Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. MICROBES
2. MICROBIAL CONTROL
2.1.Reason for microbial control
2.2.Methods of microbial control
3. ANTIBIOTIC
3.1.Definition
3.2.History of antibiotic discovery
4. MAJOR ANTIBIOTIC
4.1.PENICILLINS
4.1.1 Action , organisms and biosynthesis of penicillin
4.2.CEPHALOSPORINS
4.2.1 organism and biosynthesis
4.3.AROMATIC ANTIBIOTICS
4.4.NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
5. APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC
6. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC
7. CONCLUSION
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. MICROBES
2. MICROBIAL CONTROL
2.1.Reason for microbial control
2.2.Methods of microbial control
3. ANTIBIOTIC
3.1.Definition
3.2.History of antibiotic discovery
4. MAJOR ANTIBIOTIC
4.1.PENICILLINS
4.1.1 Action , organisms and biosynthesis of penicillin
4.2.CEPHALOSPORINS
4.2.1 organism and biosynthesis
4.3.AROMATIC ANTIBIOTICS
4.4.NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
5. APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC
6. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC
7. CONCLUSION
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
Pharmacology of antimalarial drugs with treatment of malaria. mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects of antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, quinine, artemisinin compounds.
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
Pharmacology of antimalarial drugs with treatment of malaria. mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects of antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, quinine, artemisinin compounds.
Broad spectrum antibiotics chloramphenicol, anaerobic,soil bacteria. Description includes Physicochemical Properties,Mechanism of action-50S ribosome ,Inhibits Bacterial protein synthesis,Resistance,Interactions,Indications of chloramphenicol-Pyogenic meningitis.
Anaerobic infections.
Intraocular infections.
Enteric fever
Drug of choice in some conditions.
Urinary tract infections
Topically In conjunctivitis & external ear Infections. Snehal chakorkar
Antibiotics are a group of drugs that have the ability to interact with the mechanisms of bacterial defenses to cause inhibition of the somatostatin or cause death.
Guidelines For Antibiotic Use by doctor SaleemMuhammad Saleem
Antibiotic guidelines in surgery,
especially antibiotic prophylaxis.
Prophylactic antibiotics in general surgery, cardiothoracic, vascular, orthopedic,neurosurgery,
Classification of wounds.
Guidelines of prophylactic antibiotics
By doctor Saleem
https://www.saleemplasticsurgeon.com/
Antibiotics,antibiotics resistances,classification of antibiotics,misuse of antibiotics details discussed here. for more information visit my blog helpful for pharmacy and medical student.thanks.
http://mydreamlan.wordpress.com/category/education/
Antibiotics are medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria in humans and animals by either killing the bacteria or making it difficult for the bacteria to grow and multiply. Bacteria are germs
Guidance for the selection and use of personal protective equipmentSurya Prajapat
It tells about components of PPE kit and their specifications and how to don and remove the PPE Kit. This presentation also tells about the sequence to don and remove the PPE
This presentation discusses about Dry eye due to Computer Vision Syndrome. It defines one of the cause of Dry Eye which occurs due to long hours working in front of Computer screen, Laptops, Mobiles etc
This Presentation tries to make understand the System which plays a role in increasing Blood Pressure-Renin Angiotensin System & How the drugs and inhibiting Enzymes prevent this BP rise...
This presentation is about heart, it tells about how Cardiac muscles produce rhythmical beats, how the impulse are generated and conducted. This presentation tries to make Electrocardiogram easy to understand. Thank you
This presentation gives a brief information about hair structure, biochemistry, pigments, the cause of hair graying and the herbs which are helpful to get rid of hair graying.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
3. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
INTRODUCTION
• Antibiotics (Greek anti, “against”; bios, “life”) are chemical
compounds used to kill or inhibit the growth of infectious
organisms. Originally the term antibiotic referred only to organic
compounds, produced by bacteria or molds, that are toxic to other
microorganisms.
• They are more toxic to an invading organism than they are to an
animal or human host.
• first antibiotic was penicillin, discovered accidentally from a mold
culture.
• Antibiotics only treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are useless
against viral infections (for example, the common cold) and fungal
infections (such as ringworm).
5. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
• classification by their mechanism of action:
1. Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis: Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Cycloserin
Vancomycin
2. Cause leakage from cell membrane: Polypeptides
Polymixin
Colistin
Bacitracin
3. Cause misreading of m-RNA code
and affect permeability : Aminoglycosides
Streptomycin
Gentamycin
Neomycin
polyenes
AmphotericinB
Nystatin
Hamycin
6. ANTIBIOTICS
4. Inhibit protein synthesis:
SURYA
Tetracyclin
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Linezolid
5. Inhibit DNA gyrase:
Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
Ofloxacin
6. Interfere with metabolism :
Sulfonamides
Ethambutol
7. Interfere with DNA function : Rifampin
8. Interfere with DNA synthesis : Metronidazole
7. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
DESCRIPTIONS:
1. Β-Lactam antibiotics:
Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Carbapenems : Imipenem, Meropenem, Faropenem
A. PENICILLIN: Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be used clinically in 1941.
It was originally obtained from fungus Penicillium notatum.
Mechanism of action:
Binds to Penicillin-binding protein
Inhibit the Transpeptidase activity in
cell wall formation
Transpeptidation i.e cross linking
between peptides not occur.
Peptidoglycan cell wall not form.
bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibited.
8. ANTIBIOTICS
• Eg: Penicillin G
Penicillin V
Naficillin
Methicillin
Ampicillin
Amoxycillin
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Uses:
streptococcal infection
pneumococcal infection
meningococcal infection
gonorrhea, syphilis
Diphtheria
Tetanus
gas gangrene
9. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
B. CEPHALOSPORIN : These are group of semisynthetic antibiotics
derived from Cephalosporin-C obtained from a fungus
Cephalosporium. They are chemically related to penicillin. Its
nucleus consist of β-lactum ring.
• Their MOA is same as penicillin, i.e inhibition of bacterial cell wall
synthesis. All cephalosporins are bactericidal.
Cephalosporin
Ist gen:
Cephalexin,
cephalothin,
Cephadroxil
IInd gen:
Cefaclor,
Cefuroxime,
Cefoxitin
IIIrd gen:
Cefixime,
Cefpodoxime,
Ceftriaxone,
Cefdinir
IVth gen:
Cefepime,
Cefpirome
10. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
• Ist generation:
Broad spectrum than Penicillin.
Active against both gram+ve and gram-ve organisms.
• IInd generation:
Active against many gram-ve organisms which are resistant to
Ist generation.
• IIIrd generation:
Gram+ve : less active than Ist generation
Gram -ve : more active.
• IVth generation:
Gram +ve : more active than IIIrd generation.
Gram –ve : excellent active against gram –ve.
11. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
2. AMINOGLYCOSIDES: Aminoglycosides are the drugs effective
against gram-ve bacteria. All aminoglycosides are produced by
soil actinomycetes. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal.
Mechanism of action : Cause misreading of m-RNA code and affect
permeability. Other antibiotics which inhibit protein synthesis are
only static.
Aminoglycosides
Diffuse across outer coat of gram-ve bacteria (etransport, O2 dependent, only aerobes)
Bind to 30s (streptomycin), 50s (others), 30s-50s
interface. Protein synthesis initiation stopped.
Cause distortion of mRNA codon recognition.
Misreading of mRNA code. Wrong amino acid enters the
peptide chain.
Abnormality occur. Bacteria become more permeable
and leak out ions, amino acids and protein.
13. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
3. MACROLIDES : Macrolides are the antibiotics having a
macrocyclic lactone ring with attached sugar. They are
bacteriostatic. Erythromycin is the first member discovered.
• Mechanism of action : Macrolides bind to 50s ribosome and
interfere with translocation.
When peptide bond forms between amino acid & peptide
chain at acceptor site (A).
The elongated chain is translocated back to peptidyl site (P).
Thus site (A) becomes available for next amino acyl-t-RNA
attachment. This is called translocation.
Erythromycin binds to 50s ribosome and inhibit this
translocation.
Thus protein synthesis inhibited.
14. ANTIBIOTICS
• Macrolides covers mostly gram+ve and a few gram-ve baterias.
Erythromycin is highly active against:
Str. Pyogenes
Str. Pneumaniae
N. gonorrhoeae
C. diphtheriae
Uses : severe campylobacter enteritis
pertusis
chlamydial infection
pneumonia, sinusitis, bronchitis
Brands : ALTHROCIN – ALEMBIC (erythromycin)
EROATE – LUPIN (erythromycin)
AZEE – CIPLA (azithromycin)
AZRO – PIRAMAL (azithromycin)
CELEX – GSK (clarithromycin)
SURYA
15. ANTIBIOTICS
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4. TETRACYCLINES: These are the antibiotics having a nucleus of four
cyclic rings. They are obtained from soil actinomycetes. They are
primarily bacteriostatic.
Mechanism of action :
Binds to 30s ribosomes
•
•
•
•
•
Tetracycline
Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Domeclocycline
Minocycline
Attachment of aminoacyl-t-RNA to the
mRNA ribosome complex is interfered
Peptide chain fails to grow
protein synthesis inhibited
Bacteriostatic action.
• Uses:
Cocci : N. gonorrhoeae & N. meningitides
Bacilli : Gram+ve : Corynebateria, Propionibacterium acnes, B.anthracis
Gram-ve : V. cholera, Yersinia pestis , Helicobacter pylori
16. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
5. CHLORAMPHENICOL :Chloramphenicol was initially obtained
from Streptomyces venezuelae.
Antibacterial spectrum:
It is primarily bacteriostatic. Active against gram+ve & gram-ve
organisms same as tetracyclin.
Like tetracyclin it is inactive against Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas,
many proteus, viruses and fungi.
Mechanism of action:
Chloramphenicol
binds to 50s ribosome
inhibit the transfer of elongated peptide chain to the
newly attached aminoacyl -tRNA at ribosome mRNA
complex.
Protein synthesis inhibited.
17. ANTIBIOTICS
• Uses:
Bacterial meningitis
Brain abscess
Gas gangrene : death & decay of wound tissues infected by soil
bacterium Clostridium. Toxins produced cause tissue decay and
generate gas.
Whipple’s disease : less absorption of digested food in intestine,
occur in males.
Severe gastroenteritis
Plague
• Brands: CHLOREXIN CAP- CIPLA
DEXOREN- INDOCO
PERAXIN – PIRAMAL
CHLOROMYCETIN CAP- PFIZER
SURYA
18. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
6. GLYCOPEPTIDES :
It is active against MRSA. It is bactericidal to gram+ve cocci, Neisseria,
clostridia and diphtheroids.
• Mechanism of action:
It inhibits the bacterial cell wall synthesis.
vancomycin
binds to terminal dipeptide 'D-ala-Dala'
sequence of peptidoglycan unit
prevents the assembly and cross linking of
these units
cell wall not form
•
•
Uses: Staphylococcal enterocolitis Septicemia, Osteomyelitis.
Brands : VANCOGEN – ALKEM
VANLID – CIPLA
VANCORIN – EMCURE
19. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
7. OXAZOLIDINONE :
Linezolid : active against only gram+ve bacterias. It is primarily
bacteriostatic.
• Mechanism of action:
It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis ta an early step and different
site than other.
Linezolid
binds to 23s fraction of 50s ribosome
interfere with the formation of Nformylmethionine-tRNA-70s complex
thus tRNA binding site distorts
Protein synthesis not occur
20. ANTIBIOTICS
• Uses : uncomplicated skin and skin structure infection.
Community acquired pneumonia, Nocosomial pneumonia.
• Brands: ALZOLID – ALEMBIC
LIZOLID – GLENMARK
LINOSPAN – CIPLA
8. LINCOSAMIDE:
Clindamycin : it is similar in MOA to erythromycin (inhibit protein
synthesis by binding to 50s ribosome).
• Uses :
Acne, Bacterial vaginosis.
• Brands :
ACNESOL – SYSTOPIC
CLINDAC A – GALDERMA
CTOP – INTAS
SURYA
21. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
9. FLOROQUINOLONES:
They are quinolone antimicrobials.
• Norfloxacin
• Ciprofloxacin
• Ofloxacin
• Levofloxacin
• Moxifloxacin
Mechanism of action:
• FQs act by inhibiting the enzyme bacterial DNA gyrase.
• DNA gyrase consist of A and B subunits.
• A subunit cause nicking of strand, while B subunit introduce –ve
supercoil into the strand, and then A subunit reseals the strand. This
is necessary to prevent the excessive positive supercoiling of DNA
strands, hence DNA replication occur.
• FQs bind to A subunit and interfere with the strand cutting and
resealing function.
23. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
10. OTHERS:
A. Mupirocin
B. Polypeptides
i.
Polymyxin-B
ii.
Colistin
iii.
Bacitracin
• MUPIROCIN
• It is a novel antibiotic produced through fermentation of
Pseudomonas fluorescens. It inhibits isoleucyl transfer-RNA
synthetase and arrestbacterial protein synthesis.
• Uses:
Primary skin infection- impetigo, folliculitis, furunculosis, ecthyma.
Secondary skin infection- eczema, abrasion, lesions, insect bites,
wounds, cuts.
• Brands: BACTROBAN – GSK
MPOWER- ZYDUS
SUPIROCIN - GLENMARK
24. ANTIBIOTICS
SURYA
Polymyxin-B & COLISTIN
• Active against only gram-ve bacteria. They are bactericidal. They
cause distortion in bacterial cell membrane and cause pseudopore
formation, so that ions, amino acids leak out. And bacteria dies.
• Uses: ocular, autic and skin infections.
• Brands: NEOSPORIN – GSK
CADIPRIM – CADILA
ORIPRIM – ZYDUS CADILA
BACITRACIN
Mostly active against gram+ve bacterias. Acts by inhibiting cell wall
synthesis. Highly toxic so not given parenterally.
25. ANTIBIOTICS
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Resistance to antibiotics:
Resistance of bacteria to the effects of antibiotics has become a
major problem in the treatment of disease. Bacteria that are not
killed or stopped by antibacterial drugs may change in form so that
they resist attack against their cell walls or even produce enzymes
that kill the antibiotics.
Resistance: When any
Types of Resistance:
antibiotic does not show
affect against specific
microbes then it means drug
resistance is developed.
Natural: some antibiotics are
naturally resistant to specific
microbes.
Eg- Penicillin is resistant to
gram-ve bacteria,
Tetracyclin is resistant to M.
tuberculosis.
Acquired: microbes become
resistant due to use of
antibiotics for a long period of
time.
Eg- Sulfonamides are resistant
to Gonococci