Antennas are used for transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves in wireless communication systems. They work by converting electrical energy into electromagnetic waves that propagate through space. There are different types of antennas suited for different applications, but they all share fundamental properties like radiation pattern, gain, directivity, and polarization. Antennas must be designed to direct radiation in the desired direction and impedance match the transmission line to prevent reflections. Key antenna types are directional antennas like Yagi, parabolic, and sector antennas which achieve longer ranges but less coverage, versus omni-directional antennas which provide wider coverage over shorter ranges.
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them.
A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received beam into electrical signals.
In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for both transmission and reception.
Basic Parameters
Frequency
Wavelength
Impedance matching
VSWR & reflected power
Bandwidth
Percentage bandwidth
Radiation intensity.
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual antenna elements are connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship. The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together (interfering constructively) to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling (interfering destructively) to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions.
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
A horn antenna or microwave horn is an antenna that consists of a flaring metal waveguide shaped like a horn to direct radio waves in a beam. Horns are widely used as antennas at UHF and microwave frequencies, above 300 MHz.
An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them.
A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received beam into electrical signals.
In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for both transmission and reception.
Basic Parameters
Frequency
Wavelength
Impedance matching
VSWR & reflected power
Bandwidth
Percentage bandwidth
Radiation intensity.
An antenna array (or array antenna) is a set of multiple connected antennas which work together as a single antenna, to transmit or receive radio waves. The individual antenna elements are connected to a single receiver or transmitter by feedlines that feed the power to the elements in a specific phase relationship. The radio waves radiated by each individual antenna combine and superpose, adding together (interfering constructively) to enhance the power radiated in desired directions, and cancelling (interfering destructively) to reduce the power radiated in other directions. Similarly, when used for receiving, the separate radio frequency currents from the individual antennas combine in the receiver with the correct phase relationship to enhance signals received from the desired directions and cancel signals from undesired directions.
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
ADS-B: A pilot's guide to understanding the system and avionicsSporty's Pilot Shop
Join Sporty's John Zimmerman for a detailed look at Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast, the technology that's changing how pilots fly. From the basics of the system to portable ADS-B receivers to panel-mount ADS-B transmitters, you'll learn what ADS-B really means and how to fly with it.
Presented at the 2016 EAA AirVenture Oshkosh.
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
hello readers i give my PPT presentation for about antenna and ther properties and working explain in this ppt
i hope you like it THANK YOU.......!!!!!!!
Antenna is used widely in the telecommunication field, military operations, and other applications. It gets an electromagnetic wave and converts it into electric signals. Some antennas receive electric signals and radiate them as electromagnetic waves. A simple radio antenna is a long straight rod. Many indoor TV antennas take the form of a dipole that is divided into 2 pieces and folded horizontally. Numerous outdoor TV antennas have more than one dipole with a central supporting rod. The different types of antenna designs include parabolic satellite dishes and circular loops of wire.
Generally, the waves emitting at the antenna from a transmitter are the same in any shape of the antenna. Different patterns of dipoles help to concentrate the signals for easy detection. This effect can be increased by adding many unconnected dummy dipoles called reflectors and directors. These dipoles bounce the signals over the actual receiving dipoles. This is similar to boosting the signals and picking weaker signals better than a simple antenna. We will further discuss the working of different kinds of antennas and the science behind their working. We will also discuss the various types of antennas and their different properties.
Important Features of Antennas
An Antenna contains many important features such as:
• Gain
The gain of an antenna is a technical measurement and the amount at which the signals are boosted. Television will pick up a poor signal without an antenna plugged in. Metal cases and other components pick up some kinds of signals by default. You need to add a proper directional antenna to gain better signals.
The gain of an antenna is often measured in decibels (DB). You will receive a better reception with a bigger gain. Outdoor antennas work more effectively than outdoor antennas.
• Directionality
Dipole is very directional and picks up incoming radio waves traveling at right angles to them. The telescopic antenna on an FM radio is less directional when the signals are strong. If the telescopic antenna is pointed straight upward, it will capture good signals from any direction.
AM antenna in the radio is very directional. While using AM, you will need to swivel the radio until it picks up strong signals. Highly directional antennas give ample benefits such as reduction in interference from unwanted sources or signals.
• Bandwidth
The bandwidth of an antenna refers to the frequency range on which it works perfectly. Broader bandwidth gives a greater range of radio waves. Broad bandwidth will be more helpful in the case of television but not in other cases like satellite communications, telephones, or cell phones.
Different Kinds of Antennas
An antenna is a tool used for receiving and transmitting signals. It comes in various shapes, sizes, and features according to the needs of the customers. We will now discuss the different types of antennas and how they work.
1. Dipole Antenna
Dipole antennas normally contain 2 similar conductive elements
In our daily life we see so many antennas everywhere, from simple radio transreceiver to big tower antennas and DTH antennas. Antenna is a magical element in the field of communication. Nobody can dream of wireless communication without the use of antennas. It’s the antenna which creates the magic in the air and makes wireless communication possible.
In this paper authors will discuss about the cellular antennas. They will concentrate mainly on fundamentals of antenna, relationship between frequency, wavelength and dipole wave propagation and parameters of antenna like Gain, VSWR, SFR and FBR etc.
Authors also discuss about types of down tilt, generic requirements of antennas, selection of antennas and beam forming and active antenna systems.
Dipole Antenna Design, Working, Application, and Types (1).pdfGurleen Nayar
The antenna is a device that helps to send and receive signals to represent data. Germans invented the first antenna in 1888. This antenna was used for wireless communication. As time passed, different kinds of antennas were invented based on aperture, reflector, aperture, log periodic, and wire.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Introduction
The electric charges are the sources of the electromagnetic (EM)
fields. When these sources are time varying, the EM waves
propagates away from the source and the radiation takes place.
In general, the radiation can be considered as a process of
transmitting energy.
The radiation of the electromagnetic wave into the space is
effectively achieved by using a conducting or dielectric structure
called antennas or radiators.
A metallic device used for radiating or receiving radio waves is
called antenna.
According to IEEE, antenna is defined as a means for radiating or
receiving radio waves. Thus antenna is regarded as a transition
between the free space and transmission line.
The antenna is a matching device between free space and the
transmission line.
3. Impedance matching: matches impedance of
transmission line to the intrinsic impedance of
free space to prevent wanted reflection back to
source.
Two main purposes of Antenna
Antenna must be designed to direct the
radiation in the desired direction.
4. Antenna - How it Works
The antenna converts radio frequency electrical
energy fed to it (via the transmission line) to an
electromagnetic wave propagated into space.
Antenna is a transducer which converts electrical
energy into EM wave and vice versa.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. Antenna Fundamentals
Antenna can be used as transmitting antenna or receiving
antenna. It has directional properties. It is the important
component of a wireless communication system.
Different antennas are used in different systems. But all
the antennas possess basic fundamental properties which
are same for all.
-radiation pattern -radiation intensity
- gain -directivity
-power gain -antenna efficiency
-effective aperture - radiation resistance,
- beamwidth - bandwidth, etc.
- Polarization
11.
12. The type of system you are installing will help
determine the type of antenna used. Generally
speaking, there are two ‘types’ of antennae:
1. Directional
- this type of antenna has a narrow beamwidth; with the
power being more directional, greater distances are
usually achieved but area coverage is sacrificed
- Yagi, Panel, Sector and Parabolic antennas
2. Omni-Directional
- this type of antenna has a wide beamwidth and
radiates 3600; with the power being more spread
out, shorter distances are achieved but greater coverage
attained
- Isotropic antenna
19. uku@stttelkom.ac.id
• Log periodic dipole array
(LPDA) DipolesTransmission
line
- BW is smaller than LPDA
- typical gain 12 – 14 dBi
Reflector Driven element (dipole)
Directors
• Yagi antenna
Directional Radiation
Pattern
main lobe
main lobeside lobe
back lobe
- very wide BW, with constant SWR
- typical gain 10 dBi
50. An antennas polarization is relative to the E-field of antenna.
– If the E-field is horizontal, than the antenna is Horizontally
Polarized.
– If the E-field is vertical, than the antenna is Vertically Polarized.
Polarization
No matter what polarity you choose, all antennas in the same RF
network must be polarized identically regardless of the antenna
type.
57. Polarization may deliberately be used to:
– Increase isolation from unwanted signal sources (Cross
Polarization Discrimination (x-pol) typically 25 dB)
– Reduce interference
– Help define a specific coverage area
Horizontal
Vertical
