The document discusses the digestive system, its functions, and disorders, and provides an overview of acidifiers used in pharmaceutical contexts. It details various acidifiers including gastric, urinary, systemic types, and specific examples like hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride, along with their properties, preparation, assay, storage, and uses. The text serves as an educational resource on digestive processes and related treatments.

1. 1
ACIDIFIERS
Shree WaranaVibhagShikshan Mandal's
Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy,
Warananagar
Created By
Miss. A. B. Patil
M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Assistant Professor

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Examples of Acidifiers

3. INTRODUCTION
• Digestion- It is mechanical and chemical
process that occurs in our body to break down the
ingested food in to smaller molecules.

4. INTRODUCTION
• Digestive System- The
organs used to break down
the food in to smaller
molecules which can be easily
absorbed and enters into body
cells are collectively known
as digestive System.
• It is also absorb minerals,
vitamins and water.
• It is a tubular system starts
from the buccal cavity
(mouth) to the Anus.

5. INTRODUCTION
• Various Organs of Digestive System or Gastro intestinal
tract (GIT)
1. Oral Cavity- Secretion of saliva, Mastication, size reduction
of food particals and swallowing.
2. Pharynx and esophagus- Deglutition, relaxation and
secretion of mucus.
3. Stomach- Secretion of gastric juice, enzymes (pepsin, gastrin),
chyme formation
4. Small Intestine- Mixing of chyme with digestive juice and
absorption
5. Large Intestine- Peristalsis and movement of colon contents
in to rectum, absorption of water, vitamins and ions.
6. Anus- Excretion or defecation of unabsorbed waste Products.

6. INTRODUCTION
• Disorders /Diseases of Digestive System-
• Vomiting- Forceful expulsion of the contents of the upper GIT,
through the mouth due to strongest stimuli
• Dysphagia- Difficulty in swallowing due to inflammation.
• Nausea- Loss of appetite and vomiting sensation due to local
irritation of GIT.
• Diarrhoea- Due to indigestion, inadequate absorption of fluids and
minerals from the large intestine leads to loose, urgent bowel
movements and dehydration.
• Constipation- Lack of peristaltic movement of large intestine.

7. INTRODUCTION
• Gastroenteritis- inflammation of the layers of small intestine
stomach due to bacterial and viral infection.
• Heart Burn- A burning sensation in a region near to the heart
due to the esophagus irritation by gastric acid.
• Hyperacidity- Excessive gastric acid secretion in stomach lead
to imbalance of hydrochloric acid and pepsin ratio.
• Achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria- Inadequate secretion of
gastric juice in stomach lead to increase in the stomach pH. The
symptoms are mild Diarrhea and epigastric pain.

8. INTRODUCTION
• Acidifiers- Acidifiers are the inorganic chemicals which
produce or become acid. These are the drugs which are able
to increase the level of gastric acid in the stomach when
ingested, and hence decreasing the pH of stomach.
• Some of these drugs are used to increase metabolic acidosis
whereas some of these are used to increase the gastric
hydrochloric acid.

9. INTRODUCTION
• These are many types of acidifiers but the main four
main types are:
1. Gastric acidifiers:
2. Urinary acidifiers:
3. Systemic acidifiers:
4. Acids

10. INTRODUCTION
• Gastric acidifiers: These are the drugs which are
used to restore temporarily the acidity of the stomach
in patients suffering from achlorhydria or
hypochlorhydria.
• Urinary acidifiers: These are the drug which is used
to render acidic urine to enable treatment of some
types of urinary tract disorders.

11. INTRODUCTION
• Systemic acidifiers: These are the drugs which are
able to neutralize the alkaline body fluid,
particularly blood, in patients who are suffering
from systemic alkalosis.
• Acids: Acids are used as pharmaceutical aids in the
preparation, laboratory quality control

12. EXAMPLES OF ACIDIFIERS
1. Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
2. Ammonium Chloride
3. Dilute Phosphoric Acid
4. Dilute Ammonia Solution
5. Sodium Acid Phosphate

13. Dilute Hydrochloric acid
1. Synonym- spirit of salt
2. Molecular Formula: HCl (10%w/w)
3. Molecular Weight: 36.46 g/mol
4. Preparation: It is prepared by adding 274gm of
concentrated hydrochloric acid slowly in to 726gm
of purified water.

14. Dilute Hydrochloric acid
5. Properties:
• It is a colourless liquid , strongly acidic.
• It is miscible with water, alcohol having a specific
gravity of 1.18
• It is a strong acid and attacks metals, forming their
hydrochlorides with the evolution of hydrogen gas.
• Even in high diluted form, it is very strongly acidic to
litmus.

15. Dilute Hydrochloric acid
6. Assay: Simple acid base neutralization reaction.
‐
4 g of HCl is transferred into a stoppered flask
which is having 40 mL of water. Now the solution is
titrated with 1 N NaOH, using Methyl orange as an
indicator.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ 2O

16. Dilute Hydrochloric acid
7. Storage: It should be stored in well closed container of glass
or other material at a temperature not exceeding 30 °C.
8. Dose: 0.6 to 8 mL
9. Uses:
• It is mainly used as a pharmaceutical aid or as an acidifying
agent.
• Used as gastric acidifier when levels of hydrochloric acid in
gastric juice are low.
• Externally used as a solvent, catalyst in basic pharmaceutical
and as acidifier.

17. Ammonium chloride
1. Synonym- Sal ammoniac
2. Molecular Formula: NH4Cl
3. Molecular Weight: 53.49 g/mol
4. Preparation: Ammonium chloride is prepared
commercially by combining ammonia (NH3) with either
hydrogen chloride (gas) or hydrochloric acid (water
solution):
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

18. Ammonium chloride
5. Properties:
• Appearance: White solid, hygroscopic
• Odor: Odourless
• Taste: Cooling saline
• Density: 1.5274 g/cm3
• Melting point: 3380
C (decomposes, sublimes)
• Solubility: free soluble in water and glycerol, Sparingly
soluble in alcohol

19. Ammonium chloride
6. Assay:
Dissolve 1.000 g of Ammonium chloride in 20 ml of
water and add a mixture of 5 ml of formaldehyde
solution, with few drops of phenolphthalein
solution. After 1 min to 2 min, titrate slowly with
1M sodium hydroxide.

20. Ammonium chloride
7. Storage: Store in highly closed container.
8. Dose: 1 to 2 gm (As systemic acidifier); 0.3 to 0.5 gm
(Expectorant)
9. Uses:
• Ammonium chloride is used as an expectorant in cough medicine
• Ammonium chloride is used as a systemic acidifying agent in
treatment of severe metabolic alkalosis.
• The main application of ammonium chloride is as a nitrogen
source in fertilizers.

21. THANK YOU….