imortant for agriculture student and medical student

1. BIO-DIVERSITY OF SOME MEDICINAL CROPS FOUND IN INDIA
SEMINAR ON
PRESENTED BY
VINIT KUMAR MEENA
M.Sc. (Ag.)HORTICULTURE
III SEMESTER
ROLL NO. 15056
BABASAHEB BHIMRAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY
(A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY )
LUCKNOW ( UTTAR PRADESH ) 226025
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PLANT SCIENCE (HORTICULTURE)
COURSE CODE-HORT-303 DATE 21/11/2016

2. CONTENT
• Introduction of medicinal plants.
• Classification of medicinal plants.
• Description of medicinal plants.
• Constraint for the development of medicinal plants.
• Conclusion.

3. INTRODUCTION
India is a rich heritage of medicinal plants and diverse cultural traditions associated with
conservation, cultivation and use of medicinal plants. There are about 15000 species of Indian
medicinal plants supporting the 70% primary health care through local health traditions. 90% of
these raw plant materials come from natural forests. As per WHO report, 80% of population in
developing countries relies on the traditional plant drugs and 25% of modern medicine also uses
medicinal plants as raw material. India has a well established and fast growing drug and
pharmaceutical industry utilizing medicinal plant based raw materials. There are around 7000 big
and small pharmacies medicines and over the counter products like digestives and laxatives,
cosmetics, hair oils, aphrodisiacs and other tonics based on Ayurvedic, Unani and Sidha system of
medicine. A number of drug and pharmaceutical firms, which include many multinationals, are
engaged in production of Phyto- pharmaceuticals , which consist of various important and largely
used alkaloids , glycosides and other physiologically active organic compounds.

4. COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY DISTRIBUTION
BLACK PEPPER Piper nigrum Piperaceae Kerala , Karnataka, Tamil Nadu.
CARDAMOM Elleria cardamom Zingiberaceae Kerala , Karnataka , Tamil Nadu .
CLOVE Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae North-East India and South India
GINGER Gingiber officinale Zingiberaceae Kerala , Meghalaya , Orissa .
TURMERIC Cucurma longa Zingiberaceae Andhra Pradesh ,Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu ,
Orissa , Kerala and Bihar .
BETEL VINE Piper betel Piperaceae Tamil Nadu , Bihar , Maharashtra , Assam , Uttar
Pradesh .
PERIWINKLE Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , Rajasthan etc.
.
RAULVOLFIA Rauvolfia serpentina Apocynaceae Uttarakhand , Bihar , Orissa , West Bengal etc.
DIOSCOREA Dioscorea floribunda Dioscoreaceae Karnataka , Goa , Assam , Meghalaya etc.
CLASSIFIATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS ACCORDING TO COMMON NAME,
BOTANICAL NAME, FAMILY AND DISTRIBUTION
Continue…….

5. ISABGOL Plantago ovata Plantaginaceae Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab,
U.P.
AMMI Ammi majus Apiaceae Rajasthan , Gujarat , Madhya
Pradesh etc.
BELLADONA Atropa belladona Solaneaceae J&K , Himachal Pradesh ,
Uttarakhand etc.
CINCHONA Cinchona officinalis Rubiaceae West Bengal , Tamil Nadu ,
Karnataka etc.
PYRETHRUM Chrysanthemum
cinerariaefolium
Compositae Rajasthan , Haryana , Uttar
Pradesh etc.
SENNA Cassia angustifolia Cesalpinaceae Rajasthan , Gujarat ,
Karnatka, Tamil Nadu
ASWAGANDHA Withania somnifera Solaneaceae Madhya Pradesh , Uttar
Pradesh , Uttarakhand
SAFED MUSALI Chlorophytum borivillanum Liliaceae Bihar , Assam , Rajasthan ,
Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh
GHIRTHKUMARI Aloe vera Liliaceae N-W Indian state .
GUGGAL Commiphora wightii Burseraceae Rajasthan , Gujarat , Assam
Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu .

6. BLACK PEPPER-:
• It is indigenous to the tropical forest of Western Ghat of south
India. The crop is mainly distributed in Kerala (94%), Karnataka(5%)
and Tamil Nadu.
• India accounts for 54% area and 26% of production of world.
• The plant is a climbing evergreen herb growing upto height of 10
m.
• Based on growth habit, five distinct types of stem portion
identified as main stem, runner shoots, fruiting branches
(plagiotropes), topshoot (orthotropes) and hanging shoot
(geotropes).
• Fruit is single seeded berry, which has a thin, soft pericarp
surrounding the seed.
• Plant are propagated through runner shoot.
• Piperine compound present in seed.
• Seed are aromatic, stimulant , carminative , digestive, nervine tonic
and diuretic.
• It is also used in dyspepsia , flatulence , cholera , piles , disorder of
urinary systems cough, and malarial fever.

7. CARDAMOM-:
• Cardamom is also known as “Queen of Spices” .
• Its native of evergreen rain forest of Western Ghats in
south India.
• It is mainly cultivated in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu .
• About 40% of total production is exported to different
countries.
• It is perennial herbaceous plant .
• Its inflorecence is panicle and fruit is capsule.
• Fruits(seed) are used for different purpose like aromatic,
stimulant, stomachic, carminative, diuretic and cooling.
• It is useful in asthma, bronchitis, piles, kidney, rectum and
throat.
• It is remedy for scabies, headache, earache and
toothache.
• It is propagated through seeds as well as one year old
suckers.
• Important varieties grown in india: ICRI-1, ICRI-2,
Mudigree-1

8. CLOVE-:
• It is indigenous to Indonesia.
• It was introduced in india around 1800 A.D. by East India company
in spice garden at Tamil Nadu.
• The major producer of this spice is in Indonesia, Indonesia is
largest producer(66%).
• In india it is grown in 600 ha. area producing annually 1500 tonnes
against annual requirement of 6500 tonnes.
• The important clove growing areas are Nilgiris, Triunelveli and
Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu, Calicut, Kottayam , Quilon and
Trivendrum districts of Kerala.
• Clove is an evergreen tree often reaching to height of 7-15 meter.
• Flower is hermaphrodite and fruit is single seeded drupe.
• Clove is harvested at unopened flower bud.
• Clove oil constitutes eugenol (70-90%) and eugenyl acetate (5-
12%) compound flavoring and medicinal purpose.
• Clove oil used in perfumeries, pharmaceuticals, and food
processing industries.

9. GINGER:
• Ginger is an indigenous spice and medicinal crop.
• It is grown through out India from temperate to tropical climate.
• In India, it is grown in Kerala, Meghalaya, Orissa in about 55000 ha
area and India is the largest producer and exporter of ginger.
• Ginger is herbaceous perennial plant with underground rhizome.
• Flower are borne on a spike, yellow in colour.
• Fruit is oblong capsule, seeds glabrous and fairly large.
• Ginger is mainly used as spice.
• Dry ginger used for the manufacturing of oil, oleoresin, essence,
soft drinks, non- alcoholic beverages and vitamins.
• It has medicinal properties like stimulant, carminative, flavouring
agent.
• It is used in treatment of dyspepsia, flatulent, digestive system
rheumatism, piles, dropsy, headache and toothache.
• It is propagated by portions of rhizome, called seed rhizome.

10. TURMERIC-:
• It is native of tropical South East Asia.
• In India, it is grown in 1,05,000 ha area and with 3,25,000
tonnes annual production (75% of world production).
• It is herbaceous perennial with a thick underground rhizome
.
• There are four important species of Cucurma longa,
C.aromatica (Cochin or Kasturi turmeric), C. angustifolia and
C. amada (mango ginger).
• Cucurmin is found in rhizome so it is aromatic, stimulant,
and
carminative.
• It is used in diarrhea, intermittent fevers, dropsy, jaundice,
liver disorder and urinary trouble.
• It is used in skin diseases, antiseptic and along with lime or
alum applied of sprains, bruises, wound etc.
• Turmeric is propagated through split mother rhizomes ( 35-
45g better).

11. BETEL VINE-:
• It is native to Malaysia.
• In India, it is cultivated in small holdings land
through out the country except dry North-East India.
• It is a perennial dioeceous creeper. Its stem is semi woody,
climbing by short adventious roots, leaves 5-20 cm logn.
• It leaves have strong pungent aromatic flavour and widely
used in masticatory.
• Chewing betel leaves with various adjuncts is an ancient
practice India and credited for digestive, stimulant and
carminative properties.
• It is rich source of calcium, vitamin B, mineral , ascorbic acid,
nicotinic acid and carotene.
• Leaves are astringent, aromatic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac,
stimulant.
• Leaf juice is also used for eye disease and pulmonary disease.
• Betel vine is propagated by vine

12. PERIWINKLE-:
• It is originated from Madagascar and spread to india.
• It is a typical plant of tropical warm regions in India.
• It is ornamental plant grow well in wastelands and
sandy loam soil .
• It is a perennial herb which attains a height of 90 cm.
• Whole plant is medicinally useful.
• Main alkaloids compound present are reserpine,
serpentine, vinblastine, vincristine, vincystine.
• It posses anticancer, hypotensive and antispasmodic,
heart tonic, treatment of fever, and high blood
pressure properties.
• Vincristine is currently used in treating Hodgekins
disease, cancer and leukemia.

13. SARPAGANDHA-:
• It is originated from India.
• It is also found in the Western Ghats and various part of the country.
• Commercial supplies are available to a greater or less degree from
the state of Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh including Uttrakhand,
Bihar, Orrisa , West Bengal, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu.
• World requirement of Rauvolfia is 20,000 tonnes per annum while in
india its requirements is 150 tonnes against production of 30 tonnes
per annum.
• It is grow well in tropical and subtropical region in India.
• Sarpagandha can be propagated through seed, stem and root
cuttings.
• It is a perennial shrub growing up to 50 cm in height.
• Its roots are used for medicine purpose.
• In root, reserpine alkaloid found (1.7-3.0 %).which is used in
reducing
high blood pressure, and sedative properties.
• Roots are in treatment of snake bite, insect strings, nervous
disorders, epilepsy, skin disorder .

14. ISABGOL-:
• The plant is indigenous to meditterrean region and West Asia.
• It has now been well acclimatized in india and is cultivated for its
seeds, valued for the isabgol husk.
• The genus Plantago has 20 species of which 10 occur in india.
• Cultivation of isabgol on a commercial scale is confined to few
districts in north Gujarat and Rajasthan .
• It is also cultivated in Punjab, Maharashtra and U.P. on a small
scale.
• A herbaceous perennial plant, which may reach a height of over 20-cm.
• Dried seeds and husk is used in medicine as laxative.
• Mucilage of isabgol is colloidal in nature, which acts as a smoothing
lubricant, absorbs toxins and relieves intestinal irritation.
• The pure mucilage is the main constituent of most of the laxatives
used in modern medicine, containing sodium bicarbonate.
• The seed husk is used to cure inflammation of the mucus
membrane of gastro-intestinal and genito-urinary tracts, chronic
constipation, dysentery, duodenal ulcers and piles.

15. BELLADONA-:
• Belladona is also called as Deadly Nightshade.
• Atropa belladona is indigenous to southern and central
Europe.
• It is naturally found in J&K, Himachal and Uttarakhand.
• It is a herbaceous plant (150 cm height).
• Commercially leaves, flowering top and roots are used in
drugs.
• Leaves and roots of belladona contain atropine and
hyocyamine alkaloids.
• Belladona leaves are mainly used for preparations of tincture,
extracts and plasters
• It is also used for relief from whooping cough, stomach
disorder, gastric ulcer and as an antidote for depressing
poisons like Opium.
• Roots are used for primarily external treatment of gout,
rheumatism, Parkinsons disease.

16. CINCHONA-:
• Chinchona is indifenous to South America .
• It is also known as Quninine.
• It is cultivated in South East Asia and Part of Africa.
• In India, it is cultivated in West Bengal, Tamilnadu and Karnataka in
an area of about 8000 ha.
• Chinchona stem and root bark is used as a source of quininine and
other anti-malarial drugs.
• Cinchona is posses 20 alkaloids but out of 20 , four alkaloids are
used like Quanine , Cinchonadine, Quinidine, and Cinchonine.
• It is also used as anesthetic, bitter tonic, and appetizer.
• Cinchona is propagated by seeds or vegetatively by cutting, stooling
and layering .

17. PYRETHRUM-:
• It is native of Dalmatiya, Herzegovina and Montenegro.
• It is cultivated in commercial scale in Algeria, Dalmatia, Brazil,
Bulgaria, Japan, Kenya, congo, Tanzania, Australiya, California,
China, France etc.
• Pyrethrum is a perennial herb, which grow upto 60 cm height.
• Flower is used to extract alkaloids like pyrethrin or jasmolin as well
as peroduce lauric and linolic acid .
• It is safest bio-insecticide which is useful in preservation of food
grains, insect repellent, packaging, protecting dried fishes, tomato
canning industry and in mushroom culture.
• Other uses of pyrethrin like flysprays , insecticidal aerosols,
mosquito coil and domestic sprays also prepared from pyrethrum.

18. ASHWAGANDHA-:
• It is also called winter cherry.
• It is originated from North America.
• It is found wild in Mandsur and Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh,
Jhalawar (Rajasthan) , Punjab, Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.
• It is cultivated in Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradeh and South
India in about 40,000 ha. area.
• It is an erect, evergreen shrub and 30-150 cm height.
• Its root and leaves are used for medicinal purpose.
• It provide Withanine and Somniferine important alkaloids.
• Root powder is used in consumption, emaciation of children ,
rheumatism, nervous exhaustion, brain-fag, sterility of women.
• It is propagated from seed . For one hectare 5 kg seed is required.

19. SAFED MUSLI-:
• It is also known as Indian Ginseng.
• The plant is naturally distributed in the sub- tropical forest of
Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat and Rajasthan.
• It is a wonder annual herb.
• It requires humid and warm climate.
• Its leaves are like garlic but slightly yellowish, and white flower
with 6 petals are arranged on the flowering stalk.
• It is propagated by seed or tubers.
• Its useful medicinal part is tuber and it posses saponine alkaloids.
• It is used in blood purification, leucorrhoea and energetic to heart
.

20. GHIRTHKUMARI-:
• Aloe vera is originated from to eastern and Southern Africa.
• In india it is cultivated from North-West to Central India.
• It is perennial multi-tuberous shallow rooted plant.
• Its flower type is called spike.
• It is propagated through root suckers or rhizome cuttings.
• Leaves are fleshy .
• Aloe contains glycosides like barrvolin, alesin and antraquinones .
• It is used as bitter, purgative aphrodisiac, and blood purifier.
• Its leaves are used for liver disorder , rheumatism and skin disorder.

21. CONSTRAINTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINAL
CROPS
• Lack of awareness among the farming community about the medicinal value of medicinal crops.
• Lack of researches .
• Lack of desirable seeds and planting material.
• Limited application of advance on-farm agro-techniques.
• Lack of application of innovative and novel technologies such as biotechnology, plasticulture for enhancement of
productivity.
• Lack of knowledge about post harvest management practices.
• Limited and inadequate marketing supports & infrastructure facilities for transportation, storage and processing.
• Poor recognition of these crops in medicinal promotion programmes.
• Improper institutional arrangements and limited role played by financial institutions in setting up of agro-
industrial and horticulture based industrial units.

22. CONCLUSION
• Medicinal plants are most important for human being.
• It is important to enhance the cultivation, conservation and maintain biodiversity.
• It provides self employment.
• It provides high income other horticultural crops.
• It is highly used in Ayurveda, Sidha and Unani system of medicine.
• Biodiversity of these plant should be maintained for future medicinal used in different natural areas.

23. REFERENCES:
• Bhattachterjee, S. K. (2001). Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Pointer Pub. Jaipur
• Manmohan, J. R. (2008). Manual of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. New Track Offset Pub.Udaipur.pp.6-41.
• Wyk, B. E. V.; Oudtshoorn, B. V. and Gericke, N. (1997). Medicinal plants of South Africa.
• Huang, W. Y. C.; Hyde, Y. Z. and Corke,K. D. (2008). Biodiversity of endophytic fungi associated with 29
traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Fungal Diversity. 33: 61-75.
• www.cimap.res.in
• www.medherb.org
• www.indianmedicine.nic.in
• www.who.org.in