This document summarizes the classification of gymnosperms according to Chamberlain in 1935. It divides gymnosperms into two classes: Cycadophyta and Coniferophyta. Cycadophyta includes three orders - Cycadophytales, Bennettitales, and Cycadales. Coniferophyta includes four orders - Cordaitales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales, and Gnetales. Key characteristics of each order are provided such as reproductive structures, examples, and whether they are extinct or living.

1. Classification of gymnosperm
by chamberlain
M.Sc. PART 1
SONAM YADAV
DEPATMENT OF BOTANY
PATKAR COLLEGE

2. CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• CLASSIFICATION
• CLASS : CYCADOPHYTA
• CLASS : CONIFEROPHYTA
• REFRENCE

3. INTRODUCTIONS
• Gymnosperm are seed bearing vascular plants.
• Gymnosperm means “naked seed”(from the greek
:gymnos=naked ;sperm=seed).
• The seeds of the gymnosperm lack a protective
enclosure(unlike flowering plants which have flowers
and fruit).
• Seeds are produced on the scales of cones.
• More advanced than ferns because they do not have
spores, they have seeds.
• most of the gymnosperm are trees.
• All of don’t posses flowers.
• All gymnosperm have exposed seeds.

4. Classification by chamberlain
in (1935)

5. DIVISION : GYMNOSPERM
1. CLASS : CYCADOPHYTA
2. CLASS : CONIFEROPHYTA
CLASS : CYCADOPHYTA
1. ORDER : CYCADOFILICALES
2. ORDER : BENNETITALES
3. ORDER : CYCADALES
CLASS : CONIFEROPHYTA
1. ORDER : CORDAITALES
2. ORDER : GINKGOALES
3. ORDER : CONIFERALES
4. ORDER : GNETALES

6. GYMNOSPERM
CYCADOPHYTA
CYCADOFILICALES
(PTERIDOSPERMALES)
CYCADEOIDALES
(BENNETITALES)
CYCADALES
CONIFEROPHYTA
CORDAITALES
GINKGOALES
CONIFERALES
GNETALES

7. CLASS : 1.CYCADOPHYTA
• It is comparatively small plant with unbranched
stem and large fern like leaves.
• In a transverse section the stem shows large pith
and thick cortex.
• The xylem is manoxylic that is loose and slanty
xylem element.
• It include three order.
1. CYCADOFILICALES
2. BENNITITALES
3. CYCADALES

8. 1.CYCADOFILICALES
• Cycadofilicales also known as
pteridospermales.
• It is also called as seed
fern.They are found only as
fossils.
• Seeds are borne on leaves
and never in cones.
• Example – Lyginopteris.

9. 2.BENNETITALES OR
CYCADEODALES
• The bennetitales were
common in mesozoic and were
develop in North America.
• The plant body resemble that
of living cycades having stout
or slender stem.
• It is extinct ex – Cycadeoidea.

10. 3.CYCADALES
• All cycades are xerophytes.
• The plant are palm like in habit.
• The stem is short, unbrached and covered with
persistent leaf bases.
• The leaves are pinnately compound and arrange in
terminal crown.
• The cycades are strictly dioecious.
• That is micro and mega sporophyll develop on
separate plants.
• The ovule are straight that is orthotropous.
• Example : Cycas.

11. CYCAS PINUS MALE CONES
FEMALE CONE OF PINUS

12. CLASS 2 CONIFEROPHYTA
• This are long profusely branch plants in a transverse
section the stem show small pith.
• The xylem is dense and massive, that is pycnoxylic.
• Coniferophyta comparises of four order.
1. CORDAITALES
2. GINKGOALES
3. CONIFERALES
4. GNETALES

13. 1 . CORDAITALES
• Cordaites are extinct and occur as fossil.
• This are rather tall trees large star shaped
leafs and reproductive structure in catkin like
cluster structure.
• Example : Cordaites

14. 2 . GINKGOALES
• It has been carefully
preserved as sacred plant
in the temple garden of
japan and china.
• The leaves are broad and
bilobed with,
dichotomous veining.
• It is represent by single
genus Ginkgo and a single
species biloba.

15. 3 . CONIFERALES
• Mostely evergreen trees with branch stem.
• The leaves are needle or scale like, spirally arranged.
• The leaves posses xerophytic character.
• Stem shows small pith, thick wood and large number
of resin canals.
• Pollen grain may be winged as in pinus.
• Sexual reproduction is oogamous. The plant are
monoecious (Pinus) or dioecious (Taxus).
• The pollination is by wind.
• Winged seed with the outer thick testa, seed is
endospermic.
• Example : Pinus, Taxus.

16. TAXUS
PINUS

17. 4 .GNETALES• The plants are xerophytic
shrub with dwarf woody
stem or woody climber
(liana).
• True vessel are present in
secondary wood.
• Opposite leaves,
dicotoyledonous embryo.
• Absence of resin canals.
• Example : Gnetum.

18. REFeRENCE
• Gymnosperm by P. C. Vasishta, A. K.sinha,Anil
kumar.
• Gymnosperm structure and Evolution by
Chambarlain (1935)

19. Thank you