1. Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system that carry electrical impulses between cells.
2. Neurons transmit signals across junctions called synapses using either electrical or chemical transmission.
3. The chemical transmission theory involves the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron that bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing excitation or inhibition.
It is over 60 years since Hodgkin and
Huxley1 made the first direct recording of
the electrical changes across the neuronal
membrane that mediate the action
potential. Using an electrode placed inside a
squid giant axon they were able to measure a
transmembrane potential of around 260 mV
inside relative to outside, under resting
conditions (this is called the resting membrane
potential). The action potential is a
transient (,1 millisecond) reversal in the
polarity of this transmembrane potential
which then moves from its point of initiation,
down the axon, to the axon terminals. In a
subsequent series of elegant experiments
Hodgkin and Huxley, along with Bernard
Katz, discovered that the action potential
results from transient changes in the permeability
of the axon membrane to sodium (Na+)
and potassium (K+) ions. Importantly, Na+ and
K+ cross the membrane through independent
pathways that open in response to a change
in membrane potential.
As testimony to their pioneering work, the
fundamental mechanisms described by
Hodgkin, Huxley and Katz remain applicable
to all excitable cells today. Indeed, the
predictions they made about the molecular
mechanisms that might underlie the changes
in membrane permeability showed remarkable
foresight. The molecular basis of the action
potential lies in the presence of proteins
called ion channels that form the permeation
pathways across the neuronal membrane.
Although the first electrophysiological
recordings from individual ion channels were
not made until the mid 1970s,2 Hodgkin and
Huxley predicted many of the properties now
known to be key components of their
function: ion selectivity, the electrical basis
of voltage-sensitivity and, importantly, a
mechanism for quickly closing down the
permeability pathways to ensure that the
action potential only moves along the axon in
one direction.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
It is over 60 years since Hodgkin and
Huxley1 made the first direct recording of
the electrical changes across the neuronal
membrane that mediate the action
potential. Using an electrode placed inside a
squid giant axon they were able to measure a
transmembrane potential of around 260 mV
inside relative to outside, under resting
conditions (this is called the resting membrane
potential). The action potential is a
transient (,1 millisecond) reversal in the
polarity of this transmembrane potential
which then moves from its point of initiation,
down the axon, to the axon terminals. In a
subsequent series of elegant experiments
Hodgkin and Huxley, along with Bernard
Katz, discovered that the action potential
results from transient changes in the permeability
of the axon membrane to sodium (Na+)
and potassium (K+) ions. Importantly, Na+ and
K+ cross the membrane through independent
pathways that open in response to a change
in membrane potential.
As testimony to their pioneering work, the
fundamental mechanisms described by
Hodgkin, Huxley and Katz remain applicable
to all excitable cells today. Indeed, the
predictions they made about the molecular
mechanisms that might underlie the changes
in membrane permeability showed remarkable
foresight. The molecular basis of the action
potential lies in the presence of proteins
called ion channels that form the permeation
pathways across the neuronal membrane.
Although the first electrophysiological
recordings from individual ion channels were
not made until the mid 1970s,2 Hodgkin and
Huxley predicted many of the properties now
known to be key components of their
function: ion selectivity, the electrical basis
of voltage-sensitivity and, importantly, a
mechanism for quickly closing down the
permeability pathways to ensure that the
action potential only moves along the axon in
one direction.
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations in the cell or outside it. Proteins can be targeted to the inner space of an organelle, different intracellular membranes, plasma membrane, or to exterior of the cell via secretion.
this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
This presentation gives an overview of Lipid Rafts, how it was discovered, its importance and the future research in this area,Feel free to comment and ask any questions
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in the body of living
organism and micro-organism. Cell has a Cell membrane in its outer most
part in case of animals and cell wall for plant and for plants, cell membrane
is present under the cell wall. Cell membrane has a scientific structure. So,
many scientists gives description about the structure of cell membrane like
Sandwich Model, Unit Membrane model and Fluid Mosaic Model. But,
the Fluid Mosaic Model is widely acceptable.
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. The process has to be correct and regulated. This slide illustrated Cell cycle and its regulation. Check the slides to know more.
These slides contain the basic information and principle of nervous transduction, It also includes the information about the type of the neurons, structure of the neuron, resting and active membrane potential, synapes and events occurring in it, and introduction to the neurotransmitters.
This presentation gives an overview of Lipid Rafts, how it was discovered, its importance and the future research in this area,Feel free to comment and ask any questions
Details of cytoskeleton element-microtubule. The Microtubule associated protein-type and function, Treadmilling and dynamic instability, Structure of cilia and flagella
Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit in the body of living
organism and micro-organism. Cell has a Cell membrane in its outer most
part in case of animals and cell wall for plant and for plants, cell membrane
is present under the cell wall. Cell membrane has a scientific structure. So,
many scientists gives description about the structure of cell membrane like
Sandwich Model, Unit Membrane model and Fluid Mosaic Model. But,
the Fluid Mosaic Model is widely acceptable.
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. The process has to be correct and regulated. This slide illustrated Cell cycle and its regulation. Check the slides to know more.
These slides contain the basic information and principle of nervous transduction, It also includes the information about the type of the neurons, structure of the neuron, resting and active membrane potential, synapes and events occurring in it, and introduction to the neurotransmitters.
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
My first attempt at this presentation for the IB Diploma Programme Biology course: topic 6.5 neurons and synapses. I'm hoping another great educator out there can take this, make it look a lot better, and then share it :)
Thanks to Steven Taylor and Chris Paine for all of their work and inspiration.
Please download and modify as you wish.
final note: I actually made this in google slides - I just checked the presentation and none of the links to the videos I used are there. Here is a link to the google slide presentation so you can find the videos: https://docs.google.com/a/igbis.edu.my/presentation/d/1eabpxEtwlDGt7EPRqQ_GPwxUBerszZQquWAhjRnU_WE/edit?usp=sharing
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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2. THE NEURON
A neuron also known as a neurone
or nerve cell is a cell that carries
electrical impulses. They are the
basic units of nervous system.
Every neuron is made up of
a cell body, dendrites and an axon.
4. SOME IMPORTANT TERMS
• SYNAPSE: the junction between the axon of
one neuron and dendrite, cell body or axon of
another neuron is know as synapse.
• SYNAPTIC KNOB: the swelling terminal of
axon or dendrites is known as synaptic knob.
• PRE SYNAPTIC NEURON: the neuron
carrying impulse towards synapse.
• POST SYNAPTIC NEURON: the neuron
carrying impulse away from the synapse.
5. TRANSMISSION OF NERVER IMPULSES
Nerve impulses have a domino effect.
Each neuron receives an impulse
and must pass it on to the next
neuron. To make sure that the
correct impulse continues on the
path, a series of chemical and
electrical events are carried out by
the neurons.
6. TWO THEORIES HAVE BEEN PUT
FORWARD TO EXPLAIN THE
TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES
ACROSS THE SYNAPSE. THEY ARE;
1. ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
2. CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
7. ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
Impulse transmission
through synapse is
accomplished by
electric current. When
the impulse reach the
pre synaptic knob, the
impulse itself act as
stimulus for the post
synaptic neuron
causing
depolarization. Now
8. POLARIZATION OF NEURON’S MEMBRANE
1. When the neuron is not
stimulated, its
membrane is said to be
polarized.
2. It means electric charge
on the outside of the
membrane is positive
while on the inside is
negative.
3. The outside of the cell
contains excess sodium
ions while the inside of
9. RESTING POTENITAL
When the neuron is
inactive and polarized,
it is said to be at its
resting potential. It
remains this way until a
stimulus comes along.
10. ACTION POTENTIAL
1. A stimulus from a
sensory cell or
another neuron
causes the target to
depolarize toward the
threshold potential.
2. If the threshold of
excitation is reached,
all Na channels open
and the membrane
depolarizes.
3. At the peak action
11. REPOLARIZATION
1. With potassium ions moving to the
outside, the membrane’s
repolarization restores electrical
balance.
2. Potassium ions move outside and
the sodium ions stay inside the
membrane.
12. HYPER POLARIZATION
1. More potassium ions are on the
outside than there are on the inside.
2. This cause membrane potential to
drop slightly lower than the resting
potential
3. The membrane have greater potential
is thus said to be hyper polarized.
13. REFRACTORY PERIOD
1. Refractory period puts everything back
to normal
2. Potassium returns inside while sodium
returns outside.
3. After the na/k pump return the ions to
the rightful sides, the neuron is back to
its normal polarized state until another
impulse comes along.
15. CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION THEORY
Nerve impulses are
conducted across the
synapse with the help of
chemical substances
called neurotransmitter.
The process of chemical
transmission was
discovered by Henry
(1936).
16. MECHANISM
1. Calcium gate opens.
2. Releasing a neurotransmitter.
3. The neurotransmitter binds with
receptors on the neuron.
4. Excitation or inhibition of the
membrane occurs.