This document discusses poisons and antidotes. It begins by listing some common poisons such as medications, cleaning substances, pesticides, cosmetics, and animal bites. It then defines a poison as any harmful substance and classifies poisons into agricultural/industrial chemicals, drugs, and biological toxins. The document describes antidotes as substances that counteract poisons and lists types of antidotes based on their mechanisms of action. It provides details on activated charcoal and common antidotes for cyanide poisoning such as sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate.
Anatacid || B pharmacy First Year || Presentation || kkwagh ||
This presentation is helpful for your study
This Presentation Contain
• Introduction
• characteristics of ideal antacid
• classification of antacid
• Some common use antacid
Anatacid || B pharmacy First Year || Presentation || kkwagh ||
This presentation is helpful for your study
This Presentation Contain
• Introduction
• characteristics of ideal antacid
• classification of antacid
• Some common use antacid
Impurities in pharmaceutical substancesShaliniBarad
Impurities definition
Sources of impurities
Effect/ type of impurities
Limit test definition
Limit test Importance,
Principle & procedure of Limit test for iron, chloride, sulphate, arsenic & heavy metals.
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Impurities in pharmaceutical substancesShaliniBarad
Impurities definition
Sources of impurities
Effect/ type of impurities
Limit test definition
Limit test Importance,
Principle & procedure of Limit test for iron, chloride, sulphate, arsenic & heavy metals.
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
covered antidote definition, classification, mechanisms. also sodium nitrite drug with their molecular formula, molecular weight,physical properties,chemical properties,reactions ,uses etc.refered from various books and search from google also.for any queries comment below.
MAKAUT/SEM 1/ PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY/ UNIT 3/GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS_ANTIMICROBIAL
BY
KUNAL DATTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B.PHARM , M.PHARM
NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
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According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
1. Poison and Antidote
Mrs. Dipali M.Kulkarni,
Assistant Professor,
Yash Institute of Pharmacy,
Aurangabad.
2. Most common poisons:
Pain medicine, Iron pills, anticonvulsants & antidepressants
Cleaning substances (household substances) e.g. Antimicrobials,
Toilet cleaners, rust removers,
Pesticides e.g. chemicals to kill bugs & other pests
Cosmetics & personal care products e.g. nail glue remover & nail primer, coloring
substances like lipsticks, nail polish etc
Topical preparations e.g. topical anesthetics which keeps the
blood from carrying oxygen to the tissues.
Bites and stings e.g. snakes, ticks, spider, bees, insects bites etc
or also called Venom (Animal poison delivered subcutaneously)
Carbon monoxide & hydrocarbons like gasoline, kerosene,
lighter fluid, furniture polish & paint thinner
Poison and Antidote
3. Poison:
Any substance that is
harmful to your body
Any substance that
cause disturbances in
organisms.
You might swallow it, inhale it,
inject it or absorb through skin.
Classification: poisons
(chemicals) can be divided
into three broad groups as per
there sources
Agricultural and
industrial chemicals
Drugs and health care
products
Biological poisons
4. 1. Agricultural chemicals
• Pesticides: which include insecticides, herbicides,
fungicides, fumigants, and rodenticides.
• Industrial chemicals: hydrocarbons chlorinated
hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters etc. as
well as chemicals found in or near households
• Poisoning with industrial chemicals occurs most often by
either through skin (percutaneous) or inhalation routes.
5. 2. Drugs and health care products
Pain medicine, Iron
pills,
anticonvulsants &
antidepressants & cosmetics
etc
3. Biotoxins or
Biological
poisons:can be
conveniently grouped
into 3 major categories:
Microbial toxins- poisons
produced by bacteria like blue
green algae, dinoflagellates,
golden brown algae etc.
Phytotoxins-poisons produced
by plants .
Zootoxins-Poisons produced by
animal.
“Antidote” Substances used to counteract the action of
these chemicals or form of poisoing are called
6. Antidote
Types of Antidotes based on
mechanism of action:
Physiological
antidote
(Counteracts the
physiological
effects of poison):
e.g. Sodium
Nitrite
converts
haemoglobin
into
methemoglobi
n
in order to bind cyanide
and converts more toxic
cyanide to less toxic
cyanomethemoglobin.
Nitrite +
oxyhemoglob
in →
methemoglo
bin + cyanide
Toxic
Cyanomethemoglobi
n
Less
toxic
7. Chemical antidote
(Acts by changing
the Chemical
nature of the
poison):
e.g. Sodium thiosulphate causes
conversion of systematic Toxic
cyanide to non-toxic
thiocyanide.
Mechanical
Antidote (prevents
the Absorption of
the poison into the
poison into the
body):
E.g. Activated charcoal adsorbs
poison hence preventing their
absorption
Precipitates the toxic materials
by insoluble salts.
Types of Antidotes based on mechanism of action:
8. Antidotes in most common use:
Cyanide poisoning: Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2), Sodium Thiosulphate (Na2S2O3)
Universal Antidote: Activated Charcoal
• Activated Charcoal
It is similar to common charcoal but is made especially for medical use.
During its preparation the wood charcoal is treated with various substances
like steam, air, CO2, Oxygen, ZnCl2, Sulphuiric acid or phosphoric acid - helps
charcoal to develop many internal spaces or "pores".
These pores help activated charcoal trap chemicals – strong
adsorptive agent.
9. Activated Charcoal
Odourless, tasteless, fine black powder.
Insoluble in water or any other solvents.
Adsorb effectively all heavy metals, viruses, bacterial & fungal toxins by binding poisons within GIT
and prevents its absorbtion.
This allows their transfer out of the body in a harmless form.
Common drug poisoning is - aspirin, charcoal should be given within the first 30 min of an overdose
or aspirin poisoning.
Powdered form of it reaches its maximum rate of adsorption rapidly within one min compare to other
forms.
It is mainly known both for its use in drug overdoses and chemical poisonings.
It act to purify & cleanse the body due to its amazing ability to attract poisons to itself.
10. Uses:
In treating poisoning and overdoses through oral, injection rout
in air purification, gold purification, metal extraction, water purification,
medicine, sewage treatment, air filters in gas masks.
Pregnancy in which normal flow of bile is affected (cholestasis)
Prevent gas, Reduce high cholesterol & to Prevent a hangover.
Side effects: constipation and black stools.
Rare, side effects are a slowing or blockage of the intestinal tract &
dehydration.
Stomach cramps & swelling of the abdomen.
Dose: adults :25-100g & children:25-50g
11. Chemical formula NaNO2.
white to slightly yellowish crystalline powder
very soluble in water and is hygroscopic
contains not less than 97.0% & not more than 101.0%
of sodium nitrite
It can act as both oxidizing & reducing agent.
When its reacts with oxidizing agent, nitric oxide (NO) is the
product in acidic solution
Nitrogen gas is in neutral to alkaline solutoin.
Uses: it is used as a antidote for cyanide poisoning
Side effects: head pain, blurred vision.
Dose: 30 –120mg.
Sodium nitrite
12. It give pale brown fumes of nitrous acid
with dilute acids
2NaNO2 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2 HNO2
3HNO2 ↔ HNO3 + 2 NO↑ + H2O
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
Method of Analysis:
About 10 ml of 1% w/v aqueous solution is added by a pipette to 0.1 N
KMnO4 soluton acidified with sulfuric acid
The formed unstable nitrousacid (HNO2) readily breaks down into
oxide & nitric nitrogen dioxide
2HNO2 → NO + NO2 + H2O
13. Nitrous acid also behaves as a reducing agent for it may be
oxidised to nitric acid by KMnO4.
• NaNO2 + H2SO4 → HNO2+ NaHSO4 HNO2 + O → HNO3
A known excess 25 ml of 0.1N oxalic acid is added & heated. is
back titrated with 0.1N KMnO4. Oxalic acid is quantitatively
oxidized on warming.
H2C2O4 + O → H2O + 2CO2↑
Factor: Each ml of 0.1 N KMnO4 is equivalent to 0.00345 g of
NaNO2.
14. precursors to many
dyes, such as diazo
dyes.
A reagent for
conversion of amino
into diazo compounds
Industrial production
of organonitrogen
compounds
Nitroso compounds
are produced
These are used in the
rubber industry.
spoilage or disease
causing
microorganisms.
its effectiveness
depends on residual
nitrite level,
pH, salt
concentration,
reductants present,
iron content.
15. Colorless, water-soluble
salt.
Calcium-chelating agent.
Used in removing toxic
substances from body.
salt can be injected, taken
orally, or applied to the skin.
It is also used in some vital
tests for kidney patients to
glean information without
doing harm.
In combination with sodium
nitrite used as an antidote
for cyanide poisoning in
both children and adults.
reacts with the cyanide
and forms
sodiumthioyanate, a
nontoxic substance that can
then be excreted harmlessly
Used to treat arsenic
poisoning.
Useful in removing excess
copper from patients too.
Sodium Thiosulphate
16. Uses: It is used as
an antidote to
cyanide poisoning.
Thiosulfate acts as a
sulfur donor for the
conversion of
cyanide to
thiocyanate (urine),
catalyzed by the
enzyme rhodanase.
Side effects: muscle
cramps, blurred
vision, pain in joints
& vomiting.
Dose: 12.5gms in
adults…..and 7gms
for children
17. Preparation
• Few grams of the sodium carbonate are dissolved in 300ml of hot water &
about five-sixths of the solution is placed in one flask and the remainder
in another flask.
• Those flaks are connected in series so the sulfur dioxide gas may be
passed first into the larger volume of solution, & what is there
unabsorbed may pass on through the second flask.
Na2CO3 + 2SO2 + H2O → 2NaHSO3 + CO2
After a short time a marked foaming occurs in the first flask
due to the escape of carbon dioxide and after this foaming
ceases a similar frothing soon commences in the second flask.
18. Preparation
• The obtained solution of sodium bisulfite is place in a 600
ml beaker and cautiously treated with 53 g of sodium
carbonate.
2NaHSO3 + Na2CO3 → 2Na2SO3 + CO2 + H2O
• The solution is boiled for 15 min then is treated with 48 g
powdered sulfur wetted with small amount of ethanol and
gently boiled under reflux for an hr & a half or longer.
Na2SO3 + S →2Na2S2O3
• The obtained solution is filtered & the solution is left at
room temperature in a crystallizing dish to set to
crystallize.
19. Method of Analysis
Assay: Sodium thiosulpahte can analyse by using ceric
ammonium sulphate and KMnO4 solution.
Reference:
Please refer: Pharmaceutical Analysis Practical
Observation cum Manual book for more details.
