The document provides a comprehensive overview of various antimicrobial agents including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, and anthelmintic agents, along with examples and their medicinal uses. It discusses specific compounds such as potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, and iodine solutions, detailing their properties, application methods, and chemical reactions involved in titrations and disinfectant properties. Additionally, it outlines the significance of these agents in clinical settings for treating infections and preventing microbial contamination.

1. ANTIMICROBIALS
Authored By:
Dr. Alex Martin
Ph.D., M.Pharm, FAGE

2. Antibacterial
Agents
that act
against
bacteria.
Eg:
Penicillin,
Cephalos
porin
Antifungal
Agents
that act
against
fungus. Eg:
Amphoteri
cin,
Griseofulvi
n
Antiviral
Agents
that act
against
viruses.
Eg:
Acyclovir,
Zidovudin
Antiprotozoal
Agents that
acts against
protozoa. Eg:
Chloroquine,
Pyrimethami
ne
Anthelmintic
Agents that
act against
helminths
or parasitic
worms. Eg:
Mebendazol
e,
Albendazole

3. 1. Beta-lactam antibiotics
Eg: Penicillin, Cephalosporin
2. Tetracycline
3. Aminoglycoside
antibiotics
4. Macrolide
antibiotics
5. Quinolones/
Flouroquinolones
Eg: Nalidixic acid,
Ciprofloxacin
6. Sulfonamides
7. Polyene
antibiotics
Eg:
Amphotericin
B, Nystatin
10.
Glycopeptide
antibiotics
Metronidazole

4. 1. Purple
colored crystals
2. Odorless
3. Sweet taste
5. M.P. = 240°C
4. Mol. Formula: KMnO4
6. Soluble in water. Is
purple in color as
concentrated solution
and pink color when
dilute.
Medicinal
Attributes of
KMNO4
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Astringent
Disinfectant
Deodorising

5. 2. As astringent agent
Applied to wounds as
soaked dressing or bath.
3. Disinfectant agent
In higher concentration it
is used as a disinfectant.
4. As
deodorizin
g agent
Used to
deodorize
rotten egg
smell of
water
5. Oral Decontamination
For decontamination of
mouth and maintenance
of oral hygiene.

6. 1. Colorless/
white
crystalline
solid.
5. Soluble in water
3. Mol. Formula = H3BO3
4. M.P = 170.9°C
2. Odorless
2. As antibacterial
agent
3. As antifungal agent 4. As preservative
1. As
antiseptic
As antiseptic for
minor cuts and
wounds. Also used
as Boracic lint.
As Vaginal douches for
the treatment of
bacterial vaginosis, acne.
For the treatment of
oral candidiasis caused
by Non-albicans,
Athelet’s foot.
As preservative
in eye drops and
urine collection
bottles.

7. 1. Pale Blue
colored liquid
2. Slightly more
viscous than
water
6. B.P. = 150.2°C
5. Soluble in
water, ether and
alcohol.
4. Aqueous
solution: Bitter in
taste.
3. Pungent odor
like that of Nitric
acid
PRINCIPLE:
Permaganometry
Redox titration that involves the use of permaganate to
measure the amount of analyte in unknown sample.

8. 1. KMNO4 reacts with H2O2 to form colorless
solution of KHSO4 and MnSO4
5H202 + 2KMnO4 + 4H2SO4
2KHSO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
2. The reaction is initially slow to begin but
the presence of maganese ions acts as a
catalyst, aiding the reactants to react faster
and titration to be completed on time.
3. When whole of the H202 has reacted, a
drop in excess of KMnO4 will produce a
permanent pale pink colour that persists in
the conical flask.
4. Thus, KMnO4 acts as a self-indicator.
0.5 ml H2O2 + 10
ml H2SO4 + 100
ml H20 + small
scoop of MnSO4
KMNO4
1. Add 0.5 ml H2O2
+ 10 ml H2SO4 +
100 ml H20 + small
scoop of MnSO4
2. Fill 0.02M
KMnO4 upto
100 ml

9. 3. Carry out the titration.
4. End point: Colorless to permanent pale pink color
Equivalent weight factor:
Each ml of 0.02M KMnO4 Ξ 0.001701 g of H2O2
CALCULATION:
Vol. of KMnO4 (ml) x Normality of
KMn04 x Equivalent weight factor x
1000
Volume of KMnO4 in conical flask
MEDICINAL USES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
2. As antiseptic
1. Antimicrobial: Kills
bacteria, fungi, molds,
yeasts and their spores. It is
also viricidal.
1a) Antiseptic
1b) Disinfectant

10. 1. As antiseptic
As mild antiseptic, to prevent infection on skin cuts, wounds,
bruises and burns.
2. As Disinfectant
It is used to disinfect surfaces free of bacteria, virus and fungi.
3. As vegetable washer
The mild microcidal property of H2O2 permits it be used for washing
vegetables and terminating possible microbial contamination.
4. As Hair bleaching agent
5. Mixed with aqueous ammonia, it is used to bleach hair.

11. 1. Mol formula: Ca(OCl)2
2. Synonym: Sodium
Hypochlorite, Bleaching
powder, Chlorine
powder
3. White amorphous
powder
4. Odour: Chlorinated
odour
6. M.P. = 100°C
5. Solubility: Freely
soluble in water.
1. 10ml Ca(OCl)2 +
10ml KI + 10 ml glacial
acetic acid
2. After 5 mins, add Starch
0.1N Sodium
thiosulphate
PRINCIPLE
1. Ca(OCl2) liberates chlorine gas on
treatment with glacial acetic acid
Ca(OCl2) + 2CH3COOH Ca(CH3COO)2
+ H20 + Cl2
2.The liberated chlorine reacts with excess of
KI (in acidic medium) to release equivalent
amount of iodine.
Cl2 + KI 2KCl + I2

12. 4. The iodine is now determined by titrating it against Standardized solution of
Sodium Thiosulphate.
At this stage, the iodine dissociates from the Starch-Iodine complex and reacts with
Na2S2O3 to form NaI
5. The end point is therefore a change in colour from voilet to colourless
2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
PROCEDURE
1. 10ml of Ca(OCl2) + 10ml glacial
CH3COOH + 10ml KI solution.
2. Shake well for 5 minutes. Then
add 2ml Starch solution
3. The solution
in the conical
flask turns
voilet.

13. 4. Fill the burette with 0.1 N Na2S2O3 upto 100ml.
5. Carry out the titration (Na2S2O3 Vs I2).
6. Continue titration till the end point is reached. End point is indicated by the
change in colour from voilet to colourless
7. Repeat the titration to get concordant titre value.
Equivalent Weight factor:
Each ml of 0.1N Na2S2O3 Ξ 0.003546 g of Cl2
CALCULATION
Vol. of Na2S2O3 (ml) x Normality of Na2S2O3 x
Equivalent weight factor x 1000
Volume of Ca(OCl2) in conical flask

14. 1. As antiseptic. To be applied on
superficial wounds
2. As disinfectant
Dakin’s
solution:
Prevents
infections
from
cuts,scrape
s.
Therefore,
used before
and after
surgery to
prevent
infections
Eusol’s
solution:
Antiseptic
lotion for
wound
disinfection
and wet
dressing
To
disinfec
t water
(particu
larly, in
swimmi
ng
pools).
As kitchen
disinfecta
nt,
bathroom
cleanser,
househol
d
disinfecta
nt sprays
3. As whitening agents in laundry detergents.
RAPID
MICROBICIDAL
ACTION.

15. IODINE AND ITS PREPARATIONS
1. Dark Purple
lusturous crystals
2. Odour:
Pungent
3. Slightly soluble in
water. Freely soluble
in diethyl ether
4. M.P. = 113.6°C
Sublimes easily
when heated to
give purple
vapors.
LUGOL’S IODINE
1. Solution of
KI + I2 in water
2. The role of iodide is
to increase the
solubulity of iodine,
by formation of
triodide ion, I3¯
4. Alcohol free
solution.
Therefore, non-
irritant to wounds.
3. Has twice the mass of KI as of I2
5. Synonyms:
Strong Iodine
Solution, Aqueous
Iodine

16. MEDICINAL USES OF LUGOL’S SOLUTION
1. As an
antiseptic
to cleanse
wounds
and make
them
pathogen
free.
However,
it may
result in a
temporar
y staining
of the
skin.
4. In Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyrodism)
and Grave’s disease until surgery can
be performed. Iodide in Lugol’s
solution decreases the amount of
thyroid hormones and reduced the
amount of blood flow within the gland
3. To protect healthy
thyroid gland cells
from radioactive
iodine (blocks thyroid
gland cells from
absorbing radioactive
iodine that is used in
cancer).
2. In Iodine
deficiency and in
cretenism 5. Schiller’s Test: In colposcopy, to
visualize cancer tissues in the cervical
area and vagina. Normal tissues with
high glycogen content are stained
brown while cancerous tissues
remain pale.
6. To diagnose Oral cancer and
other infections in mucogingival
junction (mucosa cell layer of the
cheeks and floor of the mouth). The
layer has a higher glycogen content
that is stained brown on contact
with lugol’s solution.

17. TINCTURE OF IODINE
3. Synonyms: Weak Iodine solution, Iodine tincture
1. It comprises 2-7% I2 + KI/NaI in a mixture of ethanol and water
2. Iodine is slightly soluble in water and therefore ethanol is used
in this formulation to increase solubility of I2.
MEDICINAL USES OF TINCTURE OF IODINE
As an antiseptic: to
disinfect wounds
Disinfectant: To disinfect
water used for drinking
purposes
To sanitize the surface
of vegetables and
fruits.

18. Povidone-iodine
1. Contains 10% povidone + I2 = 10,000 parts/per million or 1 %.
1. To
disinfect
skin before
and after
surgery
2. To
disinfect
minor cuts,
bruises,
wounds,
etc.
3. In
vaginitis,
due to
candidal,
trichomonal
infections.
4. In
neonatal
conjuctivitis
caused by N.
gonorrheae
& Chalmydia
trachomatis.
5. In Pleurodesis:
Povidone-iodine
is introduced
into the plueral
space through a
chest drain. This
closes the
pleural space
and stops plueral
effusion.

19. THANK YOU