The document discusses various antidotes, including sodium thiosulfate, activated charcoal, and sodium nitrite, detailing their chemical properties, uses, and modes of action against poisoning. Sodium thiosulfate is effective for cyanide poisoning, while activated charcoal serves as a universal antidote due to its absorbent nature, and sodium nitrite also aids in cyanide treatment. Additionally, it outlines their medicinal applications beyond antidotal effects, including antifungal uses and food preservation.

1. ANTIDOTE
Authored By:
Dr. Alex Martin
Ph.D., M. Pharm, FAGE

2. ANTIDOTES
POISON
Substances that on
achieving a sufficient
quantity can cause death
or are harmful to the living
tissues of the human body.
They usually cause
damage to the DNA of the
cells via chemical reaction.
ANTIDOTE
An antidote is referred to a
remedial measure or a
pharmacological
antagonist that can negate
and reverse the toxic
effects of a poison.
SYMPTOMS OF POISONING
Burns and
redness
around lips.
Skin may
turn pale or
blue.
GIT Symptoms:
Nausea,
Vomiting,
Diarroheae,
Abdominal
pain
Chills, Fever CNS:
Headache,
Drowsiness,
Dizziness,
Confusion
Severe
Symptoms:
Fragile Pulse,
Respiratory
Depression,
Coma.

3. SODIUM THIOSULFATE
1. Mol. Formula
= Na2S2O3. 5H20
3. Colour:
White
monoclinic
crystals
6. M.P. = 48°C
2. Synonym:
Sodium
hyposulfite
4. Odour: Odourless
7. Efflorescent in
nature (Looses water
rapidly)
5. Solubility: Readily soluble in water.
Insoluble in alcohol.
ASSAY OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE
0.1N I2 Solution
Na2S2O3 + H2O +
Starch Indicator
PRINCIPLE: REDOX REACTION (IODIMETRY)
1. Iodine reacts with Sodium Thiosulphate to
yield sodium tetrathionate and sodium iodide.
2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

4. 2. When whole of the sodium thiosulfate has
been consumed, the next drop of Iodine
solution reacts with starch indicator to form
the starch-iodine complex which is blue in
color.
3. Note the titre value
I2 + Starch [Starch-I2 complex]
(Blue colour)
4. Equivalent Weight Factor
Each ml of 0.1N I2 solution = 0.01581g of Na2S2O3
Colourless Blue Colour
Colour Change
5. % Purity =
MEDICINAL USES OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE
1. As antidote:
As antidote to cyanide poisoning. Sodium thiosulphate donates a sulphur
atom, facilitating rhodenase catalyzed conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate.
The thiocyante formed is less toxic and is easily excreted renally.

5. 2. Tinea
versicolor
infection
Topical
antifungal
agent for Tenia
versicolor.
3. Against Ringworm
Infections
Sodium Thiosulphate
is included in foot
baths as a
prophylatic against
Ringworm infections.
4. As a protectant in
Chemotherapy.
It protects against cisplatin
induced nephrotoxicity and
cisplatin induced hearing loss
in children to some extent.
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
2. Odour:
Odourless
1. Colour:
Black fine
powder
3. Synonym:
Universal
Antidote 4. M.P. = 3697° C
5. Physical property :
Adsorbent Property
Chemically non-
reactive and stable.
6. Flammable solid
Causes eye and
respiratory irritation

6. MEDICINAL USES OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
1. As an antidote:
Owing to its
adsorbent
properties, it
absorbs most of
the toxins from
GIT, thus earning
the title of
‘universal
Antidote’.
However, its
administration is
of lesser use when
sufficient amount
of time has passed
after consumption
of poison.
2. Teeth
whitening:
Owing to
its abrasive
nature and
its ability
to adsorb
stains to
some
extent, it is
included in
dentrifices.
3. In Stomach
Disorders:
Owing to its
adsorbent
attributes,
tablets and
capsules of
activated
charcoal are
available as
OTC drugs to
treat
diarrhea,
indigestion
and
flatulence
4. In Skincare
Activated
charcoal
adsorbs and
draws out
bacteria,
toxins, dead
cells, sebum,
dirt, dust
and
chemicals
from the
pores of the
skin in a
much easier
way.
5. In skin
infections and
wounds
Activated
charcoal
adsorbs
bacteria and
toxins from
skin and
wounds and
are therefore
used as
components
in topical
medicament
cream.

7. 7. In Chronic Kidney Failure
Activated charcoal in the blood can bind to
creatinine, urea, uric acid and phosphorous,
reducing the amount of waste that is to be
filtered through the kidneys. Thus, it aids in
reducing the frequency of dialysis.
8. Reduction of Serum Cholesterol and
triglyceride level
Activated Charcoal has been found to adsorb
cholesterol and bile salts from the gut, thus
preventing its intake in the blood.
6. In deodrants
Activated
Charcoal adsorbs
bacteria and
toxins on their
surface. Thus, it
eliminates odour.
SODIUM NITRITE
1. Mol. Formula:
NaNO2
2. Colour: White to
slightly yellowish
crystalline powder
4. Solubility: Highly
soluble in water
3. Odour: Sweet
odour 6. Hygroscopic salt
5. M.P. = 271°C

8. MEDICINAL USES OF SODIUM NITRITE
1. As an antidote
As an antidote to
cyanide
poisoning in
combination with
Sodium
Thiosulphate.
Sodium nitrite
induces
methemoglobine
mia(Converts
Fe2+ to Fe3+ of
haemoglobin).
This instantly
releases cyanide
from RBC.
2. As a food
additive
It improves the
aesthetic
appearance of
meat by
imparting in it
an attractive
pink color. The
pink colour is
due to the
formation of
nitrosochemoch
rome. It has E
number E250.
3. As a preservative
Sodium nitrite is bactericidal in nature and
therefore keeps away microbes from
processed meat products alongwith imparting
a bright pink colour.
USES OF
NAN02

9. THANK YOU.