This document discusses iron, iodine, and calcium. It provides information on the sources, importance, deficiencies, and excesses of each mineral. Key points include: - Iron is important for hemoglobin and many metabolic processes. Deficiency leads to anemia while excess causes hemochromatosis. Ferrous sulfate is a common iron supplement. - Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production. Deficiency causes hypothyroidism and goiter while excess results in hyperthyroidism. Potassium iodide is an iodine compound used to treat hyperthyroidism. - Calcium is vital for bone and tooth formation. Deficiency results in rickets or osteoporosis,

1. PREPARED BY
MAYURAKHI DUTTA
RAHMAN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH
SONAPUR, GUWAHATI, ASSAM
IRON, IODINE AND CALCIUM

2. PART-I

3. Fig.-1: SOURCES of IRON
 It is a Transition metal.
 According to their oxidation stage ,
two forms are available- ferric and
ferrous.
The best food source of iron are liver
meats, egg yolk, green leafy vegetables,
whole grains,enriched bread and
Cereals.
IRON

4. IMPORTANCE OF IRON
Iron find important uses in medicine.
 It forms an essential part of the several bio
molecule such as haemoglobin in the blood,
myoglobin in muscle etc.
 Traces of iron in the blood and tissues play a
significant part in the oxidation-reduction
reactions constantly taking place in normal
metabolism.
 Apart from haemoglobin, iron is also
associated with catalase, ferredoxin,
cytochromes, electron transport and enzyme
co-factor.
 Demand of iron increases during growth ,
menstruation, pregnancy and pathological
bleeding Fig.-3: Iron tablet
Fig. -2: Haemoglobin
molecule

5. DEFICIENCY OF IRON
Anaemia
Fig 4- RBC in Anaemia
EXCESS OF IRON Haemochromatosis
The deficiency of iron in the body results
Anaemia i.e. lack of haemoglobin the body.
 Excess of iron results in haemochromatosis
Fig. 5- RBC in Haemochromatosis

6. IRON PREPARATION
 Iron preparation falls into two category-
a) Those used externally/ External iron preparation
b) Those used internally/ Internal iron preparation
External iron preparations are most
exclusively of ferric type.
 These preparations have ability to precipitate
proteins.
 Therefore these are mainly used as astringent
to stop bleeding of
small cuts.
 Example –Ferric chloride
EXTERNAL IRON PREPARATION
Internal iron preparation
are used to supplement the
iron content in the body
which is essential in the
formation of Haemoglobin
and various physiological
necessities.
Example –Ferrous sulfate
INTERNAL IRON PREPARATION

7. Examples of some official compounds of iron
Ferrous sulfate including
dried ferrous sulfate
 Ferrous Fumarate
 Ferrous Gluconate
 Ferric Ammonium citrate
Fig. 7- Ferrous Sulfate
Fig. 10- Ferrous
Gluconate
Fig. 9- Ferrous
Fumerate
Fig. 8- Ferric
Ammonium citrate

8. FERROUS SULFATE
FeSO4.7H2O
Synonym: Green Vitriol
PREPARATION: It is prepared by adding a slight excess
of iron to dilute sulphuric acid.
Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4.7H2O + H2
PROPERTIES:
 It occurs as transparent green crystals.
 It is odourless and its taste is metallic and
astringent.
 It is freely soluble in water but is insoluble
in alcohol
Fig.- 11:Crystals of
ferrous sulfate

9. It should be stored in tightly closed containers Because
exposure to moist air, ferrous sulfate crystals undergoes slow
Oxidation and becomes coated with brown basic ferric sulfate.
STORAGE:
INCOMPATIBILITY:
Ferrous sulfate is incompatible with alkalies, soluble carbon dioxides,
Gold and silver salts, lead acetate, potassium iodide, potassium and Aluminium tartrate,
sodium borate, tannins, vegetable astringent Infusions and decoctions.
Fig.-12 Tightly closed
container
USES:
 It is used as a haematinic in the treatment of iron deficiency anaemia.
 It is used to dye fabrics and tanning leather.
 It possesses disinfectant property.

10. PART-II

11. Fig.-1: SOURCES of IODINE
 Iodine is a element of halogen
group.
 It is an oxidizing agent and
possesses a vital role in human body.
The best food source of iodine are sprout,
greenleafy vegetables, seafood, fish, milk
product,whole grains,enriched bread and
Cereals etc.
IODINE

12. IMPORTANCE OF IODINE
Iodine is an essential ion necessary for the
synthesis of two thyroid hormone i.e.
triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4).
 Iodine ions from blood plasma are utilized
by the thyroid gland for the synthesis of
these two active principles of the gland.
Thyroid hormone affects some fundamental
physiological process such as oxygen
consumption, heat production and
metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and f
fats.
 They are required as growth regulation and
basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the whole
body
Fig.-3: Thyroid hormones
Fig. -2: Thyroid gland

13. INADEQUATE SECRETION OF
THYROID HORMONES
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Fig 4- GOITRE PATIENT
 In adequate or excessive secretion of thyroid hormones results in hypothyroidism or
hyperthyroidism respectively, directly affecting the cardiovascular,GI, skeletal,
neuromuscular and reproductive systems.
Hypothyroidism or myxedema is a condition marked
by slow down of all Metabolic processes of the body,
which may lead to bradycardia(decreased Heart rate),
decreased refluxes, weight gain, menstrual abnomality,
loss of hair, puffiness of hand and face, loss of hair,
lethargy, fatigue, anxiety, nervousness etc.
 the congenial thyroid deficiency results in
irreversible clinical condition cretinism, marked by
stunted growth and mental retardation.
 lack of sufficient iodine in the diet results in an
enlargement of the thyroid gland leading to swelling at
the neck , known as simple or colloid goitre.

14. INADEQUATE SECRETION OF
THYROID HORMONES HYPERTHYROIDISM
In hyperthyroidism excessive secretion
of thyroid hormones may cause
increase in the BMR.
 Hyperthyroidism is a condition
characterized by tachycardia, cardiac
arrhthmias, anginal pain, tremors,
nervousness, anxiety and restlessness,
sweating , insomnia, weight loss and
diarrhoea.
 The thyrotoxicosis may also lead to
Grave’s disease (Exophthalmous i.e.
Protrusion of eye-ball) Fig 4- PATIENT SUFFERING
FROM GRAVE’S DISEASE

15. The wide spectrum of disorders caused by inadequate iodine
consumption
Are known collectively as Iodine Deficiency Disorders. These include-
 Lowering of IQ and impaired learning
 Energy loss-tired easily, reduced reproductivity.
 Reproductive losses e.g. increased miscarriages, increased stilbirths.
Paralysis of lower limb), dwarfism, speech defects, coordinaton
abnormalities
 Goitre
IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDER
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF HYPOTHYROIDISM &
HYPERTHYROIDISM
HYPOTHYROIDISM HYPERTHYROIDISM
Bradycardia Tachycardia
Weight gain Weight loss
Dry hair Hair fall
Decrease in the BMR Increase in the BMR
Constipation Diarrhoea
Fig 5- HYPOTHYROIDISM
Vs HYPERTHYROIDISM

16. DIFFERENT OFFICIAL COMPOUND OF IODINE
1. Iodine (IP 1985)
2. Potassium iodide (IP 1985
USES OF IODINE PREPARATION:
 It is used as an ameliorating(improving) agent in hyperthyroidism.
 It is used as an fibrolytic agent in syphilis, leprosy, sporotrichosis,
blastomycosis and actinomycosis.
 It is also used as an expectorant and bactericidal agent.
Fig 6- IODINE Fig 6- POTASSIUM
IODIDE

17. PART-III

18. Fig.-1: SOURCES of CALCIUM
 It is an alkaline earth metal
 It is one of the important mineral
that is necessary for life.
It is never found free in nature.
 About 99% of the calcium in our
bodies is in our bones and teeth.
The best food source of calcium are milk,
milk products, fish, soyabin, nuts, green
leafy vegetables etc.
CALCIUM

19. IMPORTANCE OF CALCIUM
 Calcium plays an important role in the
formation of apatite in bones, teeth.
 Calcium is very essential in
 muscle contraction,
 oocyte activation,
 nerve impulse transmission,
 regulating heart beat
 fluid balance within cells.
 blood coagulation,
 cell membrane permeability
Fig.-3: Bone
Fig. -2: Teeth

20. DEFICIENCY OF CALCIUM HYPOCALCAEMIA
Fig 4- RICKET PATIENT
 The deficiency of calcium in human body is called Hypocalcaemia.
Hypocalcaemia leads to-
 Rickets in children.
 Poor growth.
 Osteoporosis in adults.
 Hyper-excitability.
 The excessive calcium in human body is called Hypercalcaemia.
HYPERCALCAEMIAEXCESSIVE CALCIUM
Hypercalcaemia leads to-
 Fatigue.
 Muscle weakness.
 Constipation.
 Loss of appetite/anorexia.
 Cardiac irregularities.
 Deposition of calcium salt in
kidney and blood vessels.

21. DIFFERENT OFFICIAL COMPOUND OF CALCIUM & THEIR USES
Fig 6- IODINE
COMPOUND USES
Calcium Aminosalicylate Antibacterial
Calcium carbonate Antacid
Calcium Gluconate Calcium replenisher
Calcium chloride Calcium replenisher
Tribasic calcium phosphate Pharmaceutical aid
Calcium phosphate Pharmaceutical aid
Calcium mandelate Pharmaceutical aid
Dibasic calcium phosphate Calcium supplement,
Pharmaceutical aid.
Calcium pantothenate Vitamin B enzyme cofactor
Calcium lactate Calcium replenisher
Calcium hydroxide Base

22. USES OF CALCIUM THERAPY
CONDITION EXAMPLE
Calcium deficiency disorder Rickets, Pregnancy and lactation, Post
operative tetany, Period of growth,
Hyperhyroidism etc.
Nervous disorders responsive to
sedative action of calcium on
nervous system.
Migraine, Pruritis, Intestinal colic , Gallstone
colic and Urethral colic etc.
Allergic disorders and states of
autonomic imbalance.
Urticaria, Eczema, Dermatitis, Asthma, Hay
fever, Angioneuratic edema etc.
Acute inflammatory and exudative
disorders.
Diarrhoea, Vasomotor rhinitis, Epididymitis,
Nephrotic edema in children etc.
Toxic states Arsphenamine intoxication, Carbon
tetrachloride intoxication etc.
Calcium therapy is indicated in following conditions-

23. CALCIUM GLUCONATE
PREPARATION
It can be prepared by boiling solution of gluconic acid with a slight excess of
Calcium carbonate.
PROPERTIES
 It occurs as a white crystalline powder or as white granules.
 It is odourless and almost tasteless.
 It is slowly soluble in cold water but is freely solution in boiling water.
 It is insoluble in alcohol.

24. STORAGE:
It should be stored in well closed containers.
INCOMPATIBILITY:
It is incompatible with oxidising agents, citrates and soluble
carbonates, Phosphates and sulphates.
USES:
 It is used as a calcium replenisher.
 It is an important source of calcium in the treatment of hypocalcaemic
tetany and in other calcium deficiency conditions.
 Calcium gluconate tablets are used extensively in supplementing the diet
of convalescent and expectant mothers.
THANKS