This document provides information about animal tissues. It begins by explaining how tissues fit into the hierarchy of living organisms, from single cells to complex multicellular organisms. The major types of tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue - are then introduced. The remainder of the document delves into specific examples of each tissue type, describing their structure, location in the body, and functions. Key tissue examples discussed include squamous, cuboidal, columnar and glandular epithelial tissues, as well as areolar, dense and adipose connective tissues, cartilage, bone and the three main muscle tissues.

1. UNIT 4: ANIMAL TISSUE

2. WHERE DO TISSUES FIT IN
THE LIVING ORGANISM?
 Life begins as a single cell called a zygote
after fertilization
 This cell differentiates into a variety of
tissues. (Group of cells with the same
function)
 A group of tissues with the same function
forms an organ.
 Group of organs – Organ system
 Group of organ systems - Organism

3. WHAT IS TISSUE?
SPECIALIZED CELL of the
same type that perform a
common function in the
body.

4. MAJOR TYPES OF ANIMAL
TISSUE
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE: Covers or lines
body cavity and forms glands.
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE: Binds different
organs together and support the body.
 MUSCLE TISSUE: Movement
 NERVOUS TISSUE: Senses and transmits
impulses

5. EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR CILLIATED GLANDULAR

7. SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL TISSUE
STRUCTURE
 Single layer thin, large, flattened cells
 Cells have irregular shape and are closely packed in
mosaic form.
 Cells are attached to a basement membrane.
FUNCTIONS
 Diffusion of gasses can occur easily over surface.
 Supply friction free surface for blood flow.
 Protects and supports underlying tissue

8. SQUAMOUS EPITELIAL TISSUE
WHERE?
•Lining of lungs
and blood vessels
•In mouth and
esophagus.

9. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL TISSUE
STRUCTUTE
 Square cells, closely packed in a single layer.
 Cells attached to a basement membrane.
FUNCTION
 Absorbs molecules

10. CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL CELLS
WHERE?
•Lining of
kidney tubules
•Lining
various
glands.

11. COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE
STRUCTURE
 Tall elongated, column-shaped cells.
 Nucleus near the base of the cell.
 Cells are attached to a basement membrane.
FUNCTIONS
 Plays a role in absorption of nutrients.
 Protects and supports underlying tissues.

12. COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE
WHERE?
•Lining of
small
intestine,
stomach
and
oviducts

13. CILLIATED CULUMNAR EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
STRUCTURE
 Comprises of columnar cells with cilia at their free
edges
FUNCTIONS
 Sweeps impurities towards throat
 Improves movement of substance through the ducts.

14. CILLIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL
TISSUE
WHERE?
•Lining of
trachea and
nostrils,
bronchi
and sperm
ducts)

15. GLANDULAR COLUMNAR
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
STRUCTURE
 Consist of cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells.
 Unicellular glandular cells with goblet cells scattered
among non-glandular cells.
FUNCTIONS
 Produce mucus which serves to lubricate the intestine
and make movement of food easier.
 Keep respiratory passage moist.
 Secrete enzymes, hormones, sweat, wax and saliva.

16. GLANDULAR COLUMNAR
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
WHERE?
• In small
intestine and
respirative
passages.
• Occur in
salivary glands,
thyroid gland
and sebaceous
glands in the
skin.

17. • FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
• FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

18.  LOOSE AREOLAR FIBROUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE WHITE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
DENSE YELLOW FIBROUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE

19. LOOSE AREOLAR FIBROUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Occurs beneath the skin
and most epithelial
layers connecting organs
together.
 Filling the spaces
between organs and
muscles, around muscles
and blood vessels

20. DESCRIPTION OF AREOLAR-
 Loosely arranged tissue
 In jelly-like matrix there are 4 types of living
cells and two types of non-living cells.
 Macrophages
 Mast cells
 Fat cells
 Fibroblasts
 Collagen fibres
 Elastic fibres

21. FUNCTIONS OF AREOLAR-
Areolar tissue binds organs or organ
components together and supports
structures.
Allows for movement between
structures.
The matrix allows for diffusion of
substances like gases, nutrients,
hormones and wastes to and from the
blood.

22.  Fibroblasts – secrete collagen and produce
elastic fibres.
 Macrophages – Engulf foreign particles by
means of phagocytosis to defend the body
against infection.
 Mast cells – They secrete the matrix, release
histamine during inflammation, produce
heparin (anticoagulant).
 Fat cells – Synthesis and storage of fats.
 Collagen fibres strengthen the tissue.
 Elastic fibres – Allows for expansion and
contraction.

23. MACROPHAGES, PLASMA CELLS
MAST CELLS AND ELASTIC FIBRES

24. FIBROBLASTS

25. DENSE WHITE FIBROUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 In dermis of skin,
tendons
FUNCTIONS:
Attach muscle to bones

26. DESCRIPTION OF DENSE WHITE-
 Consist of mainly white collagen non-elastic
fibres.
 The collagen fibres are non-elastic,
densely packed, arranged in parallel
bundles, and has a shiny appearance.
 Fibroblasts are elongated cells and occur
parallel in rows.
 Minimum amount of matrix.

27. YELLOW FIBROUS CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
 In ligaments
FUNCTIONS:
 Attach bone to bone
 Hold bones of a joint in
place.
 Restrict movement of
bones and prevent
dislocation during
normal movement.

28. DESCRIPTION OF DENSE YELLOW-
 Consist of white collagen fibres and a
network of yellow elastic fibres.
 Ligaments are strong and flexible.

29. ADDIPOSE TISSUE
 Found beneath the skin,
around heart and other
organs.
FUNCTION:
 Insulation
 Stores fat.
DESCRIPTION:
 Large round cells filled
with fat or oil.

30. COLLAGEN FIBRES AND ADIPOSE
CELLS

31.  HYALINE CARTILAGE
WHITE FIBROUS CARTILAGE
YELLOW ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 BONE

32. HYALINE CARTILAGE
 Occurs at the ends of
bones in movable
joints. Parts of the
larynx.
 In the walls of the
trachea and bronchi.
 In between the ribs
and the sternum.
 On the tip of the nose

33. DESCRIPTION
 Contains fine collagen fibres.
 White translucent matrix.
 Cartilage tissue is surrounded by a fibrous
capsule called the perichondrium with
blood vessels for nutrition.
 It consists of living cells called
chondrocytes.
 They occur in small fluid-filled spaces called
lacunae. In the lacunae the cells are
arranged singular or in groups.

34. FUNCTIONS
 Chondrocytes produce a
rubber matrix called
chondrin.
 Reduce friction at joints
 Attach bones firmly to other
bones.
 Keeps tubes open (C-shaped in
trachea).
 Forms permanent structures
(nose).
 Longitudinal growth of long
bones.

35. White FIBROCARTILAGE
 Occurs as disks between
the vertebrae.
 Surrounds the edges of
the sockets of ball-and-
socket joints.
 Between the pubic bones
in front of the pelvic
girdle.

36. FUNCTIONS
 It serves as shock
absorbers between
adjacent vertebrae.
 It deepens sockets to
make dislocation less
easy.

37. DESCRIPTION
 Contain a large number of collagen
fibres.
 White translucent matrix.
 Cartilage tissue is surrounded by a
fibrous capsule called the
perichondrium with blood vessels
for nutrition.
 It consists of living cells called
chondrocytes.
 They occur in small fluid-filled
spaces called lacunae. In the
lacunae the cells are arranged
singular or in groups.

38. Yellow ELASTIC CARTILAGE
 In the ear lobe
 At the tip of the nose
 In the epiglottis.
 Septum of nose

39. FUNCTIONS
 It maintains the shape
and flexibility of the ear
lobe and tip of the nose.
 It strengthens and
supports the ear, nose
and epiglottis.

40. DESCRIPTION
 Contain collagen fibres and a large network of elastic
fibres.
 Translucent matrix.
 Cartilage tissue is surrounded by a fibrous capsule
called the perichondrium with blood vessels for
nutrition.
 It consists of living cells called chondrocytes.
 They occur in small fluid-filled spaces called lacunae.
In the lacunae the cells are arranged singular or in
groups.

41. COMPACT BONE
 Occur in the bones
of the skeleton

42. FUNCTIONS Support
 Protection
 Locomotion
 Red blood corpuscles
and white blood cells
are produced in the red
bone marrow.

43. DESCRIPTION
 The matrix of compact
bone consists of collagen
fibres together with
calcium, phosphorus and
magnesium.
 These components are
arranged in circles called
lamellae, around the
Haversian canal,
containing artery, vein and
nerve.
 Contain bone cells called
osteocytes

44. BLOOD
BLOOD PLASMA
ERYTHROCYTES
LEUCOCYTES
BLOOD PLATELETS

45. BLOODPLASMA
WHERE?
 Matrix in which the blood
cells are found.
FUNCTIONS:
 Transport various formed
elements to body parts.
 Dispersion medium.
 Transports digested food.
 Transports cellular waste.
 Transports hormones.
 Plays a role in regulation of
body temperature.
 Transports antibodies
DESCRIPTION
 Straw color fluid
consisting mainly of
water with many
substances in solution
like nutrients, organic
waste, inorganic salts
and ions, plasma
protein, dissolved
gases, hormones,
enzymes and
antibodies.

46. ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD
CELLS)FUNCTIONS:
 Transports oxygen in the
blood from the lungs to
all living cells.
 Transports some of the
carbon dioxide from the
body tissues the lungs.
 Play a role in the clotting
of blood.
 Play a role in the
regulating of pH of body
fluids

47. DESCRIPTION
 Small round biconcave disks filled with cytoplasm,
but without a nucleus.
 Contain the red pigment hemoglobin.
 Hemoglobin contains 4 units, each with the
protein globin and a complex iron-containing,
structure called heme. The iron form a loose
association with oxygen and in this way red blood
cells transport oxygen and readily give it up to
tissues.

48. LEUCOCYTES
(WHITE BLOOD CELLS)
FUNCTIONS:
 Engulf infections by
means of
phagocytosis.
 Produce antibodies.
 Defense or
immunity of body

50. DESCRIPTION
 Larger cells with nuclei.
 Without staining they
appear transparent.
 Irregular is shape. – there are
5 types of leucocytes based
on differences in size and
nuclear shape:
 Neutrophils
 Eosinophils
 Basophils
 Monocytes.
 Lymphocytes.

51. BLOOD PLATELETS
DESCRIPTION:
 Fragments of giant cells,
present only in bone
marrow.
 They are small discs
without nuclei and
bounded by a typical cell
membrane.
 A characteristic feature of
platelets is their tendency
to stick to foreign surfaces
and to each other to form
clumps.
FUNCTIONS;
 When blood vessels are
damaged, platelets
form a plug that seals
the vessel, and injured
tissues release
molecules that help
the clotting of blood.

53. SMOOTH MUSCLE –
CARDIAC MUSCLE –
SKELETAL MUSCLE -

55. SMOOTH MUSCLE
 Found wide spread in
body.
 Found in the walls of
bloodvessels, digestive
tract, respiratory ducts,
urinary ducts and
reproductive ducts.
 In iris of eye and form
small muscles attach to
hair follicles

56. FUNCTIONS OF SMOOTH -
 Control slow involuntary
movements of organs
performing important life
processes e.g. Contraction
of stomach wall during
peristalsis.
 Responsible for the
movement of substances
in internal passages e.g.
Blood in blood vessels.

57. DESCRIPTION OF SMOOTH -
 Every smooth muscle fibre is an elongated, thin cell
with a thick central part and pointed ends.
 Every cell has a big nucleus centrally situated.
 This muscle is never connected to bone.
 Can contract for long with out causing a spasm e.g.
Uterus wall during birth.

58. CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
 Found only in the heart.

59. DESCRIPTION OF CARDIAC -
 Contain many mitochondria, glucose and blood
supply.
 Consist of branched cells with one or two central
nuclei.
 Cells are rectangular and connected with muscle
bridges.
 The ends of 2 cells are attached by intercalated disks.

61. FUNCTION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
 It causes the rythmic beating of the heart so that blood
can flow through the whole body.

62. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

63. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

64. SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE
 Skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled.
 skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of
collagen fibers known as tendons.
 Skeletal muscle is made up of individual components
known as myocytes, or "muscle cells“ = "muscle fibers"
 These long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells are also
called myofibers.
 The term muscle refers to multiple bundles of muscle
fibers held together by connective tissue.

65.  The plasma membrane is called the sarcolemma with
the cytoplasm known as the sarcoplasm.
 In the sarcoplasm are the myofibrils.
 Pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma are the
unusual flattened nuclei.
 Between the myofibrils are the mitochondria.

67. NERVOUS TISSUE
 Nervous tissue is composed of highly specialized nerve
cells called neurons and supporting cells or
neuroglia.
 The neurons, which are the basic units of
communication, react to stimuli and transmit the
impulses (information) form one region of the body to
another.
 Neurons extend throughout the body and do not act
alone.

68. STRUCTURE OF A NEURON
 Neurons are usually long, large and complex in shape.
 It consists of a cell body and several cytoplasmic
processes.
 Processes that transmit impulses to the cell body are
dendrites and usually are multiple.
 The single process that transmits impulses away forms
the cell body in the axon.
 The cell body contains a nucleus, neurofibrills, Nissl
granules, neuroplasma.

69. Three types of neurons
according to structure:
 Unipolar neurons Bipolar neurons
Multipolar neurons

71. Three types of neurons because of
function:
 Sensory neuron
 Motor neuron
 Inter-