fraction of wind energy extracted
by the turbine of the total energy that would have
flowed through the area swept by the rotor blades if
the turbine had not been there [4]. In general, Cp is a
non-linear function of the tip speed ratio λ and
therefore changes with wind velocity. It is calculated
from the turbine design, the pitch angle β [5]. In
practice, the Cp is difficult to obtain and is different
for every turbine type.
In many instances, it is provided by the
manufacturer documentation which are used in many
control schemes as look-up tables to generate optimal
target power references [6], [7]. Various models are
used to describe Cp in the literature (see e.g. [8], [9]).
However, these models are only approximate and in
many cases there is no valid justification for their use
[10]. In all researches, authors give this coefficient
‘Cp’ in a mathematic function has a mechanic
relationship between λ and β. In this paper the
following function will be used.
(3)
Fig.2. Typical turbine power relationships for various
wind speed.
A typical relationship between Cp and λ is
shown in Fig.2. It is clear from this figure that there is
a value of λ for which Cp is maximized thus
maximizing the power for a given wind speed.
(1)
Where Paer is the mechanical power of the
wind turbine, ρ is the air density [kg/m3], S is the
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1001 | P a g e
3. Y. Malleswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1000-1006
III. PERMANENT MAGNET
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
MODEL
The paper Theoretical models for the
generator producing power from a wind turbine have
been previously developed in [1]. The PMSG
dynamic equations are expressed in the “d-q
reference” frame. The voltage equations are given by
[2].
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Line to line input voltages of PWM rectifier can be
described as
(9)
Where Sa, Sb, Sc Switching state of the
converter and phase voltages are equal:
(4)
(5)
Where Rs is the phase resistance of the stator winding
(ohm), Ld and Lq are the direct and quadratic stator
inductance (H), vd and vq are the two-axis machine
voltages, id and iq are the two-axis machine currents,
and φf is the amplitude of the flux linkages
established by the permanent magnet.
The components of the stator flux (direct and
quadratic fluxes) can be given as follow
(6)
(10)
Where
(11)
The voltage equations for balanced threephase system without the neutral connection can be
written as
The expression for the electromagnetic torque in the
rotor is written as
(12)
(7)
(13)
Where p is the pair’s poles number of the PMSG. The
relationship between the angular frequency (ωr) of the
stator voltage and the mechanical angular velocity of
the rotor (ωm) which can be expressed as
(14)
(8)
And additionally for currents
IV. MODEL OF THREE PHASE
RECTIFIER
(15)
To achieve The PWM technique refers to a
special switching scheme of the six power transistors
of a 3-phase power converter. It generates minimum
harmonic distortion to the currents wave form [4-10].
(16)
The voltage equations in the stationary α,
written as
β are
(17)
(18)
And
Fig.3. Basic topologies of PWM rectifier
(19)
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compared with the Udc_ref. the resulted signal is used
to create the current reference.
Where
(20)
(21)
The equations in the synchronous d-q coordinates are
obtained using the following transformations
(22)
Fig. 4. Power conversion system with a hysteresis
band Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).
(23)
VI. FLUX ORIENTED CONTROL
STRATEGY
(24)
(25)
Where
(26)
(27)
V. HYSTERESIS BAND CURRENT
CONTROL STRATEGY
The concept of Flux oriented control (FOC)
can also be applied to improve (VOC) scheme,
because disturbances superimposed onto the line
voltage
influence
directly
the
coordinate
transformation in control system (36). Sometimes this
is solved only by phase-locked loops (PLL.s) only,
but the quality of the controlled system depends on
how effectively the (PLL.s) have been designed [10].
Therefore, it is easier to replace angle of the line
voltage vector e by angle of flux vector
,because
is less sensitive than e to disturbances in the line
voltage, For this reason, it is not necessary to
implement (PLL.s) to achieve robustness in the flux
oriented scheme, since
rotates much more
smoothly, the angular displacement of flux vector
in α-β coordinate is defined as [9].
The three-phase line currents are compared
with stationary three-phase reference currents to
generate a current error
, which is applied to a
current controller constituting a hysteresis loop to
generate variable frequency PWM pulses. The
characteristics of HBCC can be represented as
(29)
(28)
Where Δh is the hysteresis band width and 'a' is a
variable. Fig.5 shows the block diagram of a wind
generation system controlled by HBCC technique. It
is important to note that the pulses used to drive the
controlled rectifier have a variable frequency because
the current variations are limited from the upper to the
lower level and vice versa. HBCC has a fast response
to brapid variations in reference currents with a small
delay. The direct voltage Udc is measured and
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Fig.8. Block diagram of FOC
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The vector flux lags the voltage vector by
900 (Fig.6). Therefore, for the unity power factor
condition, the d-component of the current vector i
should be zero.
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Converter based on Hysteresis Band Control
STATCOM.
Case 1: Implementation of Proposed High
Performance PWM Converter based on FOC
STATCOM
Fig.9. Flux Oriented Control phasor diagram
In the flux oriented coordinates voltage equations are
transformed into
(30)
Fig.10 Matlab/Simulink Model of Proposed High
Performance PWM Converter based on FOC
STATCOM
Fig.10 shows the Matlab/Simulink Model of Proposed
High Performance PWM Converter based on FOC
STATCOM using Matlab/Simulink Platform.
For id = 0 equations (37) can be described as
(31)
As current controller, the PI-type can be used.
However, the PI current controller has no satisfactory
tracing performance, especially, for the coupled
system described by equation (30). Therefore for high
performance application with accuracy current
tracking at dynamic state the decoupled controller
diagram for the PWM rectifier should be applied what
is shown in (Fig.7) [10]
Fig.11 Source Voltage & Source Current
Fig.11 shows the Source Voltage & Source Current of
Proposed High Performance PWM Converter based
on FOC STATCOM.
Fig.7. Decoupled current control of PWM rectifier
Fig.12 Source Power Factor
(32)
Where ud and uq the output signals of the current
controllers.
Fig.12 shows the Source Power Factor of Proposed
High Performance PWM Converter based on FOC
STATCOM.
VII.
MATLAB/SIMULATION
RESULTS
Here simulation is carried out in different
cases, in that
1). Implementation of Proposed High Performance
PWM Converter based on FOC STATCOM. 2).
Implementation of Proposed High Performance PWM
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6. Y. Malleswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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Fig.16 Source Voltage & Source Current
Fig.16 shows the Source Voltage & Source Current of
Proposed High Performance PWM Converter based
on Hysteresis Band Control STATCOM.
Fig.13 FFT Analysis of Source Current of Proposed
High Performance PWM Converter based on FOC
STATCOM
Fig.13 FFT Analysis of Source Current of Proposed
High Performance PWM Converter based on FOC
STATCOM.
Fig.17 Source Power Factor
Fig.17 shows the Source Power Factor of Proposed
High Performance PWM Converter based on
Hysteresis Band Control STATCOM.
Fig.14 DC Link Voltage & Wind Speed
Fig.14 shows the DC Link Voltage & Wind Speed of
Proposed High Performance PWM Converter based
on FOC STATCOM.
Case 2: Implementation of Proposed High
Performance PWM Converter based on Hysteresis
Band Control STATCOM
Fig.18 FFT Analysis of Source Current of Proposed
High Performance PWM Converter based on
Hysteresis Band Control STATCOM
Fig.15 Matlab/Simulink Model of Proposed High
Performance PWM Converter based on Hysteresis
Band Control STATCOM
Fig.18 FFT Analysis of Source Current of Proposed
High Performance PWM Converter based on
Hysteresis Band Control STATCOM.
Fig.15 shows the Matlab/Simulink Model of Proposed
High Performance PWM Converter based on
Hysteresis Band Control STATCOM using
Matlab/Simulink Platform.
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7. Y. Malleswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.1000-1006
Fig.19 DC Link Voltage & Wind Speed
Fig.19 shows the DC Link Voltage & Wind Speed of
Proposed High Performance PWM Converter based
on Hysteresis Band Control STATCOM.
VIII.
CONCLUSION
The impact of ever-changing wind speed on
power quality coupled with the need for an excitation
current make the voltage regulation difficult,
especially when the IG is connected to a weak ac
system. A STATCOM composed of a three phase
IGBT-based VSI, a filter and a dc capacitor, is
employed. The basic STATCOM active and reactive
current control can be derived from the STATCOM
model. Using Matlab and Simulink, we establish a
wind turbine simulation model for having best windspeed ratio coefficient at variable wind speed
adjustment. The simulation can achieve various static
performance of the system by inputting or adjusting
parameters or data during simulation. The simulation
result showing a wave form indicates that the tracking
of best speed ratio of wind turbine can be realized. In
these results, we can affirm that the PWM-HBCC
which gives fast dynamic response, good precision
and high robustness. But, shown in simulation FOC
and HBCC control strategie with STATCOM give a
small THD in comparison by the FOC and HBCC
without STATCOM, and also the FOC is better than
the HBCC. So these results affirm that the field
estimation ameliorates the HBCC.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Mittal, K.S. Sandu and D.K. Jain, “Isolated
operation of variable speed driven PMSG for
wind energy conversion system”, IACSIT
International Journal of Engineering and
Technology vol. 1, no.3, pp. 269-273, August
2009.
[2] M. Malinowski, “Sensorless control strategies
for three – phase PWM rectifiers”. Phd Thesis,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering Institute of
Control and Industrial Electronics, 2001.
[3] S. R. Hadian-Amrei and H. Iranmanseh,
“Novel direct power control for compensating
voltage unbalance and load fluctuations in
PWM rectifiers”, ACSE Journal, vol. 6, no. 4,
Dec., 2006; pp. 39-45.
[4] J. F. Walker and N. Jenkins, “Wind eEnergy
technology”. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., United
States, 1997.
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[5] T. Thiringer and J. Linders, “Control by
variable rotor speed of a fixed-pitched wind
turbine operating in a wide speed range”. IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 8, no.
3, 1993.
[6] E. Muljadi, K. Pierce and P. Migliore. “Control
strategy for variable-speed, stall-regulated
wind turbines”. Proceedings of the American
Control Conference, 1998. vol. 3, pp. 1710 –
1714, 24- 26 June 1998.
[7] R. Datta, V. T. Ranganathan, “Variable-speed
wind power generation using doubly fed
wound rotor induction machine – a comparison
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[8] J. G. Slootweg, H. Polinder and W. L. Kling,
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[9] L. Dodson, K. Busawon and M. Jovanovic,
“Estimation of the power coefficient in a wind
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[10] M. Malinowski, “Sensorless control strategies
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Control and Industrial Electronics, 2001.
BIOGRAPHY
Malleswara Rao Yendu received the
B.Tech Degree in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering from Aditya Institute of
Technology & Management, Tekkali,
Srikakulam India in 2011 currently he is
pursuing M.tech in Aditya Institute of Technology &
Management, Tekkali, Srikakulam, India. His
research interests include Power Quality, power
systems, Network analysis He has published one
research paper in national conference.
Mr. B.Srinivasa Rao obtained the
B.Tech. Degree in EEE from RVR & JC
College of Engineering, Guntur, 1999,
M.Tech Degree in power Electronics
from College of Engineering, JNTU, Hyderabad in
2008. He has more than 13 Years of Teaching
Experience. Currently he is working as a Assoc.
Professor in the Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering, Aditya Institute of
Technology And Management, Tekkali, Srikakulam
Dt. Andhra Pradesh. His research interests are power
electronics and applications, power semiconductor
drives.
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