Most relevant information about the cell, its discovery, types and various kinds of organelles and their function. it also focus on how molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
2018/2019
In this presentation, the presenter has described the basics of Cell Biology. The features of a cell, types of cells, functions, components of cells etc. This will be very handy for class 7-9th standard students.
5. Tissues - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. Thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Tissues: the group of cells are called tissue. A tissue is an assemble of similar cells that together carry out a specific function. The group of tissues are joined and form organ.
Types or classification:
4 basic tissues:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
Epithelial tissue is made up of epithelial cells.
The cells can be different shapes and can be arranged in a single layer or multiple layers depending on where they are located in body and what kind of functions they have.
All substances that enter or leave an organ must cross the epithelial tissue first.
The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands.
Epithelial tissue has a variety of functions depending on where it’s located in body, including protection, secretion and absorption.
Types of epithelial tissue:
Based on how the cells are arranged:
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
1.simple epithelium: A simple epithelium means that there’s only one layer of cells.
Simple squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium typically lines blood vessels and body cavities and regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue.
Simple cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is typically found in glandular (secreting) tissue and kidney tubules.
Simple columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is often specialized for absorption and usually has apical cilia or microvilli. These cells line in stomach and intestines.
2.stratified epithelium: A stratified epithelium is made up of more than one layer of cells.
Stratified squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium usually has protective functions, including protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. The outer layer of skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is found in the excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is not as common and is seen in the mucous membrane (conjunctiva) lining in eyelids, where it’s both protective and mucus-secreting.
3. Pseudostratified:
These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.
Pseudostratified epithelium can also possess fine hair-like extensions of their apical (luminal) membrane called cilia.
In this case, the epithelium is described as ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.
Epithelial cells based on specialized functions
Transitional epith
Most relevant information about the cell, its discovery, types and various kinds of organelles and their function. it also focus on how molecules are transported across the cell membrane.
2018/2019
In this presentation, the presenter has described the basics of Cell Biology. The features of a cell, types of cells, functions, components of cells etc. This will be very handy for class 7-9th standard students.
5. Tissues - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. Thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Tissues: the group of cells are called tissue. A tissue is an assemble of similar cells that together carry out a specific function. The group of tissues are joined and form organ.
Types or classification:
4 basic tissues:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
Epithelial tissue is made up of epithelial cells.
The cells can be different shapes and can be arranged in a single layer or multiple layers depending on where they are located in body and what kind of functions they have.
All substances that enter or leave an organ must cross the epithelial tissue first.
The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands.
Epithelial tissue has a variety of functions depending on where it’s located in body, including protection, secretion and absorption.
Types of epithelial tissue:
Based on how the cells are arranged:
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
1.simple epithelium: A simple epithelium means that there’s only one layer of cells.
Simple squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium typically lines blood vessels and body cavities and regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue.
Simple cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is typically found in glandular (secreting) tissue and kidney tubules.
Simple columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is often specialized for absorption and usually has apical cilia or microvilli. These cells line in stomach and intestines.
2.stratified epithelium: A stratified epithelium is made up of more than one layer of cells.
Stratified squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium usually has protective functions, including protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. The outer layer of skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is found in the excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is not as common and is seen in the mucous membrane (conjunctiva) lining in eyelids, where it’s both protective and mucus-secreting.
3. Pseudostratified:
These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.
Pseudostratified epithelium can also possess fine hair-like extensions of their apical (luminal) membrane called cilia.
In this case, the epithelium is described as ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.
Epithelial cells based on specialized functions
Transitional epith
here, you will find out a brief summary about the chapter tissues it is an very interesting chapter in this ppt all the topics have been discussed you can this ppt
A tissue may be defined as an aggregate or collection of same type of cells performing the same general functions of the body. For example: Blood, bone, muscle etc.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Animal tissue
1.
2. ANIMAL TISSUES
• The structure of the cells vary according to
their function
• Therefore, the tissues are different and are
broadly classified into four types :
(i) Epithelial
(ii) Connective
(iii) Muscular
(iv) Neural
3. Epithelial Tissue
• This tissue has a free surface, which faces
either a body fluid or the outside environment
and thus provides a covering or a lining for
some part of the body
• There are two types of epithelial tissues
simple epithelium
compound epithelium
4. • Simple epithelium is composed of a single
layer of cells and functions as a lining for body
cavities, ducts, and tubes.
• The compound epithelium consists of two or
more cell layers and has protective function as
it does in our skin.
5. • On the basis of structural modification of the
cells, simple epithelium is further divided into
three types.
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
6. • The squamous
epithelium is made of a
single thin layer of
flattened cells with
irregular boundaries.
• They are found in
walls of blood vessels
and
air sacs of lungs
• are involved in
functions like forming a
diffusion boundary
7. • The cuboidal epithelium
is composed of a single
layer of cube-like cells
• This is commonly found in
ducts of glands
tubular parts of nephrons
in kidneys
• its main functions are
secretion and absorption
• The epithelium of
proximal convoluted
tubule of nephron in the
kidney has microvilli.
8. • The columnar
epithelium is composed
of a single layer of tall
and slender cells
• Their nuclei are located
at the base
• Free surface may have
microvilli
• They are found in the
lining of stomach and
intestine
• Help in secretion and
absorption
9. • If the columnar or
cuboidal cells bear cilia
on their free surface they
are called ciliated
epithelium
• Their function is to move
particles or mucus in a
specific direction over the
epithelium
• They are mainly present
in the inner surface of
hollow organs like
bronchioles and fallopian
tubes
10. • Some of the columnar
or cuboidal cells get
specialised for secretion
and are called glandular
epithelium
• They are mainly of two
types:
• unicellular, consisting
of isolated glandular
cells (goblet cells of the
alimentary canal)
• multicellular, consisting
of cluster of cells
(salivary gland)
11. • On the basis of the mode of pouring of their
secretions, glands are divided into two categories
namely exocrine and endocrine glands
• Exocrine glands secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, oil,
milk, digestive enzymes and other cell products
• These products are released through ducts or
tubes
• In contrast, endocrine glands do not have ducts
• Their products called hormones are secreted
directly into the fluid bathing the gland
12. Compound Epithelium
• It is made of more than one layer (multi-
layered) of cells and thus has a limited role in
secretion and absorption
13. • Their main function is to provide protection
against chemical and mechanical stresses
They cover the dry surface of the skin
the moist surface of buccal cavity
pharynx
inner lining of ducts of salivary glands
and of pancreatic ducts
14. • All cells in epithelium are held together with
little intercellular material
• In nearly all animal tissues, specialised
junctions provide both structural and
functional links between its individual cells
• Three types of cell junctions are found in the
epithelium and other tissues
• These are called as
tight junctions
adhering junctions
gap junctions
15. • Tight junctions help to
stop substances from
leaking across a tissue.
• Adhering junctions
perform cementing to
keep neighbouring cells
together
• Gap junctions facilitate
the cells to communicate
with each other by
connecting the cytoplasm
of adjoining cells, for
rapid transfer of ions,
small molecules and
sometimes big molecules
16. Connective Tissue
• Connective tissues are most abundant and widely
distributed in the body of complex animals
• They are named connective tissues because of their
special function of linking and supporting other
tissues/organs of the body
• They range from soft connective tissues to specialised
types, which include
• cartilage
• bone
• adipose
• blood
17. • In all connective tissues except blood, the cells
secrete fibres of structural proteins called
collagen or elastin
• The fibres provide strength, elasticity and
flexibility to the tissue
• These cells also secrete modified polysaccharides,
which accumulate between cells and fibres and
act as matrix
• Connective tissues are classified into three types:
(i) Loose connective tissue
(ii) Dense connective tissue
(iii) Specialised connective tissue
18. • Loose connective tissue has cells and fibres
loosely arranged in a semi-fluid ground
substance, for example, areolar tissue present
beneath the skin
• Often it serves as a support framework for
epithelium
• It contains fibroblasts (cells that produce and
secrete fibres), macrophages and mast cells
• Adipose tissue is another type of loose
connective tissue located mainly beneath the skin
• The cells of this tissue are specialised to store fats
• The excess of nutrients which are not used
immediately are converted into fats and are
stored in this tissue
19.
20. Dense connective tissue
• Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed in
the dense connective tissues.
• Orientation of fibres show a regular pattern
and are called dense regular tissues
• The collagen fibres are present in rows
between many parallel bundles of fibres
• Tendons, which attach skeletal muscles to
bones
• Ligaments which attach one bone to another
are examples of this tissue
21. • Dense irregular
connective tissue has
fibroblasts and many
fibres (mostly collagen)
that are oriented
differently
• This tissue is present in
the skin
• Cartilage, bones and
blood are various types
of specialised
connective tissues
22. Cartilage
• The intercellular material of cartilage is solid
and pliable and resists compression
• Most of the cartilages in vertebrate embryos
are replaced by bones in adults.
• Cartilage is present in the tip of nose, outer
ear joints, between adjacent bones of the
vertebral column, limbs and hands in adults.
23. Bones
• Bones have a hard and non-pliable ground substance
rich in calcium salts and collagen fibres which give
bone its strength
• It is the main tissue that provides structural frame to
the body
• Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs
• The bone cells (osteocytes) are present in the spaces
called lacunae
• Limb bones, such as the long bones of the legs, serve
weight-bearing functions
• They also interact with skeletal muscles attached to
them to bring about movements
• The bone marrow in some bones is the site of
production of blood cells
24. Blood
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue containing
plasma
red blood cells (RBC)
white blood cells (WBC)
platelets
• It is the main circulating fluid that helps in the
transport of various substances
25. Muscle Tissue
• Each muscle is made of many long, cylindrical fibres
arranged in parallel arrays
• These fibres are composed of numerous fine fibrils,
called myofibrils
• Muscle fibres contract (shorten) in response to
stimulation, then relax (lengthen) and return to their
uncontracted state in a coordinated fashion
• Their action moves the body to adjust to the changes
in the environment and to maintain the positions of
the various parts of the body
• In general, muscles play an active role in all the
movements of the body
• Muscles are of three types, skeletal, smooth, and
cardiac
26. • Skeletal muscle tissue is
closely attached to
skeletal bones
• In a typical muscle such
as the biceps, striated
(striped) skeletal muscle
fibres are bundled
together in a parallel
fashion
• A sheath of tough
connective tissue
encloses several
bundles of muscle
fibres
27. • The smooth muscle fibres
taper at both ends (fusiform)
and do not show striations
• Cell junctions hold them
together and they are bundled
together in a connective tissue
sheath
• The wall of internal organs
such as the blood vessels,
stomach and intestine
contains this type of muscle
tissue
• Smooth muscles are
‘involuntary’ as their
functioning cannot be directly
controlled
• We usually are not able to
make it contract merely by
thinking about it as we can do
with skeletal muscles
28. • Cardiac muscle tissue is a
contractile tissue present
only in the heart.
• Cell junctions fuse the
plasma membranes of
cardiac muscle cells and
make them stick together
• Communication junctions
at some fusion points
allow the cells to contract
as a unit, i.e., when one
cell receives a signal to
contract, its neighbours
are also stimulated to
contract
29. Neural Tissue
• Neural tissue exerts the greatest control over the
body’s responsiveness to changing conditions
• Neurons, the unit of neural system are excitable
cells
• The neuroglial cell which constitute the rest of
the neural system protect and support neurons
• Neuroglia make up more than one-half the
volume of neural tissue in our body.
