covered antidote definition, classification, mechanisms. also sodium nitrite drug with their molecular formula, molecular weight,physical properties,chemical properties,reactions ,uses etc.refered from various books and search from google also.for any queries comment below.

1. Ms. Gopale Kalyani S.

2. Definition:
 According to WHO
“ Antidote was defined as a therapeutic substance used
to counteract the toxic actions of specified xenobiotic.”
 Antidotes reduce the overall burden of health service
in managing of poisoning cases.
Supportive
Therapy
Correct
Antidote
Patient
survival

3. Classification of antidote:
 According to site of action
 According to mode of action
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Physiological/ Pharmacological

4. Classification of antidote:
AccordingtoSiteofAction-
1. Interacts with poison to form a non-toxic complex
that can be excreted chelators.
2. Accelerates the detoxification of the poison. For eg.
N-acetylcystine, Thiosulfate.
3. Decrease the rate of conversion of poison into toxic
metabolite. For eg. Ethanol, Fomepizole.
4. Compete the poison for certain receptors.
Eg.Naloxone.
5. Block the receptor through which the toxic effects of
the poison is mediated. Eg. Atropine.

5. AccordingtoSiteofAction-
6) Bypass the effect of poison. (Oxygen in treatment of
CO and cyanide toxicity).
7) Antibodies to the poison (Digibind and Antivenins).

6. AccordingtomodeofAction-
 Physical antidote:
Agent use to interfere with poison through physical
properties, not change their nature.
a) Adsorbing :
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms , ions or
molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to
a surface. This process creates a film of the
adsorbate on a surface of the adsorbent. For Eg.
Activated charcoal.

7. Physical Antidote:
b) Coating: A mixture of egg & milk make a coat over
the mucosa.
c) Dissolving: 10% alcohol or glycine for carbolic acid.

8. Chemical Antidote:
 Interact specifically with a toxicant or neutralise the
toxicant.
 Eg. Metal chelators combine with metals to form
complexes that can then be eliminated by the kidneys.
 Mainly act by two mechanisms-
Complex Formation-
Antidote make complex with the toxicant making it unavailable to
cross the membrane or to interact with receptors.
• DMSA ( Dimercaptosuccinic acid ) are sulfohydral compounds
that bind metal such as arsenic acid, lead etc.

9. Chemical Antidote:
 Special binding agents like EDTA, defroxamine, and d-
penicillamine act by chelation of metal forming more water
soluble complex.
 Antivenins and Antibodies against digitoxin are
immunologically generated agents that bind specifically to
the toxin or venom.
Metabolic Conversion-
 Detoxification to less toxic product.
 Nitrite interact with heamoglobin and cyanide to form
cyanomethamoglobin. Which is less toxic than cyanide and
interfere with the cyanide access to cytochrome oxidase
system.

10. Physiological Antidote:
 They act by producing apposite effect to that of
poison.
 Sodium Nitrite converts hemoglobin into
methemoglobin in order to bind cyanide.

11. Pharmacological Antidote:
 Counteract the effects of poison by producing the opposite
pharmacological effects.
 For Eg. ACHE inhibitors Atropine
 Pharmacologic antidotes may neutralise or antagonize the
effects of a toxicant.
 This type of antidote may act by following 5 mechanisms:
1. Preventing the formation of toxic metabolite.
2. By facilitation of more rapid or complete elimination of a
toxicant.
3. By competing with toxicants action at receptor site.

12. Mechanisms-
4. By blocking receptors responsible for the toxic effect.
5. By aiding in the restoration of normal function.

13. Sodium Nitrite-
 Sodium nitrite is an
inorganic compound. non-
cumbustible but will
accelerate burning of
cumbustible material. If
large quantities are
involved in a fire or if the
cumbustible material is
finely devided, an
explosion may result.
 Act as anti-oxidant that is
used to cure meats.

14. Physical Properties-
 Molecular Formula- NaNO2
 Molecular Weight – 69 g/mol
Physical Properties:
 Colour – White to slightly yellowish crystalline powder.
 Solubility- very soluble in water and soluble in alcohol.
 Nature- Hygroscopic
 Odour- Specific odour
 Density- 2.168 g/mol
 PH- Between 7-9
 Melting point- 271 C

15. Chemical Properties-
 In the laboratory , sodium nitrite can be used to destroy
excess sodium azide.
2NaN3 + 2NaNO2+2H 3N2 +2NO+2Na+2H2O
 Above 330 C sodium nitrite decomposes (in air ) to sodium
oxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.
2NaNO2 Na2O+ NO+ NO2
 Sodium nitrite can be also used in the production of
nitrous acid via sulphuric acid .This reaction first yeilds
nitrous acid and sodium sulfate.
2NaNO2+ H2SO4 2HNO2 + NaSO4

16. Preparation:
 The salt is prepared by treating sodium hydroxide with
mixture of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide.
NaOH + NO2 + NO 2NaNO2 +H2O
The conversion is sensitive to the presence of oxygen,
which can lead to varying amounts of sodium nitrate.

17. Uses:
 Sodium nitrite is used as part of an intavenous mixture
with sodium thiosulfate to treat cyanide poisoning.
The compound is toxic and mutagenic it will react
invivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby
producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.
 Indeed according to Healthsafety.org sodium nitrite
works with sodium chloride or salt to inhibit the
growth of clostridium botulinum. This is an organism
that can cause fatal food poisoning.
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