This slide contains the details from topic, "Dental Product", B.Pharm 1st Semester, Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry.
Dental Product
Desensitizing Agent
Dental Caries
Dentifrices
Role of Fluoride
Dental product is a topic of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry,for B.Pharmacy First year students.
this ppt is presented with the aim to enable with students to easily grasp unfamiliar,unacquainted & seemingly complicated concepts of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry so that it helps them to kindle their interest in the subject.
Prepared by,
Ms. Megha M. Muley
Assistant Professor
Limt test Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-III) Limit Test.
Limit tests:- Factors affecting limit tests:
Specificity of the tests
Sensitivity
Control of personal errors (Analyst errors)
Test in which there is no visible reaction
Comparison methods
Quantitative determination
Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result
Limit test for Iron: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Heavy metal: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Lead: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Arsenic: Principle, Gutzet test Procedure, detail in Gutzet Apparatus. observation and result.
Modifies Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Modified Limit test for sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
Types and Sources of impurities.pptx Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Types and Sources of impurities. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-II) Impurities:
Impure Chemical Compound
Pure Chemical Compound.
Types of impurities: Organic Impurity, Inorganic impurity, Residual solvent, Sources of Impurities in Pharmaceuticals
The different sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals are listed below:
Raw material used in manufacture
Reagents used in manufacturing process
Method/ process used in manufacture or method of manufacturing
Chemical processes used in the manufacture
Atmospheric contamination during the manufacturing process
Intermediate products in the manufacturing process
Defects in the manufacturing process
Manufacturing hazards
Inadequate Storage conditions
Decomposition of the product during storage
Accidental substitution or deliberate adulteration with spurious or useless materials.
Test for purity: Pharmacopoeia prescribes the “Test for purity” for pharmaceutical substances to check their freedom from undesirable impurities.
Pharmacopoeia will decide and fix the limit of tolerance for these impurities.
For certain common impurities for which pharmacopoeia prescribes the test of purity are:
Colour, odour, taste
Physicochemical constants (Iodine value, saponification value, melting point, refractive index etc.)
Acidity, alkalinity, pH
Humidity (Estimation of moisture)
Cations and anions
Insoluble Constituent or Residue.
Ash, Water insoluble ash
Arsenic or lead
Loss on drying
Loss on ignition.
Effect of Impurities
This slide contains the details from topic, "Dental Product", B.Pharm 1st Semester, Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry.
Dental Product
Desensitizing Agent
Dental Caries
Dentifrices
Role of Fluoride
Dental product is a topic of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry,for B.Pharmacy First year students.
this ppt is presented with the aim to enable with students to easily grasp unfamiliar,unacquainted & seemingly complicated concepts of Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry so that it helps them to kindle their interest in the subject.
Prepared by,
Ms. Megha M. Muley
Assistant Professor
Limt test Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-III) Limit Test.
Limit tests:- Factors affecting limit tests:
Specificity of the tests
Sensitivity
Control of personal errors (Analyst errors)
Test in which there is no visible reaction
Comparison methods
Quantitative determination
Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result
Limit test for Iron: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Heavy metal: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Lead: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Arsenic: Principle, Gutzet test Procedure, detail in Gutzet Apparatus. observation and result.
Modifies Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Modified Limit test for sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
Types and Sources of impurities.pptx Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Types and Sources of impurities. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-II) Impurities:
Impure Chemical Compound
Pure Chemical Compound.
Types of impurities: Organic Impurity, Inorganic impurity, Residual solvent, Sources of Impurities in Pharmaceuticals
The different sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals are listed below:
Raw material used in manufacture
Reagents used in manufacturing process
Method/ process used in manufacture or method of manufacturing
Chemical processes used in the manufacture
Atmospheric contamination during the manufacturing process
Intermediate products in the manufacturing process
Defects in the manufacturing process
Manufacturing hazards
Inadequate Storage conditions
Decomposition of the product during storage
Accidental substitution or deliberate adulteration with spurious or useless materials.
Test for purity: Pharmacopoeia prescribes the “Test for purity” for pharmaceutical substances to check their freedom from undesirable impurities.
Pharmacopoeia will decide and fix the limit of tolerance for these impurities.
For certain common impurities for which pharmacopoeia prescribes the test of purity are:
Colour, odour, taste
Physicochemical constants (Iodine value, saponification value, melting point, refractive index etc.)
Acidity, alkalinity, pH
Humidity (Estimation of moisture)
Cations and anions
Insoluble Constituent or Residue.
Ash, Water insoluble ash
Arsenic or lead
Loss on drying
Loss on ignition.
Effect of Impurities
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia.pptxMs. Pooja Bhandare
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry:
IMPORTANTS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Introduction of Pharmacopoeia, Types of Pharmacopoeia, History of pharmacopoeia, HISTROY OF INDIAN PHARMACOPOEIA
Content of pharmacopoeia Introduction including general Notices
Monographs of the official drugs
Appendices
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia.pptxMs. Pooja Bhandare
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry:
IMPORTANTS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Introduction of Pharmacopoeia, Types of Pharmacopoeia, History of pharmacopoeia, HISTROY OF INDIAN PHARMACOPOEIA
Content of pharmacopoeia Introduction including general Notices
Monographs of the official drugs
Appendices
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Arsenic is well known under desirable hand harmful due to its toxic nature, it poses the serious health hazard, which is present in medical substance, many qualitative and quantitative test for arsenic known, however Pharmacopoeia method is based on ‘Gutzeit Method’.
Concentration of arsenic beyond 0.01 mg/L in pollutant by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Reasons:
• Stannous chloride is used for complete evolution of arsine.
• Zinc, potassium iodide and stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent.
• Hydrochloride acid is used to make the solution acidic.
• Lead acetate pledger or papers are used to trap any hydrogen sulphide, which may be evolved along with arsine.
Contents
Definition
Purposes
Ingredients
Types of toothpaste
How to choose a toothpaste?
Toxic components of a toothpaste
Caution on toothpaste usage
Definition
A toothpaste or dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces of the teeth.
Toothpaste Ingredients
Different types of Toothpastes
ANTI-CARIES AGENTS
Fluoride:
considered to be the most effective caries-inhibiting agent, and almost all toothpastes today contain fluoride in one form or the other
The most common form is sodium fluoride (NaF), but mono-fluoro-phosphate (MFP) and stannous fluoride (SnF) are also used
Fluoride is most beneficial when the mouth is not rinsed with water after tooth brushing. In this way a bigger amount of fluoride is retained in the oral cavity
How do teeth decay?
Tooth decay begins when the outer surface of the tooth is attacked by acid. The acid is produced by bacteria which live on the surfaces of the teeth as a layer called plaque. When foods or drinks containing sugars enter the mouth, the bacteria within the plaque rapidly converts the sugars into acid. The plaque can hold the acid in contact with the tooth surface for up to 2 hours before it is neutralized by saliva.
During the time that the plaque is acidic, some of the calcium and phosphate minerals, of which enamel is largely composed, are dissolved out of the enamel into the plaque. This process is called demineralisation.
Fluoride:
There are three main theories considering the positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
Positive action of fluoride in the prevention of caries:
the most important anti-caries effect is claimed to be due to the formation of calcium fluoride (CaF2) in plaque and on the enamel surface during and after rinsing or brushing with fluoride.
CaF2 serves as a fluoride reservoir.
When the pH drops, fluoride and calcium are released into the plaque fluid.
Fluoride diffuses with the acid from plaque into the enamel pores and forms fluoroapatite (FAP).
FAP incorporated in the enamel surface is more resistant to a subsequent acid attack.
Mouthwashes
A mouthwash is defined as a non-sterile aqueous solution used mostly for its deodorant, refreshing or antiseptic effect.
Mouthwashes or rinses are designed to reduce oral bacteria, remove food particles, temporary reduce bad breathe and provide a pleasant taste.
Mouth rinses are generally classified as either cosmetic or therapeutic or a combination of the two.
Mouthwashes
Therapeutic rinses
often have the benefits of their cosmetic counterparts,
but also contain an added active ingredient, f. ex. fluoride or chlorhexidine, that help protect against some oral diseases.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Introduction
History
Bleaching agent
Classification of Bleaching technique.
Vital bleaching technique
Effect of vital bleaching on tooth structure
Effect of vital bleaching on tetracycline stain
Effect of vital bleaching on Fluorosis stain
Effect of vital bleaching on restorative material
Conclusion
References
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PH...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-4
Polyploidy reference to medicinal plants.
Types Of Polyploidy
A. Euploidy
a.Autopolyploidy
b. Allopolyploidy
B. Aneuploidy
1. Causes Of Polyploidy
2. Non-disjunction in mitosis
3. Non-reduction in meiosis
4. Polyspermy
5. Endo-replication or Endo- reduplication.
Factors Promoting Polyploidy
1. Physical factor
2. Chemical factor
3. Biological factor
Physical factor:-
Temperature :- heat temperature & cold temperature
Centrifugation
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
Ionizing & non-ionizing radiations
UV-radiations
Chemical factor:-
Alkylating agents:- nitrogen & sulphur mustard
Acridines
Proflavins
Nitrous acid
Colchicines[6]
Colchicines (Poisonous alkaloids):-
Biological factor
Mode of reproduction
Mode of fertilization
Breeding system present (Hybridization)
Growth habit of the plant
Size of chromosomes
Application Of Polyploidy
Mutation breeding
Seedless fruits production
Bridge crossing
Ornamental & forage breeding
Disease resistance through aneuploidy
Industrial application of polyploidy
mutation reference to medicinal plants
Type of mutations:
1. Spontaneous and induced mutations.
2. Recessive and dominant mutations.
3. Somatic and germinal mutations.
4. Forward, back and suppressor mutation.
5. Chromosomal, genomic and point mutations
Application Of Mutation:
Hybridization reference to medicinal plants
The following steps are involved in hybridization of plant:
Choice Of Parents:.
Selfing Of Parents
Emasculation:.
Bagging:
Crossing Or Cross Pollination
Labelling
Collection Of Hybrid Seeds
Significance of Hybridization
PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-2.FACTORS AFFECTING CULTIVATION
1. Altitude
2.Temperature
3. Rainfall
4. Day Length and Day Light
5. Soil
6. Soil Fertility
7. Fertilizers and Manures
a) Chemical fertilizers
(b) Manures
(c) Biofertilizers
8. Pests and Pests Control
a. Microbes
b) Insects
C) Non insect pests
d) Weeds
9. Other Factors that Affect the Cultivated Plants
a. Air Pollution
b. Herbicide
Cultivation and collections of drugs of natural origin..pptxMs. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-1Cultivation and collections of drugs of natural origin.
Advantages of cultivation
Methods of Plant Propagation
1.Sexual method (seed propagation)
2. Asexual method
Methods of sowing the seeds
Broadcasting Dibbling Miscellaneous
Special treatment to seeds
Asexual method.
Asexual method of vegetative propagation consists of three types:
a) Natural methods of vegetative propagation.
b) Artificial methods of vegetative propagation.
c) Aseptic method of micropropagation (tissue-culture).
COLLECTION OF CRUDE DRUGS
HARVESTING OF CRUDE DRUGS
DRYING OF CRUDE DRUGS
(1) natural (sun drying) and (2) artificial
Artificial Drying
Drying by artificial means includes drying the drugs in
(a) an oven; i.e. tray-dryers;
(b) vacuum dryers and
(c) spray dryers.
GARBLING (DRESSING)
PACKING OF CRUDE DRUGS
STORAGE & PRESEVATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin. PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-3.
CONTENTS
Adulteration
Evaluation of adulteration
Morphological / Organoleptic evaluation
Microscopic evaluation
Quantitative evaluation
Physical evaluation
Chemical evaluation
Biological evaluation
Adulteration is of two types:
Indirect or Unintentional adulteration
Direct or Intentional adulteration
Intentional adulteration may be due to the following reasons
adulteration using manufactured substances
substitution using inferior commercial varieties
substitution using exhausted drugs
substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substance
adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant
addition of toxic materials
adulteration of powders
addition of synthetic principles
Evaluation of Crude Drugs
1. ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
2. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
Stomatal index Vein-islet number
Veinlet termination number
Palisade ratio
Quantitative Microscopy (Lycopodium Spore Method)
3.CHEMICAL EVALUATION
4. Physical Evaluation
I. Solubility
II. Optical Rotation
III. Refractive Index
III. Specific Gravity
IV Viscosity
V. Melting Point
VI. Moisture Content
VII. Ultraviolet Light
VIII. Ash Values
Total ash
Acid-insoluble ash
The water-soluble ash
IX. Extractive Values
X. Foreign Organic Matters
5. BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Toxicity
Oxytocic activity
Microbiological assays
Classification of Crude Drugs. HARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Classification of Crude Drugs.PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-2.
A method of classification should be:
a) simple,
b) easy to use, and
c) free from confusion and ambiguities.
TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION.
1.Alphabetical classification
2.Taxonomical classification
3.Morphological classification
4.Pharmacological classification
5.Chemical classification
6.Chemotaxonomical classification
7. Serotaxanomical Classification
Animal Cell Culture: Growth of animal cells in culture. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROB...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-4
Animal Cell Culture: Growth of animal cells in culture.
Introduction: Histroy, The culture media used for animal cell culture are classified as,
Natural, Artificial, Synthesized
Natural Culture Media:
a. Blood Plasma:
b. Blood Serum:
c. Tissue Extracts:
Artificial Media
Some common examples of artificial media are,
Minimal Essential Medium (MEM),
CMRL 1066,
RPMI 1640.
Synthetic media re classified as,
Serum Containing Media.
Serum Free Media.
a. Serum Containing Media:
b. Serum Free Media:
Physicochemical Parameters needed for growth animal cell culture:
General procedure for cell Culture.
Isolation of the tissue:
Disaggregation of the Tissue:
Mechanical disaggregation
b. Enzymatic Disaggregation
. Trypsin based disaggregation or trypsinization:
Warm trypsinization:
Cold trypsinization:
Drawbacks of trypsin disaggregation:
B. Collagenase based disaggregation:
C. Chelating Agents:
3. Seeding of Culture:
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents. PHARMACEU...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-3
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents.
Introduction. Ideal Properties of Preservatives:
Antimicrobial Chemical Preservatives
Development of a Preservative System.
Factors affecting efficacy of a preservative: 1. Interaction With components of the formulation
2. Properties of the Preservatives:
3) Effect of Containers.
4) Type of microbes:
5) Influence of pH:
Challenge Test: Efficacy Test of Preservative : Medium used, Choice of test organism:
Preparation of the inoculum:
Procedure:
Interpretation of Results:
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLO...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-2
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage.
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage
1. Physical and chemical changes:
2. Assessment of viable microorganisms in non-sterile products:
3. Sterility test:
4. Estimation of pyrogens:
Microbial Limit Tests:
Total Aerobic Microbial Count:
Membrane Filtration.
Plate Count Methods.
Pour Plate Method.
Surface spread Method.
Most Probable Number(MPN)
Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-V Part-1
Types of spoilage, factors affecting the microbial spoilage of pharmaceutical products, source and type of contaminants. Introduction: Defintion Types of Microbial Spoilage:
1. Infection induced due to contaminated pharmaceutical products: Table no. 1.1 Common pathogens spoiling pharmaceutical products:
2. Physicochemical spoilage –
i) Viable growth ii) Gas production
iii) Colouration / Decolouration
iv) Odour formation
v) Taste change
3. Physical Spoilage:
Cracking of emulsion:
Odor changes
4. Biological spoilage:
Microbial Toxins
Microbial Metabolites
5. Chemical spoilage: Table 1.2 Susceptibility of pharmaceutical ingredients to microbial contamination
Factors affecting microbial spoilage
Size of contaminant inoculum
Nutritional factors
Moisture content
pH
Storage temperature
Redox potential
Packaging design
Sources and Types Of Contamination:
Personnel,
Poor facility design,
Incoming ventilation air,
Machinery and other equipment for production,
Raw material and semi-finished material,
Packaging material,
Utilities,
Different media used in the production process as well as for cleaning and Cleanroom clothing.
Microbiological Assay of Vitamin & Amino acid Assessment of a New Antibiotic...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-IV Part-3
Microbiological Assay of Vitamin & Amino acid Assessment of a New Antibiotic: Introduction:
Principle
Microbiological Assay of Cynocobalamin (Vitamin B12):
Tritrimetric Method.
Turbidimetric Method.
Preparation of Standard Cynocobalmine stock solution:
Preparation of Basal Medium Stock Solution:
Test Solution of the material to be assayed Preparation of inoculum: Procedure of Titrimetric method: Turbidimetric Method: Microbiological assay of Amino acids. Assessment of a New Antibiotic.
Introduction:
MIC of an antibiotic is tested either by one of the following ways,
Liquid Dilution Method.
Solid Dilution Method
Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standa...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IV Part-2 Principles and methods of different microbiological assay, methods for standardization of antibiotics.
Introduction: Principles Advantages of Microbial Assay: Disadvantages of Microbial Assay: MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF ANIBIOTICS PRINCIPLE Media used for antibiotics assay Standard Preparation. Buffer Solutions Preparation of the Sample Solution: Test Organisms Preparation of inoculum: Methods of preparation of test organism suspension: Assay Methods: Method A: Cup-plate or Cylinder Plate Method.
Method B: Turbidimetric or Tube assay Method
Designing of aseptic area, laminar flow equipment: Study of different source ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Designing of aseptic area, laminar flow equipment: Study of different source of contamination in aseptic area and methods of prevention, clean area classification. PHARMACEUTICALMICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IVPart-1
Introduction: Designing of Aseptic Area . i) The clean-up area,
ii) The compounding area,
iii) The aseptic area,
iv) The quarantine area and
v) The packaging/labelling area.
Flow diagram of aseptic area. Floors, walls and ceilings, Doors, windows and services Personnel and protective clothing Cleaning and disinfection. Air Supply. Laminar flow equipment. Vertical laminar air flow bench
Horizontal laminar air flow bench
High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filter. Operating Instructions Uses of Laminar Air Flow.Advantages of Laminar Air Flow.Limitations of Laminar Air Flow. Air flow pattern Unidirectional airflow
Non-unidirectional airflow
Combined airflow
Different Sources of Contamination in an Aseptic Area
1) Personnel:
2) Buildings and Facilities
3) Equipment and Utensils:
4) Raw Materials
5) Manufacturing Process:
Methods of Prevention of Contamination Clean Area Classification
Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile pro...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-IIIPart-6 Sterility testing products (solids, liquids, ophthalmic and other sterile products) according to IP, BP, USP.
Introduction: Test for Sterility. Culture Media. Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM).
Alternative Thioglycollate Medium (ATM).
Soybean Casein Digest Medium (SCDM).
Tests for Culture Media:
Sterility of Media.
Growth Promotion Test.
Test for Bacteriostatic and Fungistatic.
Sterility Test Methods. Methods A: Membrane Filtration.
Method B: Direct Inoculation Pyrogen Test Methods. Rabbit Test. LAL Test.
Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). PHARMACEUTICAL ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-III Part-5 Evaluation of Bactericidal and Bacteriostatic (Disinfectant). The common methods used for evaluation of a disinfectant are as follows,
Tube Dilution Method.
Agar Plate Method.
Filter Paper & Cup Plate Method.
Ditch-Plate Method.
Phenol Coefficient Method.
The official phenol coefficient tests include,
Rideal-Walker Test (RW Test).
Chick-Martin Test.
United States FDA Test for Phenol Coefficient. (FDA Test)
The US Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Test (FDA Test)
A. Rideal-Walker Test:
Kelsey Sykes Method
Factors affecting action of Disinfectants and Factors Affecting Choice Of Ant...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III. Factors affecting action of Disinfectants and Factors Affecting Choice Of Antimicrobial Agent: Concentration of the disinfectant.
Chemical Structure of the disinfectant.
Formulation of the disinfectant.
Interfering substances in the environment.
pH of the surrounding.
Potentiation and antagonism of the disinfectants.
Surface Tension.
Temperature.
Time of Contact.
Type and no. of microbes present.
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT:
Properties of chemical agents
Environment
Types of microorganisms
Intended application
Toxicity agents
Culture state
Classification and mode of action of disinfectants PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOG...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-III Classification and mode of action of disinfectants. DISINFECTANT
Definition: Ideal properties of disinfectants: CLASSIFICATION OF DISINFECTANTS: Based on consistency 1. Liquid (E.g., Alcohols, Phenols) 2.Gaseous (Formaldehyde vapor, Ethylene oxide). Based on spectrum of activity 1. High level disinfectant
2. Intermediate level disinfectant
3. Low level disinfectant .Based on mechanism of action: 1.Action on membrane2.Denaturation of cellular proteins 3.Damage to nucleic acids 4.Oxidation of essential sulfhydryl groups of enzymes 5.Alkylation of amino-, carboxyl- and hydroxyl group. MODE OF ACTION AND APPICATION OF DISINFECTANT
Acid and alkalies
Halogens
Heavy metals
Phenols and its derivatives
Alcohol
Aldehydes
Dyes:
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Detergents and soaps.
VIRUS PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-2Study of morphology, ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-2Study of morphology, classification, reproduction/replication and cultivation of Virus. Introduction, Def General characteristics of Viruses: small size characteristic shapes, obligate intracellular parasites no built-in metabolic machinery no ribosomes
only one type of nucleic acid
do not grow in size. Morphology of Virus: Helical, Polyhedral (Icosahedral) Viral Envelop, Complex virus, Classification of virus. Viral Replication LIFE CYCLE OF BACTIRIOPHAGES Lytic cycle: Attachment, Penetration, Biosynthesis, Maturation and Release of progeny Phage Particles. The Lysogenic Cycle, Cultivation of virus : Animal inoculation, Embryonated eggs or chick embryo method and Tissue culture or cell culture: Organ cultures Explant culture and Cell culture. Types of cell culture
1.Primary cell culture: 2. Diploid cell culture (Semi-continuous cell lines):3. Heteroploid cultures (Continuous cell lines):
MULTIPLICATION OF HUMAN VIRUS:1. Attachment of Viral Particles 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Replication Of Viral Nucleic Acids And Translation Of The Genome 5) Maturation Or Assembly Of Virions. ) 6. Release Of Virions Into The Surrounding Environment
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry
UNIT-II (Part-III)
Dental products
Presented By
Ms. Pooja D. Bhandare
(Assistant Professor)
DADASAHEB BALPANDE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY BESA NAGPUR
2. DENTAL PRODUCT
• Dental hygiene is the most important for human body .There are many
products are present in the market for the dental hygiene of the teeth and are
considered as dental products
3. Tooth Anatomy
• Tooth consists of three layers of calcified tissue:
1. Enamel: a white, hard calcified (consists
primarily of Calcium phosphate & calcium
carbonate) tissue covering dentin to cover the
tooth projecting above the gum.
2. Cementum: a layer covering the portion of
tooth lying buried in the gum.
3. Dentin: that part of the tooth that is beneath
Enamal and Cementum and su rrounds thepulp
cavity.
4. • Dentine consisting 75% of mineral is hard and dense. Enamel consisting of 98%
mineral, is even more dense. It is the hardest substance in the body.
• As in the case of bone, Vitamin A, C and D are all necessary for the proper tooth
formation.
Vitamin A deficiency causes hypoplastic enamel (imperfectly calcified)
Vitamin C deficiency affects calcification of dentine.
Vitamin D not only helps the absorption of Calcium from GIT, but also for proper
deposition of Calcium and Phosphate in tooth.
• Other ions like Mg2+, Cl-, CO32- and citrate are also present in tooth.
5. Classification of Dental Products
Dental products include:
• Anticaries agents: These are the agents which help in prevention of dental
decay. e.g., Sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, sodium
monofluorophosphate.
• Cleaning agents (Dentifrices/ Polishing agents): Dentifrices are agents used
along with a toothbrush to clean and polish natural teeth. They must be abrasive
to some degree to remove the stains from the teeth. They are supplied in paste,
powder, gel or liquid form. e.g., Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium
phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium metaphosphate
• Desensitizing Agents: These reduce sensitivity of teeth to heat and cold.
Examples include strontium chloride and zinc chloride.
• Cement and fillers: used to temporarily cover or protect the area that has
undergone operation in dental surgery. e.g., Zinc eugenol cement.
6. Anticaries Agents: (Sodium fluoride,
stannous fluoride, sodium mono fluoro
phosphate)
• Dental caries, or tooth decay, involves a gradual demineralization (softening)
of the enamel and dentin. If it is not treated then microorganisms may invade
the pulp, causing inflammation and infection.
• Dental caries (tooth decay) is infectious disease, also called as dental plaque, in
which acid formed by the action of oral microbial flora on carbohydrates.
Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that grows on surfaces within the
mouth. It is a sticky colorless deposit in starting, but it may often brown or pale
yellow.
7. • It is characterized by decalcification of tooth accompanied by foul smell.
• Dental caries can be prevented and oral and dental hygiene can be
maintained with the help of dentifrices. Dentifrices are the products that
enhance the removal of stain and dental plaque by the toothbrush. The
most accepted approach to prevent caries includes brushing accompanied
by administration of fluoride either internally or topically to the teeth.
8. Mechanism of action of Fluoride:
• The deposited fluorides on the surface of teeth prevent the action of acids or
enzymes in producing cavities.
• Fluoride is anticariogenic as it replaces the hydroxyl ion in hydroxyapatite with
the fluoride ion to form fluorapatite in the outer surface of the enamel.
• Fluorapatite hardens the enamel and makes it more acid resistant. It is also
possible that fluorides may possess some antibacterial activity and help in
remineralization of enamel.
• A trace of amount of fluoride in drinking water is enough to prevent dental
caries. Fluorapatite has also shown antibacterial activity.
9. Administration and Effects of over
dose of Fluoride:
• Fluoride can be administered by two routes, orally and topically.
• Fluoride can be administered orally as sodium fluoride tablets or drops added in water or fruit juice.
Fluoride when administered internally is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, partially
deposited in the bone or developing teeth and the remainder gets excreted by the kidneys.
• A small quantity (0.5 -1 ppm) of fluoride thus becomes necessary to prevent caries. However, if
more quantity of fluoride (more than 2-3 ppm) is ingested it is carried to bones and teeth and gives
rise to mottled enamel known as dental fluorosis. Persons receiving slow continued ingestion of
fluoride may suffer from mottling of teeth, increased density of bones, gastric disturbances,
muscular weakness, convulsions and even heart failure.
• Topical fluoride solution, mouthwashes and gels are less effective than orally administered fluoride.
Sodium fluoride tablets or solution of sodium fluoride in a dose 2.2 mg/day is generallys
10. 1. SodiumFluoride
Molecular Formula: NaF Molecular weight: 41.99 g/mol
Standards: Sodium fluoride contains not less than 98% and not more than 102% of
sodium fluoride, calculated with reference to the dried substance
Method of Preparation:
1. It may be prepared by neutralizing hydrofluoric acid with sodium carbonate.
2HF + 2HF + Na2CO3 → 2NaF + H2O + CO2
2. Another method includes the double decomposition of calcium fluoride with sodium
carbonate wherein insoluble calcium carbonate can be removed by filtration.
CaF + Na2CO3 → 2NaF + CaCO3
11. Properties:
• A white powder or colourless crystals. Soluble in water practically, insoluble
in ethanol (95 %)
• Identification Tests:
• 1 gm of sodium fluoride is placed in a platinum crucible in a well- ventilated
hood. To this, 15 ml of sulfuric acid is added and covered with a piece of clean
polished glass. The crucible is heated on a water bath for an hour. After an
hour the glass covered is removed and rinsed with water and wiped dry. It will
be observed that the surface of glass has been etched.
12. • Uses:
1. Sodium fluoride due to its fluoride ion is an important agent in dental practice for retarding or
preventing dental caries. Fluoridised teeth have been resistant to microorganisms causing dental caries. It
also decreases microbial acid production.
2. Sodium fluoride in 2 % aqueous solution is widely used topically.
• Application:
• 1.5 to 3 ppm (equivalent to 0.7 to 1.3 ppm of fluoride ion) in drinking water; topically as a 2% solution
to the teeth.
• Caution:
• When consumed in larger doses, sodium fluoride is poisonous. High fluoride water greater than 3
ppm) brings about mottling of teeth, gastric disturbances, etc. Stiller larger doses may lead to systemic
toxicities effecting central nervous, cardiovascular, musculo-skeletal andrespiratory systems
13. 2. Stannous Fluoride
• Molecular Formula: SnF2 Molecular weight: 56.7 g/mol
• Standards: It contains not less than 71.2% of stannous ion and not less
than 22.3% and not more than 25.5% of fluoride, calculated on dries basis.
• Method of Preparation:
1. It may be prepared by evaporating a solution of stannous oxide in
hydrofluoric acid in the absence of oxygen.
SnO + 2HF → SnF2 + H2O
14. • Properties:
1. Its white crystalline powder having astringent salty taste.
2. It is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol
3. An aqueous solution of stannous fluoride on standing, white ppt of stannous
hydroxide will be developed.
SnF2 + 2H2O → Sn(OH)2 + HF
4. It should be kept in air tight closed container because of its tendency to get
oxidised to stannous tetra-fluoride
15. • Identification Tests:
1. To 5 ml of 10% w/v solution in a test tube, when 2ml of calcium chloride is
added, a white precipitate of calcium fluoride is obtained.
2. When 2 drops of 10% w/v solution of stannous fluoride and 2 drops of silver
nitrate is mixed, a brown precipitate is formed.
• Uses:
It is used to prevent dental caries in the form of solutions, gels, mouth washes or
dentifrices but it has an unpleasant taste and may cause discoloration of teeth on
over usage.
16. Cleaning agents (Dentifrices/ Polishing
agents)
• e.g., Calcium carbonate, Dibasic calcium phosphate, calcium phosphate, sodium
metaphosphate, calcium pyrophosphate
• Dentifrices contain agents for cleaning tooth surfaces and providing polishing effect on
the cleaned teeth. These agents are abrasive in nature. They are responsible for
physically removing plaque and debris. The overall effect provides whiteness to the
teeth. Dentifrices are applied as powders or pastes.
• The main drawback is that it will not be able to clean surfaces inside cavities and
crevices between teeth, even if the material reaches them during application. The
cleaning action is dependent upon abrasive property and the rubbing force used. Pumice
is too abrasive for daily use in a dentifrice.
17. 1. Dibasic calciumphosphate/ DicalciumPhosphate
• It is also known as Dicalcium phosphate or Dicalcium orthophosphate or
calcium
hydrogen phosphate. It occurs as a dihydrate (CaHPO4.2H2O).
• When exposed to air, it effloresces losing water to form anhydrous dibasic
calcium phosphate (CaHPO4).
• In a very fine powder form, it finds use un dentifrices. It provides good flow
properties and is odorless and tasteless.
• Method of Preparation:
• It may be prepared by reacting neutral solution of calcium chloride with
disodium hydrogen
• phosphate
• CaCl2 + Na2HPO4 → CaHPO4 + 2NaCl
18. • Uses:
1. This salt is having 1:1 ratio of calcium to phosphorus. It is most frequently
recommended for oral administration as an electrolyte replenisher.
2. As a salt it is able to supply both calcium and phosphorus which is need for the
growth in children and pregnant women's.
3. Externally it finds use as Dentifrice having cleaning action. The moderate
abrasive quality makes it suitable for toothpaste and tooth powders.
19. 2. CalciumCarbonate
Molecular Formula: CaCO3 Molecular weight: 100.1 g/mol
Synonym: Precipitated Chalk, Precipitated Calcium carbonate.
• It has been regarded as one of the most abundant and widely distributed of
calcium salts. In nature, it is found as chalk, marble, lime stone, aragonite and
calcite and one of the main constituents of pearls and shells.
• Preparation:
• On commercial scale, calcium carbonate is obtained by mixing the boiling
solution of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate and allowing the resulting
precipitate to settle down
CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCo3 + 2NaCl
20. • The precipitate is collected on filter and washed with boiling water, until becomes
free from chloride ions, finally the precipitate is dried.
• Properties:
• It occurs as fine, white, micro-crystalline powder. It is odorless and tasteless. It is
stable in air. It is almost soluble in water and alcohol. Calcium carbonate neutralises
acids with effervescence.
CaCO3 + 2 HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
• Uses:
1. Precipitated chalk, which is having a fine powdery texture, is used in dentifrice, both
powders and pastes.
2. It furnishes both abrasive and antacid effect in the mouth. If forms a common
ingredients of tooth powder and toothpaste.
3. It is having a tendency to cause constipation and hence it is usually administered
alternatively or along with magnesium salts.
4. It is rapidly acting non-systemic antacid. It neutralizes gastric acid and forms
calcium chloride.
21. Desensitizing Agents (e.g., strontium
chloride and zinc chloride.)
• Desensitizing agents reduce the pain in sensitive teeth caused by cold, heat or
touch. These products should be non-abrasive and should not be used on a
regular basis unless directed by a dentist.
• The exact mechanism of action of desensiting agents is not known with
certainty. However they act probably like local anesthetic.
22. 1. Strontium chloride
Molecular Formula: SrCl2. 6H2O Molecular weight: 266.2 g/mol
Preparation:
• It is prepared by adding strontium carbonate to hydrochloric acid until
effervescence gets ceased. The solution is filtered, concentrated and allowed to
crystallize.
SrCO3 + 2HCl → SrCl2 + H2O + CO2
Properties:
• It is available in the form of white crystals or granules. It produces
effervescences in dry air.
• Soluble in water and alcohol
Uses: It acts desensitizing agent in dental remedies.
23. 2. Zinc Chloride
Molecular Formula: ZnCl2
Preparation:
• It is prepared by heating granulated zinc with hydrochloric acid. When evolution of hydrogen ceases, the
solution is filtered and evaporated to dryness.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Uses:
1. It is used as an antiseptic astringent to the skin and mucous membrane as a 0.5–2.0% solution.
2. It is used as an active ingredient to prepare magnesia cements for dental fillings and certain mouthwashes.
3. It is also used as dentin desensitizer, topically as a 10% solution to the teeth. It is for topical use only and is
administered as solution and mouthwash.
24. Cement and fillers e.g. Zinc oxide
eugenol cement.
• Dental cement is used to temporarily or permanently cover protect areas that
have undergone operation as in dental surgery. The cementing material is
applied as a paste, which gets hardened an a short while forming a protective
layer. After healing the operated tissue, the hardened cement can be removed
by the dentist.
• The temporary cement is also medicated, usually with eugenol, which is
antiseptic and local anesthetic.
25. 1. Zinc oxide eugenol cement
• Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) is a material formed by the combination of zinc oxide and eugenol
contained in oil of cloves.
• They are cements of low strength. Also, they are the least irritating of all dental cements and
are known to have an obtundent effect on exposed dentin.
• Classification:
Type I ZOE: For temporary cementation
Type II ZOE: Permanent Cementation
Type III ZOE: Temporary filling and thermal base
Type IV ZOE: Cavity Liners
ZOE cement is available as:
1. Powder and liquid
2. Paste system
26. Method of Preparation:
• In the First Step Hydrolysis of Zinc Oxide to its hydroxide takes place. Water
is essential for the reaction (dehydrated zinc oxide will not react with
dehydrated eugenol)
ZnO + H2O → Zn (OH)2
• The reaction proceeds as a typical acid – base reaction
Zn (OH)2 + 2HE → ZnE2 + 2H2O
(Zinc hydroxide) (Eugenol) (Zinc eugenolate)
• The Chelate formed is an amorphous gel that tends to crystallize imparting
strength to the set mass
27. Structure of set cement: The set cement consists of particles of zinc oxide
embedded in a matrix of zinceugenolate.
• Setting time is around 4-10min.
Uses:
1. Zinc oxide eugenol is used in temporary and permanent cementation and
also used as pulp capping agent.
2. It is used to reduce pain sensation in teeth and also has anesthetic and anti
bacterial activity
