H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
The H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) are a class of drugs used to block the action of histamine on parietal cells (specifically the histamine H2 receptors) in the stomach, decreasing the production of acid by these cells.
PROTON - PUMP INHIBITORS
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs): are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production.
They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available.
These drugs are among the most widely sold drugs in the world, and are generally considered effective.
The vast majority of these drugs are benzimidazole derivatives, but promising new research indicates the imidazopyridine derivatives may be a more effective means of treatment.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole.
Adverse Drug Reaction, Spectrum, Resistance and Use of Cotrimoxazole.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
The fixed dose combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole is called cotrimoxazole.
Adverse Drug Reaction, Spectrum, Resistance and Use of Cotrimoxazole.
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics derived from Saccharopolyspora erythraea (originally called Streptomyces erythreus), a type of soil-borne bacteria.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
Anti anginal drugs, uses, mechanism of action, adverse effectsKarun Kumar
A presentation outlining the causes of angina, mechanism of action of various anti-anginal drugs, their uses and side effects alongwith contraindications
Macrolides are a class of antibiotics derived from Saccharopolyspora erythraea (originally called Streptomyces erythreus), a type of soil-borne bacteria.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
Anti anginal drugs, uses, mechanism of action, adverse effectsKarun Kumar
A presentation outlining the causes of angina, mechanism of action of various anti-anginal drugs, their uses and side effects alongwith contraindications
Drugs Acting on Gastro-Intestinal System
Pharmacotherapy PUD and GERD
Antiemetic Drugs
Agents for constipation
Antidiarrheal agents
Pharmacotherapy OF IBD
-a broad-spectrum antibiotics.
-It is commonly used to treat acne, infection, and other infections caused by bacteria.
-The first of these compounds was chlortetracycline followed by oxytetracycline and tetracycline.
Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor. It is commonly used to treat acne today, and, more recently, rosacea, and is historically important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. Tetracycline is marketed under the brand names Sumycin, Tetracyn, and Panmycin, among others. Actisite is a thread-like fiber formulation used in dental applications. It is also used to produce several semisynthetic derivatives, which together are known as the tetracycline antibiotics. The term "tetracycline" is also used to denote the four-ring system of this compound; "tetracyclines" are related substances that contain the same four-ring system.
Thermal Detector
A resistive element which measures electromagnetic radiation by absorbing it and converting it into heat. The increase in its temperature is used to measure the radiant energy. Also called thermal sensor (1), or bolometer.
An instrument or device, such as a thermal detector (1), which senses heat. Also called thermal sensor (2).
An instrument or device, such as a thermocouple, which functions or is actuated when exposed to heat.
An instrument or device, such as a thermometer, which quantifies heat.
synonym thermal sensor
Introduction:
@ Thyroid releases T3 & T4
@ The ratio of T4 to T3 is 5:1, so most of the hormone released is
thyroxine
@ Most of the T3 in the blood is derived from thyroxine
@ T3 is three to four times more potent than T4
@ The affinity of the receptor site for T3 is about ten times higher than that for T4
Gibberlins: The regulators of plant height.naseefa
Gibberllins: are Endogenous plant harmones that regulate growth and influence various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction, and leaf and fruit senescence.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
The H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) are a
class of drugs used to block the action of
histamine on parietal cells (specifically the
histamine H2 receptors) in the stomach,
decreasing the production of acid by these
cells.
H2 antagonists are used in the treatment of
dyspepsia, although they have been
surpassed in popularity by the more effective
proton pump inhibitors.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
3. The prototypical H2 antagonist was cimetidine,
developed by Smith, Kline & French (now
GlaxoSmithKline) in the mid-to-late 1960s and first
marketed in 1976; sold under the trade name
Tagamet, cimetidine would later become the first
ever blockbuster drug. The use of quantitative
structure-activity relationships (QSAR) led to the
development of other agents—starting with
Ranitidine, first sold as Zantac—which has fewer
adverse effects and drug interactions and is more
potent.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
5. STRUCTURAL ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF H2 ANTAGONIST:
Imidazole ring
1) Methylation at 5 position leads to arterial histamine selective agonistic action R=CH3.
2) N-Guanylhistamine weak antagonist.
5
2
3
4
1
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
6. 3) Increasing the of side length of side chain from 2 to 4 carbon couple with
replacement of guanidine group by the neutral methyl thiourea function
Burimamide.:
4) N Imidazo tautomer has prominent activity.
5) Thiourea structural feature is eliminated by replacing the thiourea sulphur with
cyano-imino function to produce cimetidine which is effective gastric antisecretory
agent that promotes the healing of duodenal ulcer.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
7. Mechanism of action :
The H2 antagonists are competitive antagonists of histamine at the parietal
cell H2 receptor.
They suppress the normal secretion of acid by parietal cells and the meal-
stimulated secretion of acid.
They accomplish this by two mechanisms: Histamine released by ECL
( enterochromaffin-like) cells in the stomach is blocked from binding on
parietal cell H2 receptors, which stimulate acid secretion; therefore, other
substances that promote acid secretion (such as gastrin and acetylcholine)
have a reduced effect on parietal cells when the H2 receptors are blocked.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
8. Clinical use
• H2-antagonists are used by clinicians in the treatment of
acid-related gastrointestinal conditions.
• Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD/GORD)
• Dyspepsia
• Prevention of stress ulcer (a specific indication of
ranitidine)
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
9. Adverse effects
H2 antagonists are, in general, well tolerated, except for
cimetidine, wherein all of the following adverse drug
reactions (ADRs) are common.
Infrequent ADRs include hypotension.
Rare ADRs include: headache, tiredness, dizziness,
confusion, diarrhea, constipation, and rash.In addition,
gynecomastia may also occur in fewer men.
cimetidine may also cause loss of libido, and impotence,
all of which are reversible upon discontinuation.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
11. PROTON - PUMP INHIBITORS
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs): are a group of drugs whose main action
is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production.
•They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available.
•These drugs are among the most widely sold drugs in the world, and
are generally considered effective.
•The vast majority of these drugs are benzimidazole derivatives, but
promising new research indicates the imidazopyridine derivatives may
be a more effective means of treatment.
•High dose or long-term use of PPIs carries a possible increased risk of
bone fractures
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
13. SAR
1) The Substituted pyridine ring, substituted benzimidazole moiety & methyl sulfinyl chain connecting these two
is essential for the biological effect.
2) Biological activity & chemical stability largely depends on their substitution pattern.
Pyridine substitution compared to timoprazole 4-methoxy group in the pyridine ring increases the
biological activity by enhancing nucleophilicity of pyridine nitrogen atom. A 4-fluro alkoxy substitution combining
lipophilicity & electron demanding properties results strong inhibitory activity.
Eg: Lansoprazole SAVIPRAZOLE
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
14. 3) Benzimidazole substitution, Unsaturated benzimidazole moiety shows
irreversible gastric proton pump inhibition.
Benzimidazole substitution by electron demanding group leads to strong activity.
Benzimidazole substitution by electron accepting group leads to less activity.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
15. Mechanism of action:
Proton pump inhibitors act by irreversibly blocking the H+/K+ ATPase, or, more
commonly, the gastric proton pump of the gastric parietal cells.
The proton pump is the terminal stage in gastric acid secretion, being directly
responsible for secreting H+ ions into the gastric lumen, making it an ideal
target for inhibiting acid secretion.
Targeting the terminal step in acid production, as well as the irreversible nature
of the inhibition, results in a class of drugs that are significantly more effective
than H2 antagonists and reduce gastric acid secretion by up to 99%.
The PPIs are given in an inactive form, which is neutrally charged (lipophilic)
and readily crosses cell membranes into intracellular compartments (like the
parietal cell canaliculus) with acidic environments. In an acid environment, the
inactive drug is protonated and rearranges into its active form
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
16. Medical uses:
These drugs are used in the treatment of many conditions, such
as:
Dyspepsia
Peptic ulcer disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD or GORD)
Laryngopharyngeal reflux
Barrett's esophagus
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Stress gastritis prevention
Gastrinomas and other conditions that cause hypersecretion
of acid
Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (often 2–3x the regular dose is
required as compared to the other indications)
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA
17. Adverse effects
Common adverse effects include: headache, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal
pain, fatigue, and dizziness.
Infrequent adverse effects include: rash, itch, flatulence, constipation,
anxiety, and depression. Also infrequently, PPI use may be associated with
occurrence of myopathies, including the serious reaction rhabdomyolysis.
Long-term use of PPIs has been less studied than short-term use, and the
lack of data makes it difficult to make definitive statements.
AZEEZ. MYMOONA.NASEEFA