Anatomy unit 2 nervous system nerve structure and reflex notes
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Nerves are bundles of neurons surrounded by connective tissue membranes. They transmit signals through reflex arcs, which are automatically programmed responses to stimuli. There are two types of reflexes - somatic reflexes which stimulate skeletal muscle responses and autonomic reflexes which stimulate smooth muscle responses like gastric juice release.
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Anatomy unit 2 nervous system nerve impulse notes
Nerve impulses occur through a chain reaction of chemical events within neurons. When a neurotransmitter binds to a neuron, it causes depolarization by allowing sodium ions to enter the axon. This is followed by repolarization where potassium ions exit to regain the charge imbalance. This cycle of depolarization and repolarization propagates down the axon until the neurotransmitter is released at the axon terminal to stimulate the next neuron. For a nerve impulse to continue, sodium and potassium pumps must actively transport ions back to their resting positions inside and outside the axon membrane.
Nerve impulses 2012
The document discusses how nerve impulses work in the nervous system. It explains that neurons have two key properties: excitability, which is the ability to respond to stimuli by generating electrical signals called action potentials, and conductivity, which allows impulses to be transmitted from one part of the neuron to another. It then describes the process of an action potential, how they are propagated along neurons, and how they are transmitted across synapses between neurons through the release of neurotransmitters.
Nerve impulse synapses
The nerve impulse is an electrical signal transmitted by neurons in the nervous system. It occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels in the neuron's membrane open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the neuron and depolarize it. This then causes voltage-gated potassium channels to open, allowing potassium ions to flow out and repolarize the neuron, restoring the resting potential. The nerve impulse travels rapidly along the axon via this process of local depolarization and repolarization. At synapses, neurotransmitters are released by the presynaptic neuron, which can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, determining whether or not an impulse continues along the nerve circuit.
Initiation or generation of a nerve impulse
The document summarizes how a nerve impulse is initiated and transmitted. At rest, sodium and potassium gates are closed, maintaining a -70mV potential. When stimulated, sodium gates open, allowing sodium to enter and depolarize the membrane to +30mV. Then potassium gates open, repolarizing the membrane back to -70mV. This rapid depolarization and repolarization generates an action potential that is transmitted along the axon to the synaptic knob. At the synapse, neurotransmitters are released into the cleft and can trigger a new action potential in the receiving neuron.
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The document discusses neurons and synapses in the human brain. It begins by showing an image of a small segment of the human brain, with lines representing neurons and dots representing synapses. It notes that synapses are crucial for neural communication and thought. While the number of brain cells does not increase much after birth, the connections between neurons through synapses continue developing. The document then provides explanations of key concepts regarding neurons, synapses, and neural signaling. It explains how neurons transmit electrical signals, how synapses allow signals to be transmitted between neurons, and how signals propagate along axons through action potentials.
Neurons and transmission of nerve impulses
1. Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system that carry electrical impulses between cells.
2. Neurons transmit signals across junctions called synapses using either electrical or chemical transmission.
3. The chemical transmission theory involves the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing excitation or inhibition.
Nerve Impulse
An action potential occurs when a neuron reaches its membrane threshold. This causes sodium channels to open, allowing sodium ions to enter the neuron and depolarize the membrane. Then, potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to exit the neuron and repolarize the membrane back to its resting potential. This process of depolarization and repolarization propagates as a self-sustaining wave along the neuron, conducting the nerve impulse. Myelinated neurons enhance conduction velocity through salutatory conduction, where the action potential jumps between nodes of Ranvier.
Nerve impulse conduction
Nerve impulse conduction involves the generation and propagation of action potentials along neurons. At rest, neurons maintain a negative resting potential due to an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When stimulated, the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels causes rapid depolarization and the generation of an action potential. This potential then propagates along the axon as adjacent regions are depolarized, triggering their own action potentials. At synapses, the action potential is converted to a chemical signal via neurotransmitter release, which can then trigger a new action potential in the post-synaptic cell. Myelination and large axon diameters increase conduction velocity.
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Anatomy unit 2 nervous system nerve impulse notes
Nerve impulses occur through a chain reaction of chemical events within neurons. When a neurotransmitter binds to a neuron, it causes depolarization by allowing sodium ions to enter the axon. This is followed by repolarization where potassium ions exit to regain the charge imbalance. This cycle of depolarization and repolarization propagates down the axon until the neurotransmitter is released at the axon terminal to stimulate the next neuron. For a nerve impulse to continue, sodium and potassium pumps must actively transport ions back to their resting positions inside and outside the axon membrane.
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The document discusses how nerve impulses work in the nervous system. It explains that neurons have two key properties: excitability, which is the ability to respond to stimuli by generating electrical signals called action potentials, and conductivity, which allows impulses to be transmitted from one part of the neuron to another. It then describes the process of an action potential, how they are propagated along neurons, and how they are transmitted across synapses between neurons through the release of neurotransmitters.
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The nerve impulse is an electrical signal transmitted by neurons in the nervous system. It occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels in the neuron's membrane open, allowing sodium ions to flow into the neuron and depolarize it. This then causes voltage-gated potassium channels to open, allowing potassium ions to flow out and repolarize the neuron, restoring the resting potential. The nerve impulse travels rapidly along the axon via this process of local depolarization and repolarization. At synapses, neurotransmitters are released by the presynaptic neuron, which can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, determining whether or not an impulse continues along the nerve circuit.
Initiation or generation of a nerve impulse
The document summarizes how a nerve impulse is initiated and transmitted. At rest, sodium and potassium gates are closed, maintaining a -70mV potential. When stimulated, sodium gates open, allowing sodium to enter and depolarize the membrane to +30mV. Then potassium gates open, repolarizing the membrane back to -70mV. This rapid depolarization and repolarization generates an action potential that is transmitted along the axon to the synaptic knob. At the synapse, neurotransmitters are released into the cleft and can trigger a new action potential in the receiving neuron.
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The document discusses neurons and synapses in the human brain. It begins by showing an image of a small segment of the human brain, with lines representing neurons and dots representing synapses. It notes that synapses are crucial for neural communication and thought. While the number of brain cells does not increase much after birth, the connections between neurons through synapses continue developing. The document then provides explanations of key concepts regarding neurons, synapses, and neural signaling. It explains how neurons transmit electrical signals, how synapses allow signals to be transmitted between neurons, and how signals propagate along axons through action potentials.
Neurons and transmission of nerve impulses
1. Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system that carry electrical impulses between cells.
2. Neurons transmit signals across junctions called synapses using either electrical or chemical transmission.
3. The chemical transmission theory involves the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing excitation or inhibition.
Nerve Impulse
An action potential occurs when a neuron reaches its membrane threshold. This causes sodium channels to open, allowing sodium ions to enter the neuron and depolarize the membrane. Then, potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to exit the neuron and repolarize the membrane back to its resting potential. This process of depolarization and repolarization propagates as a self-sustaining wave along the neuron, conducting the nerve impulse. Myelinated neurons enhance conduction velocity through salutatory conduction, where the action potential jumps between nodes of Ranvier.
Nerve impulse conduction
Nerve impulse conduction involves the generation and propagation of action potentials along neurons. At rest, neurons maintain a negative resting potential due to an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When stimulated, the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels causes rapid depolarization and the generation of an action potential. This potential then propagates along the axon as adjacent regions are depolarized, triggering their own action potentials. At synapses, the action potential is converted to a chemical signal via neurotransmitter release, which can then trigger a new action potential in the post-synaptic cell. Myelination and large axon diameters increase conduction velocity.
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The document summarizes key aspects of synaptic transmission and the cell membrane potential. It explains that synaptic transmission involves neurotransmitters being released from the presynaptic cell in response to an action potential, diffusing across the synapse, and binding to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. It also outlines factors that maintain the cell's resting membrane potential of -70mV, including the sodium-potassium pump and potassium leak channels. Voltage-gated ion channels then open in response to changes in the membrane potential, altering the potential.
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The document discusses the cells of the nervous system including neurons, their components like presynaptic terminals, and different types of neurons. It also discusses how nerve impulses are generated and propagated through neurons. When a neuron is stimulated past its threshold, sodium channels open allowing sodium to rush in, causing rapid depolarization known as an action potential. The action potential then jumps from node to node along the axon through saltatory conduction, aided by the myelin sheath.
Action potential
An action potential occurs when a neuron fires, sending an electrical signal down its axon. It is triggered when the membrane potential reaches a threshold of around -55 mV due to sodium ions rushing into the cell. This depolarizes the neuron to 0 mV. Then, potassium ions exit the cell, repolarizing it back below the resting potential of -70 mV. The influx and efflux of ions is due to the specific opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels. This process results in a consistent action potential amplitude regardless of the strength of the stimulus, following the all-or-none principle.
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1. It describes the different types of ion channels in the plasma membrane, including leak channels, chemically-gated channels, mechanically-gated channels, and voltage-gated channels.
2. It explains the concepts of resting membrane potential, graded potentials, and action potentials in excitable cells like nerves and muscles. Key factors that determine resting membrane potential are the concentration gradients and permeability of ions like sodium and potassium.
3. It provides details on the initiation and propagation of action potentials, which involve the opening and closing of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels in response to changes in membrane potential.
Muscle action potential
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This document discusses neuron and muscle potentials. It begins by introducing muscles and neurons, explaining that muscles contract to produce movement while neurons transmit electrical and chemical signals. It then describes how neuron potentials arise from the electrochemical activity of neurons and the resting potential difference across the neuron membrane. When a neuron is stimulated, this polarity is reversed, generating an action potential. A similar process occurs in muscles - the action potential travels to the neuromuscular junction and causes the release of acetylcholine, generating a muscle action potential and contraction.
Resting potential
The resting potential of nerve cells is established by the movement of ions across the cell membrane. Sodium-potassium pumps actively transport sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. More sodium ions are transported out than potassium ions transported in, making the outside of the cell more positive than the inside. Gated channels then allow more potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell than sodium ions into the cell, further increasing the charge difference between the inside and outside of the cell. This electrical gradient causes potassium ions to be attracted to the inner cytoplasm and repelled from the outer fluid, resulting in no net movement of ions and establishing the cell's resting potential.
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it consist for 4 pages and cover all the steps that occur during muscle contraction and relaxation, I does not take a time just 5 minute is enough to read. I hope it's interesting.
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ACTION POTENTIAL
Action potential is abrupt pulse like change in the membrane potential lasting for a fraction of second
During action potential there is reversal of membrane potential i.e. inside becomes positive and outside becomes Negative.
We can see the action potential on cathode ray oscilloscope
Abrupt or sudden in onset
2. Have limited magnitude or amplitude i.e. Inside, the potential will go to + 35 or + 45 mV and not beyond that.
3. It is of short duration. Duration is in milli seconds. Duration of spike potential Is 1 -2 milli second. Action potential with plateau has longer duration i.e. may be up to 300 m sec
4. It obeys All or None law i.e. if stimulus is sub threshold it is not produced and when the stimulus is threshold or supra threshold it will be produced with maximum amplitude.
5. It is self propagated i.e. once produced in a membrane it is automatically propagated in both directions.
6. It is not decremented with distance i.e. it will travel with same amplitude through all the distance.
7. It has refractory period. The period during which the tissue will not respond to second stimulus after the application of first stimulus. It could be Absolute and Refractory.
Absolute no response of tissue what so ever may be the strength of stimulus example closure of inactivation gate of sodium channels.
Relative response with higher stimulus than threshold stimulus
DEPOLARIZATION: Sudden loss of Negativity inside the membrane is depolarization.
REPOLARIZATION: return of negativity inside the membrane is Repolarization.
HYPERPOLARIZATION: More Negativity inside
Resting Membrane Potential
Understanding of
Channels Involved
Voltage gated Sodium Channels
Voltage gated Potassium Channels
Sodium Potassium ATPase Pump
Movements of ions
Concentrations of Sodium and Potassium in ECF and ICF
Direction of movement
Plateau is known as Sustained depolarization.
In some instances, the excited membrane does not repolarize immediately after depolarization.
Duration of depolarization of cardiac muscle is 300 milli sec.
Plateau phase has got advantages:
1. It prolongs the duration of depolarization, AP and Contraction. It prolongs the refractory period. Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized because of this.
2. There is influx of calcium into the sarcoplasm from the ECF which is used for muscle contraction.
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2. How an action potential is generated when the membrane reaches its threshold voltage due to an influx of sodium ions, causing rapid depolarization. It then repolarizes as potassium ions efflux.
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3) Excitable tissues having a more negative resting membrane potential than non-excitable tissues due to ion distributions and channels that facilitate potassium efflux and sodium/potassium pumping.
4) Generation of action potentials relies on voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels opening and closing to cause depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization for signal propagation along myelinated and un
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DESCRIBES THE ACTION POTENTIAL OCCURING IN THE NERVE. IT ALSO TACKLES ON THE NUERON AND ITS 3 BASIC PARTS NAMELY 1)DENDRITES 2) BODY 3) AXON
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The document summarizes key aspects of synaptic transmission and the cell membrane potential. It explains that synaptic transmission involves neurotransmitters being released from the presynaptic cell in response to an action potential, diffusing across the synapse, and binding to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. It also outlines factors that maintain the cell's resting membrane potential of -70mV, including the sodium-potassium pump and potassium leak channels. Voltage-gated ion channels then open in response to changes in the membrane potential, altering the potential.
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Action potential
An action potential occurs when a neuron fires, sending an electrical signal down its axon. It is triggered when the membrane potential reaches a threshold of around -55 mV due to sodium ions rushing into the cell. This depolarizes the neuron to 0 mV. Then, potassium ions exit the cell, repolarizing it back below the resting potential of -70 mV. The influx and efflux of ions is due to the specific opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels. This process results in a consistent action potential amplitude regardless of the strength of the stimulus, following the all-or-none principle.
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This document discusses nerve and muscle physiology, including:
1. It describes the different types of ion channels in the plasma membrane, including leak channels, chemically-gated channels, mechanically-gated channels, and voltage-gated channels.
2. It explains the concepts of resting membrane potential, graded potentials, and action potentials in excitable cells like nerves and muscles. Key factors that determine resting membrane potential are the concentration gradients and permeability of ions like sodium and potassium.
3. It provides details on the initiation and propagation of action potentials, which involve the opening and closing of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels in response to changes in membrane potential.
Muscle action potential
Muscle action potential is the wave of electrical potential that passes across a muscle. It is similar to a neuron action potential but differs quantitatively, with a resting membrane potential of -80 to -90 mV, duration of 1-5 ms, and conduction velocity of 3-5 m/s. Transverse tubules in muscle fibers allow the action potential to penetrate deeply and release calcium ions, which ultimately cause muscle contraction through excitation-contraction coupling.
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This PPT is uploaded by Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande.This is prepared by Prof.Dr.A.R.Joshi ,Physilogist on Membrane Physiology
Neuromuscular junction
The neuromuscular junction is where a motor neuron connects to a muscle fiber. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, calcium enters and causes vesicles containing acetylcholine to fuse with the membrane and release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine then binds nicotinic receptors on the muscle fiber, causing sodium entry and developing an endplate potential that can trigger an action potential in the fiber. Acetylcholine is quickly broken down by acetylcholinesterase to allow muscle relaxation. A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the fibers it innervates, so stimulating the neuron causes contraction of those fibers in a graded manner based on recruitment of additional motor units.
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This document discusses neuron and muscle potentials. It begins by introducing muscles and neurons, explaining that muscles contract to produce movement while neurons transmit electrical and chemical signals. It then describes how neuron potentials arise from the electrochemical activity of neurons and the resting potential difference across the neuron membrane. When a neuron is stimulated, this polarity is reversed, generating an action potential. A similar process occurs in muscles - the action potential travels to the neuromuscular junction and causes the release of acetylcholine, generating a muscle action potential and contraction.
Resting potential
The resting potential of nerve cells is established by the movement of ions across the cell membrane. Sodium-potassium pumps actively transport sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. More sodium ions are transported out than potassium ions transported in, making the outside of the cell more positive than the inside. Gated channels then allow more potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell than sodium ions into the cell, further increasing the charge difference between the inside and outside of the cell. This electrical gradient causes potassium ions to be attracted to the inner cytoplasm and repelled from the outer fluid, resulting in no net movement of ions and establishing the cell's resting potential.
A summary of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation
it consist for 4 pages and cover all the steps that occur during muscle contraction and relaxation, I does not take a time just 5 minute is enough to read. I hope it's interesting.
Action potential (the guyton and hall physiology)
ACTION POTENTIAL
Action potential is abrupt pulse like change in the membrane potential lasting for a fraction of second
During action potential there is reversal of membrane potential i.e. inside becomes positive and outside becomes Negative.
We can see the action potential on cathode ray oscilloscope
Abrupt or sudden in onset
2. Have limited magnitude or amplitude i.e. Inside, the potential will go to + 35 or + 45 mV and not beyond that.
3. It is of short duration. Duration is in milli seconds. Duration of spike potential Is 1 -2 milli second. Action potential with plateau has longer duration i.e. may be up to 300 m sec
4. It obeys All or None law i.e. if stimulus is sub threshold it is not produced and when the stimulus is threshold or supra threshold it will be produced with maximum amplitude.
5. It is self propagated i.e. once produced in a membrane it is automatically propagated in both directions.
6. It is not decremented with distance i.e. it will travel with same amplitude through all the distance.
7. It has refractory period. The period during which the tissue will not respond to second stimulus after the application of first stimulus. It could be Absolute and Refractory.
Absolute no response of tissue what so ever may be the strength of stimulus example closure of inactivation gate of sodium channels.
Relative response with higher stimulus than threshold stimulus
DEPOLARIZATION: Sudden loss of Negativity inside the membrane is depolarization.
REPOLARIZATION: return of negativity inside the membrane is Repolarization.
HYPERPOLARIZATION: More Negativity inside
Resting Membrane Potential
Understanding of
Channels Involved
Voltage gated Sodium Channels
Voltage gated Potassium Channels
Sodium Potassium ATPase Pump
Movements of ions
Concentrations of Sodium and Potassium in ECF and ICF
Direction of movement
Plateau is known as Sustained depolarization.
In some instances, the excited membrane does not repolarize immediately after depolarization.
Duration of depolarization of cardiac muscle is 300 milli sec.
Plateau phase has got advantages:
1. It prolongs the duration of depolarization, AP and Contraction. It prolongs the refractory period. Cardiac muscle cannot be tetanized because of this.
2. There is influx of calcium into the sarcoplasm from the ECF which is used for muscle contraction.
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The document summarizes the neural and endocrine systems. It describes how the central nervous system is connected to the peripheral nervous system via afferent and efferent nerves. It also explains the basic structure and function of neurons, including their cell bodies, dendrites, axons, and how nerve impulses are transmitted through myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Synaptic transmission between neurons is discussed.
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This document discusses membrane potentials and action potentials in excitable cells like neurons and muscles. It covers:
1. The resting membrane potential of -70mV that is maintained by selective permeability of potassium ions and active transport by the sodium-potassium pump.
2. How an action potential is generated when the membrane reaches its threshold voltage due to an influx of sodium ions, causing rapid depolarization. It then repolarizes as potassium ions efflux.
3. The propagation of action potentials along neurons or muscle fibers to transmit electrical signals and cause effects like muscle contraction or neurotransmitter release.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the peripheral nervous system and reflex activity. It discusses motor endings that release neurotransmitters to activate effectors. It reviews innervation of skeletal and visceral muscle, describing neurotransmitters and responses. It also describes three levels of motor control - segmental, projection, and precommand. Segmental control involves central pattern generators for locomotion. Projection pathways connect to voluntary movement and reflex control. Precommand areas like the cerebellum regulate and coordinate movement. The document also discusses properties of reflex arcs and examples of spinal, stretch, and superficial reflexes. It notes developmental aspects of peripheral nerve distribution and aging changes.
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The document summarizes key aspects of physiology of the nervous system. It discusses:
1) Functional subdivisions of the nervous system including sensory, motor, integrative, and autonomic functions.
2) Topics covered including action potentials, nerve impulse transmission, neuromuscular junction, and physiology of sensory and motor functions.
3) Excitable tissues having a more negative resting membrane potential than non-excitable tissues due to ion distributions and channels that facilitate potassium efflux and sodium/potassium pumping.
4) Generation of action potentials relies on voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels opening and closing to cause depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization for signal propagation along myelinated and un
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The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. The presentation provides a simplified overview of the nervous system and its functions
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A summary of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation
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1) Median nerve injuries can result in loss of motor function to key muscles in the forearm and hand. Tendon transfers can help restore function by transferring muscles still innervated to replace lost functions.
2) Common tendon transfers include using the superficialis or EIP tendon to restore thumb opposition. The BR or ECRL can be used to restore thumb or index finger flexion.
3) Rehabilitation after tendon transfer focuses initially on splinting the transfers and mobilizing other joints, followed by gentle active and assisted range of motion exercises to strengthen and condition the transfers.
RADIAL NERVE PALSY AND TENDON TRANSFER
This document discusses radial nerve palsy and tendon transfers to restore function after radial nerve injury. It begins by describing the anatomy and functions of the radial nerve. Radial nerve palsy results in loss of wrist, finger, and thumb extension. Tendon transfers can restore this function, such as using the palmaris longus tendon to restore thumb extension via transfer to the extensor pollicis longus. Post-operative rehabilitation focuses on protecting the tendon transfers during early mobilization and strengthening exercises.
ULNAR NERVE PALSY AND TENDON TRANSFERS
The document discusses ulnar nerve palsy and tendon transfers used to treat it. It begins by describing the anatomy of the ulnar nerve and its motor and sensory functions. It then discusses clinical findings associated with ulnar nerve injuries at different locations. Various tendon transfers are summarized that aim to restore small and ring finger flexion, key pinch, correct clawing, and improve grip strength for patients with ulnar nerve palsy. These include transferring forearm muscles like the ECRB to restore key pinch or correct clawing. The modified Stiles-Bunnell procedure is also summarized, which uses the middle finger superficialis tendon to dynamically correct clawing during finger flexion.
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Peripheral nerve injuries
This document summarizes common nerve injuries in the upper and lower extremities. In the upper limb, it describes injuries to the axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves, including their sensory and motor functions, common causes of injury, and clinical manifestations. For the lower limb, it outlines femoral, sciatic, and common peroneal nerve injuries, providing details on causes and symptoms such as sensory loss, motor weakness, and deformities. The document serves as a reference for healthcare practitioners to understand the presentations of various peripheral nerve injuries.
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The document discusses mechanisms of injury from automobile accidents and the injuries that can result. It explains that understanding the kinematics or motion of trauma is important for determining injury patterns. Various types of collisions are described like head-on, T-bone, rear-end, and rollovers. Specific injuries are associated with different collision types and points of impact like the windshield, steering wheel, and dashboard. Factors determining the need to immediately transfer an accident victim to a trauma center are also outlined.
Structure of neuron
The document describes the main parts of a neuron and their functions. The axon carries nerve impulses away from the cell body, while dendrites carry impulses toward the cell body. Schwann's cells form a protective myelin sheath around axons, and the myelin sheath insulates and speeds up nerve impulses. Synapses allow neurons to transmit electrical signals to other neurons through the release of neurotransmitters.
Nerve conduction studies
Nerve conduction studies
animated demonstration explain the correlation between the graphical segments and the electrical activities.
Nerve conduction study
Nerve conduction studies test the function of motor and sensory nerves by measuring nerve conduction velocity. Small electrical stimuli are applied to nerves while recordings are made from muscles. Abnormalities may indicate conditions like peripheral neuropathy or radiculopathy. The test evaluates nerves like the median and ulnar nerves and can help diagnose disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system.
Anatomy of brachial plexus
The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves C5-T1. It provides motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. It forms trunks, divisions, and cords which branch into individual nerves that innervate specific muscles and skin areas. Anatomical variations are common and can impact techniques for brachial plexus blockade, which is used for surgeries on the shoulder, arm, elbow, and forearm. Injuries to different parts of the plexus can cause distinct nerve palsies like Erb's palsy or Klumpke's paralysis.
Nervous system notes
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its main functions and classifications. It describes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It also discusses the structure and function of neurons, how impulses are transmitted, and the main regions and components of the brain and spinal cord.
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The nervous system controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. It governs physiological functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and maintaining homeostasis. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves). The central nervous system is protected by membranes and cerebrospinal fluid, and processes sensory and motor information. Neurons are the basic functional units that carry electrical signals through the nervous system. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses via neurotransmitters.
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Anatomy unit 2 nervous system nerve structure and reflex notes
- 1. ANATOMY Unit 2 Notes: Nerve Structure & Reflexes
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