The ppt covers the following topics- 1. MICROBES 2. MICROBIAL CONTROL 2.1.Reason for microbial control 2.2.Methods of microbial control 3. ANTIBIOTIC 3.1.Definition 3.2.History of antibiotic discovery 4. MAJOR ANTIBIOTIC 4.1.PENICILLINS 4.1.1 Action , organisms and biosynthesis of penicillin 4.2.CEPHALOSPORINS 4.2.1 organism and biosynthesis 4.3.AROMATIC ANTIBIOTICS 4.4.NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS 5. APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC 6. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC 7. CONCLUSION

1. ANTIBIOTIC
Microbial control

2. SYNOPSISMICROBES
MICROBIAL CONTROL
1.Reason for microbial control
2.Methods of microbial control
ANTIBIOTIC
1.Definition
2.History of antibiotic discovery
MAJOR ANTIBIOTIC
1.PENICILLINS
 Action , organisms and biosynthesis of penicillin
2.CEPHALOSPORINS
 organism and biosynthesis
3.AROMATIC ANTIBIOTICS
4.NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC
SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC
CONCLUSION

3. MICROBES
Microbes are microorganisms especially a
bacterium causing disease or fermentation
It is organism which may exist in its single celled
form or in a colony of cells
The scientific study of microorganism began
with their observation under microscope in
1670 by ANTONVON LEVWENHOOK

4. MICROBIAL CONTROL
 Microbial control is mean that how to control
microbes interference in human life.
 And it is basically releated to microbes growth
 REASON FOR MICROBIAL CONTROL
 1. prevention of disease transmission and infection
 2.prevention of decomposition and spoilage
 3.prevention of contamination ( communication of
disease organisms through contact, dispersal,
fomites)
 Microbial control is necessary to maintain a balance
between men and microbes.

5. METHODS OF MICROBIALCONTROL
AGE OLD PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
METHOD METHODS METHODS
1.Osmotic 1. heat 1. gas sterilants
Pressure 2. filtration 2.antiseptics and
2. Refrigeration 3. radiation disinfections

6. PHYSICAL METHODS
HEAT STERILIZATION FILTRATION RADIATION
1. DRY HEAT 1. AIR UV LIGHTS
incineration 2. LIQUID IONIZING
RADIATION
2.MOIST HEAT
Boiling
Autoclaving
pasteurization

7. CHEMICAL METHODS
GAS STERILANTS ANTISEPTICS AND
DISINFECTANTS
Ethylene oxide germicidal chemical

8. ANTIBIOTIC
 DEFINITION= antibiotic are the chemical
substances that can kill organisms or inhibit their
growth and therefore used to fight infections in
humans or animals .
 Antibiotics have undoubtedly changed the world
we live in and have certainly contributed to the
increase in the humans life span .This is mainly
due to the fact that several life threatening
infections . Disease could be conveniently cured
by administration of antibiotics.

9. HISTORY ANTIBIOTIC DISCOVERY
1.ALEXANDER FLEMING
It was in 1928 Fleming made an accidental
discovery that the fungus Penicillium notatum
Produced a compound (penicillin) that selectively
killed a wide range of bacteria without
adversely affecting the host cells.There are
records that in some parts of Europe (1908).
Extracts of moldy infections, although the
biochemical basis was not known.The penicillin
discovery of Fleming has revolutionized.

11. 2.GERHARD DOMAGK
 The modern era of chemotherapy of infection
started by DOMGAYK in 1935. with the
demonstration of the rapeutic effect of
prontosoil a sulfonamide dye. In pyogenic
infection.

12. 3.SELMAN WAKSMAN
 In 1940 Waksman and his colleagues.
Undertook a systematic search of
actionomycetes as source. Of antibiotics and
discovered streptomycin in 1944

13. MAJOR ANTIBIOTICS
PENICILLINS
1. Penicillin's are a group of B- lactum containing
bacterial antibiotic. being the first among the
antibiotic to be discovered, penicillin are historically
important.
2.The structure of important synthetic and semi-
synthetic penicillin's are depicted in diagram.
3.The basic structure of cell the penicillin's consists of a
Lactum ring and a thizolidine ring fused together to
from 6-aminopenicillanic acid.

14. ACTION OF PENICILLIN

15. Organism for penicillin
productions
 In the early days Penicillin notatum was used
for the large scale production of penicillin.
 Penicillin chrysogenim and its improved
mutant strains are preferred previously.
 Previously the penicillin production used to
be less than 2 units/ml and with the new
strains the productions runs into several
thousands of units/ml one of the high yielding
strains wiz Q176 is preferred by several
penicillin manufactures

17. BIOSYNTHESIS OF PENICILLIN

18. CEPHALOSPORINS
 The pharmaceutical uses of penicillin are
associated with allergic reactions in some
individuals.To overcome there allergic
problems, cephalosporin's are developed.
They have improved stability against B-
lactamases. And are more active against
gram- negative bacteria.
 Cephalosporin's have a beta lactum ring .
Fused with a dihydro thiazine ring.

19. Organism for cephalosporin
production
 Cephalosporin c was first discovered in the culture
of fungus Cephalosporium chreysogenum ( later
renamed as Aceromonium chreysogenium)
 And organism continuous to be used even today
the other organisms employed for cephalosporin
production are Emericellopsis sp. Paecilomyces sp.
And streptomyces sp.
Cephalosporium
chreysogenum

20. Biosynthesis of
cephalosporin

21. AROMATIC ANTIBIOTIC
 The antibiotic with aromatic rings in their
structure are regarded as aromatic antibiotic
1.CHLORAMPHENICOL
It is a broad spectrum antibiotic that can act
against gram positive and negative bacteria
besides rickettsias , actinomycetes and
chlamydias
2.GRISEOFULVIN
Is an antibiotic that acts on fungi with chitinous
cell walls. It is used in the treatment of
various fungal skin infections.

22. NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
 There are several antibiotics which have
nucleoside like structures e.g. puromycin ,
blasticidin S.
 Puromycin is used to understand the ribosomal
function in protein synthesis .

23. SIDE EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS
 There are many different groups, or classes,
of antibiotics. All of these classes have side
effects, which typically affect men and
women in the same way. However, certain
side effects are more common in some
antibiotics than in others. Read on to learn
about common side effects, how to manage
them, and which antibiotics are more likely to
cause them.

24. 1.More common side effects
 Many antibiotics cause stomach upset or other
gastrointestinal side effects.These can include:
 nausea
 vomiting
 cramps
 diarrhea
 Macrolide antibiotics, cephalosporins, penicillin,
and fluoroquinolones may cause more stomach
upset than other antibiotics.

25. 2.Photosensitivity
 If you’re taking an antibiotic such as tetracycline,
your body can become more sensitive to light.This
effect can make light seem brighter in your eyes. It
can also make your skin more prone to sunburn.
Photosensitivity should go away after you finish
taking the
3.Tooth discoloration
 Antibiotics such as tetracycline and doxycycline
can cause permanent tooth staining in children
whose teeth are still developing.This effect mostly
occurs in children who are younger than 8 years.
Also, if a pregnant woman takes these drugs, they
may stain the developing child’s primary teeth..

26. APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTICS
 Antibiotic are particulararly important as
antimicrobial agents for chemotherapy. A large
no. of bacterial diseases have been brought under
control by use of antibiotics .These include
pneumonia cholera leprosy tuberculosis.
 1. ANTITUMOR ANTIBIOTIC
There are a selected few antibiotics that are used
for control of cancer growth although with
alimited success e.g actinomycin D mitomycin C.

27. 2.FOOD PRESERVATIVE ANTIBIOTIC
 Certain antibiotic are used in canning industry
(chlortetracycline) and for preservation of fish ,
meat and poultry (e.g. pimaricin nisin)
3.FOR CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
In recent years several antibiotics use to control plant
diseases e.g. blasticidin , trtranactin , polyoxin.
4. AS TOOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
It can inhibit certain biological reactions at the
molecular level it used to obtain some important
information on DNA replication , transcription
and translation.

28. CONCLUSION
 Antibiotics are prescription drugs that help treat
infections caused by bacteria. Some of the more
common infections treated with antibiotics include
bronchitis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections.
Antibiotics work by killing the bacteria causing the
infection or by stopping the bacteria from growing
and multiplying.
 There are many different groups, or classes, of
antibiotics. All of these classes have side effects,
which typically affect men and women in the same
way. However, certain side effects are more
common in some antibiotics than in others. Read on
to learn about common side effects, how to manage
them, and which antibiotics are more likely to cause
them