Angiosperms are the most diverse group of flowering seed-producing land plants. They have key characteristics including ovules enclosed in a carpel structure made of an ovary and stigma, double fertilization leading to endosperm formation, stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs, and phloem tissue composed of sieve tubes and companion cells. The parts of an angiosperm include roots that absorb water and nutrients underground, various stem types like stolons and rhizomes, and leaves that can be simple or compound and arranged alternately, opposite, or whorled on the stem. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots based on whether their seeds have one or two coty
Seeds are mature fertilized ovules that contain dormant young plants. They are composed of an embryo, stored food reserves, and a seed coat. Seeds play an important role in plant reproduction and dispersal. They vary widely in size, structure, and longevity. The document discusses the components, development, importance, and diversity of structures in angiosperm seeds. It covers topics like seed size, viability, food reserves, seed coats, vivipary, and the use of seeds as food.
Plants can reproduce sexually through the release of male sperm and female eggs, or asexually through processes like fragmentation, fission, and vegetative propagation. Spores are reproductive cells that can develop into new individuals without fusing with another cell. Flowers facilitate fertilization and development of seeds in flowering plants. Seeds contain embryonic plants and are dispersed in various ways. Gymnosperms like conifers reproduce using cones that hold ovules and produce pollen to encourage cross-fertilization.
This document discusses the characteristics of vascular plants, specifically angiosperms. It describes that angiosperms have enclosed seeds protected inside a fruit. They have flowers, vascular tissue, and alternate between generations. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots. Monocots have one cotyledon and parallel veins, while dicots have two cotyledons and branching veins. The document outlines the structures and functions of floral parts and how angiosperms reproduce through a process called double fertilization.
Hormones control plant growth, development and responses to the environment. Auxins stimulate cell elongation and are responsible for phototropism and gravitropism. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and lateral bud growth, while gibberellins promote overall plant growth. Ethylene triggers fruit ripening in response to auxins. Plants exhibit tropisms, photoperiodism and dormancy in response to stimuli and seasonal changes, and have adaptations for different environments like aquatic, desert or nutrient-seeking specialists.
Angiosperms are seed-producing flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed within an ovary, while gymnosperms are seed-producing non-flowering plants whose seeds are unenclosed. Angiosperms have seasonal life cycles, produce seeds inside fruits, and reproduce sexually through flowers. In contrast, gymnosperms are evergreen, produce bare seeds on scales, leaves, or cones, and reproduce through unisexual cones. While both are seed-producing plants, angiosperms and gymnosperms differ in their reproductive structures, seed and pollen distribution, and wood properties.
Anatomy of Reproductive Parts: Flower, Fruit,SeedFatima Ramay
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.
Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits.
Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. In fleshy fruits, the outer layer (which is often edible) is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds.
But in some seemingly pericarp fruits, the edible portion is not derived from the ovary. For example, in the fruit of the ackee tree the edible portion is an aril, and in the pineapple several tissues from the flower and stem are involved.
The outer covering of a seed is tough because the parent plant needs to protect the plant growing.
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering known as the seed coat.
It is a characteristic of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plants) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.
Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
This presentation is based on the anatomy of fruit, types of fruit, their description and the reproductive part of fruit which is seed, and the anatomy of seed and the types of germination.
Angiosperms are the most diverse group of flowering seed-producing land plants. They have key characteristics including ovules enclosed in a carpel structure made of an ovary and stigma, double fertilization leading to endosperm formation, stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs, and phloem tissue composed of sieve tubes and companion cells. The parts of an angiosperm include roots that absorb water and nutrients underground, various stem types like stolons and rhizomes, and leaves that can be simple or compound and arranged alternately, opposite, or whorled on the stem. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots based on whether their seeds have one or two coty
Seeds are mature fertilized ovules that contain dormant young plants. They are composed of an embryo, stored food reserves, and a seed coat. Seeds play an important role in plant reproduction and dispersal. They vary widely in size, structure, and longevity. The document discusses the components, development, importance, and diversity of structures in angiosperm seeds. It covers topics like seed size, viability, food reserves, seed coats, vivipary, and the use of seeds as food.
Plants can reproduce sexually through the release of male sperm and female eggs, or asexually through processes like fragmentation, fission, and vegetative propagation. Spores are reproductive cells that can develop into new individuals without fusing with another cell. Flowers facilitate fertilization and development of seeds in flowering plants. Seeds contain embryonic plants and are dispersed in various ways. Gymnosperms like conifers reproduce using cones that hold ovules and produce pollen to encourage cross-fertilization.
This document discusses the characteristics of vascular plants, specifically angiosperms. It describes that angiosperms have enclosed seeds protected inside a fruit. They have flowers, vascular tissue, and alternate between generations. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and dicots. Monocots have one cotyledon and parallel veins, while dicots have two cotyledons and branching veins. The document outlines the structures and functions of floral parts and how angiosperms reproduce through a process called double fertilization.
Hormones control plant growth, development and responses to the environment. Auxins stimulate cell elongation and are responsible for phototropism and gravitropism. Cytokinins stimulate cell division and lateral bud growth, while gibberellins promote overall plant growth. Ethylene triggers fruit ripening in response to auxins. Plants exhibit tropisms, photoperiodism and dormancy in response to stimuli and seasonal changes, and have adaptations for different environments like aquatic, desert or nutrient-seeking specialists.
Angiosperms are seed-producing flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed within an ovary, while gymnosperms are seed-producing non-flowering plants whose seeds are unenclosed. Angiosperms have seasonal life cycles, produce seeds inside fruits, and reproduce sexually through flowers. In contrast, gymnosperms are evergreen, produce bare seeds on scales, leaves, or cones, and reproduce through unisexual cones. While both are seed-producing plants, angiosperms and gymnosperms differ in their reproductive structures, seed and pollen distribution, and wood properties.
Anatomy of Reproductive Parts: Flower, Fruit,SeedFatima Ramay
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Flowers give rise to fruit and seeds. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen.
Fruit anatomy is the internal structure of fruits.
Fruits are the mature ovary or ovaries of one or more flowers. In fleshy fruits, the outer layer (which is often edible) is the pericarp, which is the tissue that develops from the ovary wall of the flower and surrounds the seeds.
But in some seemingly pericarp fruits, the edible portion is not derived from the ovary. For example, in the fruit of the ackee tree the edible portion is an aril, and in the pineapple several tissues from the flower and stem are involved.
The outer covering of a seed is tough because the parent plant needs to protect the plant growing.
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering known as the seed coat.
It is a characteristic of spermatophytes (gymnosperm and angiosperm plants) and the product of the ripened ovule which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant. The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants (started with the development of flowers and pollination), with the embryo developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of the ovule.
Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.
This presentation is based on the anatomy of fruit, types of fruit, their description and the reproductive part of fruit which is seed, and the anatomy of seed and the types of germination.
The document provides information about the reproductive biology of flowering plants (angiosperms). It discusses key events in angiosperm evolution such as the origin of flowers and fruits. It also summarizes the characteristics and life cycles of monocots and eudicots. Angiosperms have had a profound influence on the evolution of other organisms through symbiotic relationships like pollination and seed dispersal. Their success is largely due to adaptations like seeds that enabled colonization of new environments.
TYPES OF FLOWERS, FRUITS,DICOT AND MONOCOT SEEDSSelvanathanSelva
Flower is a reproductive structure that contains either male or female organs or both. A flower contains several parts including sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. There are different types of flowers including bisexual, unisexual, and neutral flowers. Seeds come from fruits and there are two main types - monocot seeds with one cotyledon and dicot seeds with two cotyledons. Monocot seeds have an embryo with one cotyledon called a scutellum and endosperm as the storage tissue. Dicot seeds have an embryo containing a primary axis and two cotyledons which act as storage organs.
This document summarizes key aspects of reproduction in angiosperms. It discusses flower structure, the processes of pollination and fertilization, and conditions required for seed germination. Flowers have evolved to transfer pollen between plants through pollinators like insects, birds and wind. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains containing male gametes from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization occurs when the male nuclei from pollen tubes reach the ovule, where the egg cell is located. Seeds then disperse via various mechanisms before germinating under appropriate temperature, oxygen, and water conditions.
Organisms with hidden form of reproduction or reproductive structure. This presentation provide a comprehensive knowledge on such organisms thereby aiding to clearly distinguish them from the Phanerogams, which are organisms with and identifiable form of reproduction or their reproductive structures are identifiable.
- Floral biology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the evolutionary factors that have molded the structures, behaviors, and physiological processes involved in plant flowering. It examines aspects like flower size, structure, rewards offered to pollinators, and timing of flowering.
- Flowers produce pollen, which is dispersed by wind or animals. After germinating on the stigma, the pollen tube grows into the pistil's style and ovary. Double fertilization then occurs, where one sperm fuses with the egg to form the embryo and the other with the central cells to form endosperm.
- Flowers consist of four main whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium and gyno
This document provides an overview of the classification of plants. It discusses the main kingdoms of Plantae including cryptogams and phanerogams. The five major subgroups are described based on characteristics like plant body structure, vascular system, seed formation. These include thallophyta (algae-like plants), bryophyta (mosses and liverworts), pteridophyta (ferns), gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants), and angiosperms (flowering plants). Angiosperms are further divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons based on seed structure. Key distinguishing features of each group are highlighted.
The document discusses the importance of root health and structure. It notes that many factors influence root growth, including soil aeration, moisture, nutrients, and pests/pathogens. The document emphasizes that viewing crop roots can provide insights into how management practices are impacting the below-ground system. Healthy roots are described as having a extensive yet non-compacted structure that efficiently absorbs water and nutrients to support plant health.
Nonvascular plants are the simplest land plants that lack internal water transport systems. They first evolved around 460 million years ago from green algae. They reproduce both sexually, with gametes developing in protective structures, and asexually through regeneration. Nonvascular plants are typically found in damp, shady areas as they cannot survive drying out and lack means to transport water over long distances. There are three divisions of nonvascular plants that share some characteristics but are distinct in other ways.
Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds in cones or hard berries without flowers or fruits. They are divided into four main groups - conifers, cycads, gingkos, and gnetophytes. Conifers, the largest group, are mostly evergreen trees that shelter their seeds in important cones. Angiosperms are vascular plants defined by their production of flowers and fruits containing seeds, with bees often helping transfer pollen between plants as part of their life cycle.
This document provides an overview of the key structures and functions of plants. It discusses the main tissue systems - dermal, vascular and ground tissues - that make up plant bodies and allow them to transport water and nutrients. Roots are described as having important functions of nutrient/water uptake and transport. Stems are discussed as providing structure, support and a transport system between roots and leaves. Leaves are highlighted as the main photosynthetic organs. The document also covers plant diversity and types of plant reproduction including seeds and their protective structures.
Seeds consist of an embryo surrounded by a protective seed coat. The seed develops from fertilization, with one sperm cell fusing with the egg to form a zygote. When conditions are right, the seed will germinate by breaking through the seed coat. Germination begins with the root emerging, followed by the shoot and stem. Seeds contain parts that will mature into the adult plant, such as the radicle developing into the root and hypocotyl into the stem. Angiosperm seeds are enclosed in fruits while gymnosperm seeds are bare. Monocot seeds have one thin cotyledon while dicot seeds have two fleshy cotyledons that store food.
Gymnosperms are seed plants that reproduce through cones and do not have flowers. They have woody stems and needles or scales instead of broad leaves. Their adaptations for life on land include woody growth for support, needles with less surface area for photosynthesis and water retention, and seeds that enclose embryos with stored food for greater survival. Their life cycle involves heterosporous male and female cones that produce pollen and ovules, with fertilization occurring through pollen tubes leading to the formation of seeds containing a sporophyte embryo.
Vegeative propagation and sexual repro. in flowersSAloni Mehta
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction where the offspring is genetically identical to the parent plant. It can occur naturally through structural modifications like buds detaching from the parent, or artificially through methods like grafting, layering, and micropropagation. Fertilization is a double process where one sperm fuses with the egg to form the embryo while the other fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen, which can be wind or animal mediated, leading to fertilization and seed production.
This document discusses the morphology of fruits. It defines a fruit as a ripened ovary formed after fertilization. Fruits have three layers - the epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. True fruits develop from the flower's ovary, while pseudo-fruits incorporate other floral parts. Fruits are classified by their structure, development, and dehiscence into simple, aggregate, and composite types. Examples of different fruit types like legumes, follicles, berries, and drupes are provided.
This document provides information on fruits, including their definition, parts, and classification. It defines a fruit as a ripened ovary formed after fertilization. Fruits are classified as true or false, and simple, aggregate, or multiple. Simple fruits develop from a single flower and can be fleshy like berries, drupes, and pomes, or dry like legumes, follicles, and nuts. Aggregate fruits are collections of simple fruitlets like rose hips. Multiple fruits develop from an inflorescence, examples being pineapple and jackfruit. The document outlines the key parts and layers of fruits, as well as their functions and economic importance.
Ferns reproduce through an alternation of generations, where they have both a sporophyte and gametophyte stage. The sporophyte produces spores that grow into the gametophyte plant, which produces eggs and sperm. When an egg is fertilized by sperm, it grows into a new sporophyte plant, completing the life cycle. Ferns reproduce using these spores rather than flowers, fruits, or seeds. They have sori clusters on their leaves undersides that contain sporangia holding the reproductive spores.
Plants evolved from green algae in the water to eventually move onto land. They developed vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients, a waxy cuticle to prevent drying out, and specialized reproductive structures like spores and seeds that do not require water. Plants are classified based on these adaptations, with those lacking vascular tissue called bryophytes, those with vascular tissue divided into seedless vascular plants like ferns and seed-bearing vascular plants. Seed-bearing plants are further divided into gymnosperms with exposed seeds and angiosperms with enclosed seeds within fruits.
- The document discusses plant structure and function, including plant morphology, anatomy, growth, reproduction, transport, nutrition, and responses to stimuli.
- Plant structures are adapted for and reflect their functions, with roots specialized for absorption and shoots for photosynthesis, reproduction, and gas exchange.
- Plants use a variety of reproductive strategies including cross-pollination to increase genetic diversity, and produce fruits and seeds adapted for dispersal.
The Plant Kingdom is characterized by autotrophic organisms that produce their own food, have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vascular tissue. Plants are classified based on their plant body, vascular system, and seed formation. The divisions include cryptogams (non-flowering) such as algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, and pteridophytes, as well as phanerogams (seed-bearing) such as gymnosperms and angiosperms. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots.
Non-flowering plants reproduce using spores rather than flowers and seeds. They are divided into three main groups: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Mosses belong to the division Bryophyta and have gametophyte and sporophyte phases in their life cycle. They reproduce asexually through fragmentation and gemmae, and sexually through the fertilization of eggs by sperm. Ferns belong to the division Pterophyta and have vascular tissues that allow them to grow larger than mosses. They also have alternation between gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Gymnosperms like conifers reproduce using naked seeds on cone scales rather than enclosed in fruits. They have a dominant
The document provides information about the reproductive biology of flowering plants (angiosperms). It discusses key events in angiosperm evolution such as the origin of flowers and fruits. It also summarizes the characteristics and life cycles of monocots and eudicots. Angiosperms have had a profound influence on the evolution of other organisms through symbiotic relationships like pollination and seed dispersal. Their success is largely due to adaptations like seeds that enabled colonization of new environments.
TYPES OF FLOWERS, FRUITS,DICOT AND MONOCOT SEEDSSelvanathanSelva
Flower is a reproductive structure that contains either male or female organs or both. A flower contains several parts including sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. There are different types of flowers including bisexual, unisexual, and neutral flowers. Seeds come from fruits and there are two main types - monocot seeds with one cotyledon and dicot seeds with two cotyledons. Monocot seeds have an embryo with one cotyledon called a scutellum and endosperm as the storage tissue. Dicot seeds have an embryo containing a primary axis and two cotyledons which act as storage organs.
This document summarizes key aspects of reproduction in angiosperms. It discusses flower structure, the processes of pollination and fertilization, and conditions required for seed germination. Flowers have evolved to transfer pollen between plants through pollinators like insects, birds and wind. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains containing male gametes from the anther to the stigma. Fertilization occurs when the male nuclei from pollen tubes reach the ovule, where the egg cell is located. Seeds then disperse via various mechanisms before germinating under appropriate temperature, oxygen, and water conditions.
Organisms with hidden form of reproduction or reproductive structure. This presentation provide a comprehensive knowledge on such organisms thereby aiding to clearly distinguish them from the Phanerogams, which are organisms with and identifiable form of reproduction or their reproductive structures are identifiable.
- Floral biology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the evolutionary factors that have molded the structures, behaviors, and physiological processes involved in plant flowering. It examines aspects like flower size, structure, rewards offered to pollinators, and timing of flowering.
- Flowers produce pollen, which is dispersed by wind or animals. After germinating on the stigma, the pollen tube grows into the pistil's style and ovary. Double fertilization then occurs, where one sperm fuses with the egg to form the embryo and the other with the central cells to form endosperm.
- Flowers consist of four main whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium and gyno
This document provides an overview of the classification of plants. It discusses the main kingdoms of Plantae including cryptogams and phanerogams. The five major subgroups are described based on characteristics like plant body structure, vascular system, seed formation. These include thallophyta (algae-like plants), bryophyta (mosses and liverworts), pteridophyta (ferns), gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants), and angiosperms (flowering plants). Angiosperms are further divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons based on seed structure. Key distinguishing features of each group are highlighted.
The document discusses the importance of root health and structure. It notes that many factors influence root growth, including soil aeration, moisture, nutrients, and pests/pathogens. The document emphasizes that viewing crop roots can provide insights into how management practices are impacting the below-ground system. Healthy roots are described as having a extensive yet non-compacted structure that efficiently absorbs water and nutrients to support plant health.
Nonvascular plants are the simplest land plants that lack internal water transport systems. They first evolved around 460 million years ago from green algae. They reproduce both sexually, with gametes developing in protective structures, and asexually through regeneration. Nonvascular plants are typically found in damp, shady areas as they cannot survive drying out and lack means to transport water over long distances. There are three divisions of nonvascular plants that share some characteristics but are distinct in other ways.
Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds in cones or hard berries without flowers or fruits. They are divided into four main groups - conifers, cycads, gingkos, and gnetophytes. Conifers, the largest group, are mostly evergreen trees that shelter their seeds in important cones. Angiosperms are vascular plants defined by their production of flowers and fruits containing seeds, with bees often helping transfer pollen between plants as part of their life cycle.
This document provides an overview of the key structures and functions of plants. It discusses the main tissue systems - dermal, vascular and ground tissues - that make up plant bodies and allow them to transport water and nutrients. Roots are described as having important functions of nutrient/water uptake and transport. Stems are discussed as providing structure, support and a transport system between roots and leaves. Leaves are highlighted as the main photosynthetic organs. The document also covers plant diversity and types of plant reproduction including seeds and their protective structures.
Seeds consist of an embryo surrounded by a protective seed coat. The seed develops from fertilization, with one sperm cell fusing with the egg to form a zygote. When conditions are right, the seed will germinate by breaking through the seed coat. Germination begins with the root emerging, followed by the shoot and stem. Seeds contain parts that will mature into the adult plant, such as the radicle developing into the root and hypocotyl into the stem. Angiosperm seeds are enclosed in fruits while gymnosperm seeds are bare. Monocot seeds have one thin cotyledon while dicot seeds have two fleshy cotyledons that store food.
Gymnosperms are seed plants that reproduce through cones and do not have flowers. They have woody stems and needles or scales instead of broad leaves. Their adaptations for life on land include woody growth for support, needles with less surface area for photosynthesis and water retention, and seeds that enclose embryos with stored food for greater survival. Their life cycle involves heterosporous male and female cones that produce pollen and ovules, with fertilization occurring through pollen tubes leading to the formation of seeds containing a sporophyte embryo.
Vegeative propagation and sexual repro. in flowersSAloni Mehta
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction where the offspring is genetically identical to the parent plant. It can occur naturally through structural modifications like buds detaching from the parent, or artificially through methods like grafting, layering, and micropropagation. Fertilization is a double process where one sperm fuses with the egg to form the embryo while the other fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen, which can be wind or animal mediated, leading to fertilization and seed production.
This document discusses the morphology of fruits. It defines a fruit as a ripened ovary formed after fertilization. Fruits have three layers - the epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. True fruits develop from the flower's ovary, while pseudo-fruits incorporate other floral parts. Fruits are classified by their structure, development, and dehiscence into simple, aggregate, and composite types. Examples of different fruit types like legumes, follicles, berries, and drupes are provided.
This document provides information on fruits, including their definition, parts, and classification. It defines a fruit as a ripened ovary formed after fertilization. Fruits are classified as true or false, and simple, aggregate, or multiple. Simple fruits develop from a single flower and can be fleshy like berries, drupes, and pomes, or dry like legumes, follicles, and nuts. Aggregate fruits are collections of simple fruitlets like rose hips. Multiple fruits develop from an inflorescence, examples being pineapple and jackfruit. The document outlines the key parts and layers of fruits, as well as their functions and economic importance.
Ferns reproduce through an alternation of generations, where they have both a sporophyte and gametophyte stage. The sporophyte produces spores that grow into the gametophyte plant, which produces eggs and sperm. When an egg is fertilized by sperm, it grows into a new sporophyte plant, completing the life cycle. Ferns reproduce using these spores rather than flowers, fruits, or seeds. They have sori clusters on their leaves undersides that contain sporangia holding the reproductive spores.
Plants evolved from green algae in the water to eventually move onto land. They developed vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients, a waxy cuticle to prevent drying out, and specialized reproductive structures like spores and seeds that do not require water. Plants are classified based on these adaptations, with those lacking vascular tissue called bryophytes, those with vascular tissue divided into seedless vascular plants like ferns and seed-bearing vascular plants. Seed-bearing plants are further divided into gymnosperms with exposed seeds and angiosperms with enclosed seeds within fruits.
- The document discusses plant structure and function, including plant morphology, anatomy, growth, reproduction, transport, nutrition, and responses to stimuli.
- Plant structures are adapted for and reflect their functions, with roots specialized for absorption and shoots for photosynthesis, reproduction, and gas exchange.
- Plants use a variety of reproductive strategies including cross-pollination to increase genetic diversity, and produce fruits and seeds adapted for dispersal.
The Plant Kingdom is characterized by autotrophic organisms that produce their own food, have cell walls, chloroplasts, and vascular tissue. Plants are classified based on their plant body, vascular system, and seed formation. The divisions include cryptogams (non-flowering) such as algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, and pteridophytes, as well as phanerogams (seed-bearing) such as gymnosperms and angiosperms. Angiosperms are further divided into monocots and dicots.
Non-flowering plants reproduce using spores rather than flowers and seeds. They are divided into three main groups: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Mosses belong to the division Bryophyta and have gametophyte and sporophyte phases in their life cycle. They reproduce asexually through fragmentation and gemmae, and sexually through the fertilization of eggs by sperm. Ferns belong to the division Pterophyta and have vascular tissues that allow them to grow larger than mosses. They also have alternation between gametophyte and sporophyte generations. Gymnosperms like conifers reproduce using naked seeds on cone scales rather than enclosed in fruits. They have a dominant
Vascular plants like tracheophytes have evolved vascular tissues like xylem and phloem that allow them to successfully adapt to land. They are divided into four sub-divisions - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, and Pteropsida. Psilopsida are the earliest group and have rootless sporophytes. Lycopsida were the first to form true leaves and roots. Sphenopsida have scale-like or whorled leaves and sporangia borne on sporangiophores. Pteropsida are divided into filicineae (ferns), gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Filicineae and gymnosperms are seed
Plant reproduction can occur sexually through the fusion of egg and sperm cells, or asexually through cloning. Sexual reproduction involves flowers with sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels that attract pollinators. Asexual reproduction methods for plants include vegetative propagation through stems, roots, leaves, bulbs, or artificial techniques like cuttings, grafting, layering, and tissue culture. Both sexual and asexual reproduction have advantages and disadvantages for plant survival and dispersal. The relationship between a flower's structure and its function aids in pollination and fruit/seed production and dispersal.
This document summarizes key aspects of bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms. Bryophytes reproduce sexually through male and female sex organs on the same or different thalli, with the sporophyte producing spores within a capsule. Mosses have a protonemal stage and leafy shoot stage. Pteridophytes are the first plants with vascular tissue and reproduce via sporangia producing spores that germinate into gametophytes. Gymnosperms are heterosporous with pollen grains fertilizing archegonia within ovules, forming naked seeds without an ovary wall.
Angiosperms are flowering plants that reproduce sexually through flowers. They dominate terrestrial ecosystems, making up around 90% of all plant species. Key characteristics include producing flowers, fruits, and seeds. Angiosperms were more reproductively successful than earlier plants due to animal pollination and seed dispersal via fruits. They have a double fertilization process and can be annual, biennial, or perennial. Angiosperms occupy nearly all habitats on Earth and are economically important as food, materials, medicines, and ornamentals.
Male and female gametes from plants unite during sexual reproduction to form a zygote, which develops into a new plant body. Sexually reproduced offspring have two parents and thus exhibit more variation than asexually reproduced offspring that have a single parent. Pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains containing male gametes from the anther to the stigma. It can occur through biotic vectors like insects or abiotically via wind or water. Self-pollination involves pollen transfer within a flower or between flowers on the same plant, while cross-pollination transfers pollen between plants. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent and can occur via vegetative propagation using plant structures like stems, leaves, and roots
Gymnosperm is from the Greek “gymnos” naked, and “sperma” seeds. They are groups of vascular plants that reproduce by means of an exposed seeds or ovules. They are phanerogams according to A. W. Eichler.
The document discusses the main plant parts - roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits - and their functions. It provides details on the types of root and stem systems in different plant types. The key functions of roots are water and mineral absorption and anchoring the plant. Stems provide structure, support, transport, storage, and vegetative propagation. Leaves originate at nodes and their primary functions are photosynthesis and gas exchange. Flowers are the reproductive units that contain reproductive organs like stamens and carpels. Fruits develop from the fertilized ovary and contain seeds.
Kingdom Plantae presented by Vrushali Gharat to Mr. Kailash vilegaveKailash Vilegave
Classification Of Kingdom Plantae, Classification Of Kingdom Plantae, Economic importance Algae.
Ulothrix
Reproduction
Mosses and Liverwort
life cycle of all plants.
1. Plants are eukaryotic organisms that produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis, which uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and organic compounds like glucose.
2. In order to thrive on land, early plants evolved roots to absorb water and nutrients from soil, cuticles to prevent water loss, and methods of dispersing spores that are resistant to drying.
3. Plants generally have life cycles that alternate between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte generations, with variations between nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seed plants.
The document discusses the structures and functions of plant organs and tissues, dividing plants into two main groups - bryophytes which lack specialized tissues for transport, and tracheophytes which have vascular tissues like xylem and phloem. Key plant organs like roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive structures are described. The transport systems allow tracheophytes to grow larger by moving water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant.
This document summarizes the two major groups of plants - flowering plants and nonflowering plants. It focuses on nonflowering plants, describing the two main groups of spore-bearing plants and cone-bearing plants. Spore-bearing plants reproduce asexually through spores contained in sporangium and include ferns, mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Cone-bearing plants, also called conifers, reproduce through male and female cones and include pine trees, redwoods, spruces, and firs.
This document discusses diversity in living organisms. It describes four types of diversity: point diversity, alpha diversity, gamma diversity, and epsilon diversity. It then explains the five-kingdom classification system of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Within each kingdom, various phyla and examples are outlined. The document focuses in depth on the plant and animal kingdoms, describing their classifications and key characteristics.
Plants have several major organ systems that allow them to survive and reproduce. These include roots that absorb water and minerals, stems that provide structure and transport nutrients, leaves which perform photosynthesis, and reproductive structures like flowers and seeds. Plant tissues include meristematic tissues that facilitate growth and permanent tissues that carry out specialized functions. Together these organ systems and tissues enable key plant processes and allow plants to sustain life on Earth.
Flowering plants show immense diversity in their morphology, ecology, taxonomy, and phylogeny. They range in size from the tiny duckweeds less than 2 mm wide to Eucalyptus trees over 100 m tall. Most are photosynthetic, though some are parasitic on fungi or other plants. They occupy nearly all land and aquatic habitats. Taxonomically, there are over 300,000 known species classified into 64 orders and 416 families. The Ranunculaceae family includes over 2,500 herbaceous species, many with showy flowers and compound leaves. Clematis is a notable genus of over 380 climbing species.
The document summarizes the morphology of flowering plants. It describes the main parts of a flowering plant - roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. It discusses the different root systems and modifications of roots, stems and leaves. It also explains the structures and modifications of flowers including the calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium. Inflorescence patterns and symmetry of flowers are also summarized.
The document discusses the structure and functions of plant leaves. It begins by introducing leaves and describing their key components, such as the upper and lower surfaces, stomata, and venation. It then discusses the leaf in more detail, explaining that leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis and are important for plant survival and for producing oxygen. The document also covers leaf pigments, the differences between root and shoot systems, types of root systems (taproot and fibrous), and the main parts of leaves (base, petiole, lamina).
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
2. • Plantae are defined as multi
cellular organisms which produce
their food by photosynthesis. They
are also known as metaphyta. The
Kingdom plantae can be defined
as multicellular, autotrophic
eukaryotes, which conduct
photosynthesis.
3. • All member of this family comprises
of true nucleus and advanced
membrane bound organelles. Among
the five kingdoms, Kingdom plantae is
a very important, as they are the
source of food for all other living
creatures present on planet earth,
which depends on plants to survive
4. THERE ARE 4 CLASSIFICATIONS OF THE
KINGDOM PLANTAE:
• Bryophyta
• Phylum pteridophytae
• Phylum angiosperms
• Phyllum Gymnosperms
5. Bryophyta
• They are seedless vascular plants,
which contain vascular tissues but do
not produce seeds.
• They are involved in transportation of
fluids.
• The reproduction process is carried
by spores.
7. EXAMPLE:
MOSSES-are small flowerless plants that
typically grow in dense green clumps or mats,
often in damp or shady locations. The individual
plants are usually composed of
simple leaves that are generally only one cell
thick, attached to a stem that may be branched
or unbranched and has only a limited role in
conducting water and nutrients.
9. Phylum pteridophytae
Pteridophytes. Pteridophtyes are a
phylum of plants. They are the vascular
plants (those having xylem and phloem
tissues) that reproduce by releasing
spores rather than seeds, and they
include the highly diverse true ferns
and other graceful, primarily forest-
dwelling plants.
11. •HORSETAILS- a nonflowering
plant with a hollow jointed
stem that bears whorls of
narrow leaves, producing
spores in cones at the tips of
the shoots.
13. Phyllum Angiosperms
• Angiosperms are flowering plants, which
develops the seeds within a protective
structure.
• The reproduction process is carried by
Angiosperm.
• They develop their seeds within an ovary,
which itself is embedded in a flower. After
the stage of fertilization, the flower falls and
the ovary bulges to become a fruit.
14. • Angiosperms in the class
Dicotyledoneae grows into two seed-
leaves (cotyledons).
• An angiosperms leaf consists of a
single, branched, main vein, which
originates from the base of the leaf
blade. In few plats, it may also consist
of four or more main veins diverging
from the same base.
18. Phyllum Gymnosperms
• Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants with
undeveloped seeds, which are present in an
enclosed structure.
• Monocot begins with a single seed-leaf. The
main veins of their leaves are usually parallel
and unbranched.
• Monocot plays an important role in providing
us with our primary sources of nutrition,
which includes grains, fruits, etc.
20. • PALMS- an unbranched evergreen
tree with a crown of long
feathered or fan-shaped leaves,
and typically having old leaf scars
forming a regular pattern on the
trunk. Palms grow in warm
regions, especially the tropics.
23. • Plants use chlorophyll to capture light energy,
which fuels the manufacture of food—sugar,
starch, and other carbohydrates. Without
these food sources, most life on earth would
be impossible. There would still be
mushrooms and algae, but there would be no
fruits, vegetables, grains, or any animals
(which ultimately rely on plants for their food
too!)
• Another important contribution of plants is
their shaping of the environment.