Biology: Unit 1 Biochemistry Enzymes and Cellular Reactions
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Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy needed. They have a specific active site structure that allows them to bind to substrate molecules. Denaturing destroys an enzyme's structure by exposure to heat or chemicals, disrupting its active site. Cells use ATP as an energy storing molecule to power cellular work through addition or removal of phosphates during hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions. These reactions respectively break polymers into monomers with energy release or bond monomers into polymers with energy storage.
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Biology Unit 1 Notes: Enzymes
Enzymes are protein polymers that speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy required for reactions to occur. Enzymes catalyze reactions by binding to substrate molecules at their active sites, changing the substrate's shape in a way that makes the reaction easier to start. Once the reaction is complete, the enzyme detaches and can be reused for additional reactions. However, enzymes can become denatured by extreme temperatures, acids or bases, changing their structure and preventing them from functioning.
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Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts and are necessary for most chemical reactions in living cells. They help reactions occur by lowering their activation energy. Enzymes have a unique three-dimensional shape with active sites that allow them to specifically bind to substrates and rearrange the molecules involved in chemical steps. While they are not consumed in these reactions, enzymes increase the rates of reactions and can be reused, making them highly efficient biological catalysts.
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- Enzymes catalyze both the breaking down of large molecules and building up of complex molecules from simpler ones. They are required in small amounts and can catalyze reversible reactions.
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Enzymes are biological catalysts made of proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being used up. They have an active site that binds to a specific substrate molecule. The optimal temperature and pH allow the enzyme to maintain its shape for catalytic activity. Changes beyond the optimum levels can denature the enzyme. Enzyme activity is also affected by substrate, inhibitor, and surface area concentrations. Immobilized enzymes are attached to insoluble materials and can be reused, making them useful in industrial processes like producing lactose-free milk.
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A chemical reaction involves one or more substances being changed into new substances. It consists of reactants that are transformed into products, as represented by a balanced chemical equation showing the rearrangement of atoms. For a reaction to occur, the reactants must absorb a minimum amount of energy called the activation energy. Reactions can be endothermic, absorbing heat, or exothermic, releasing heat. Catalysts lower the activation energy needed and speed up the reaction without being used up themselves. Enzymes are biological catalysts with an active site that binds to substrate reactants.
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Enzymes are protein polymers that speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy required for reactions to occur. Enzymes catalyze reactions by binding to substrate molecules at their active sites, changing the substrate's shape in a way that makes the reaction easier to start. Once the reaction is complete, the enzyme detaches and can be reused for additional reactions. However, enzymes can become denatured by extreme temperatures, acids or bases, changing their structure and preventing them from functioning.
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Enzymes are catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed. They lower the activation energy required for reactions to proceed by contorting reactants into their transition state. Each enzyme works best under a specific set of optimum conditions.
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Enzymes are biological catalysts made of proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being used up. They have an active site that binds to a specific substrate molecule. The optimal temperature and pH allow the enzyme to maintain its shape for catalytic activity. Changes beyond the optimum levels can denature the enzyme. Enzyme activity is also affected by substrate, inhibitor, and surface area concentrations. Immobilized enzymes are attached to insoluble materials and can be reused, making them useful in industrial processes like producing lactose-free milk.
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A chemical reaction involves one or more substances being changed into new substances. It consists of reactants that are transformed into products, as represented by a balanced chemical equation showing the rearrangement of atoms. For a reaction to occur, the reactants must absorb a minimum amount of energy called the activation energy. Reactions can be endothermic, absorbing heat, or exothermic, releasing heat. Catalysts lower the activation energy needed and speed up the reaction without being used up themselves. Enzymes are biological catalysts with an active site that binds to substrate reactants.
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Homeostasis refers to maintaining internal stability and balance in response to changes inside or around the body. Metabolism and two key reactions, hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis, allow cells to break down and build molecules to transfer energy and matter. These reactions involve the addition or removal of water and are used to release or store energy in molecules like ATP and ADP as cells need energy to perform work.
1. Enzyme chemistrynnnnnnnnjjjnjnnnnn.ppt
Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy. They are highly specific and function most efficiently at their optimal temperature and pH. Some enzymes require cofactors like coenzymes to function. Enzyme activity can be regulated by inhibitors and allosteric regulation. Enzymes speed up reactions but are not consumed in the process, allowing them to catalyze many turns of a reaction.
Biology Unit 1 Exam Review Flashcards
This document contains a biology review with questions and answers about key topics like:
- The basic components of living things like cells, biological elements, and biomolecules
- The functions of biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
- Important chemical reactions in living things like dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
- The roles of ATP and enzymes in storing and releasing energy
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This document discusses cellular metabolism, including energy transformation through metabolic pathways like catabolism and anabolism. It covers key topics like how enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy, allowing reactions to occur more readily at body temperature. Enzymes are protein catalysts that participate in specific reactions without being used up. They can be affected by factors like temperature, pH, cofactors, and inhibitors. Metabolic pathways involve breaking down molecules through catabolism to generate energy in the form of ATP, or building up molecules through anabolism using ATP.
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This document discusses cellular metabolism, including energy transformation through metabolic pathways. It covers:
1) Metabolism involves catabolic pathways that generate ATP through the breakdown of molecules, and anabolic pathways that use ATP to synthesize biologically important molecules.
2) Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering their activation energy. They are protein catalysts that participate in reactions without being consumed.
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enzymes_ppt.pptx111111111111111111111111111
This document provides an overview of enzymes and coenzymes. It discusses the general characteristics of enzymes, including that they are usually proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. It describes enzyme structure, noting that some enzymes are composed only of protein while others require a coenzyme. Key aspects of enzyme function such as specificity, naming conventions, and the active site are summarized. The document also outlines factors that affect enzyme activity including temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration. Common types of enzyme inhibition and regulation of enzyme activity are briefly mentioned.
Topic 4 chapter 5 part 2 enzymes - characteristics of enzymes
Enzymes have several key characteristics:
1) They speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed.
2) They are required in minute amounts and remain unchanged after reactions.
3) They are highly specific, with each enzyme having a unique three-dimensional structure that only binds complementary substrates.
Their activity is also affected by temperature and pH - they have optimal temperatures and pH levels at which they are most active, and are deactivated outside these ranges. Some enzymes also require co-factors to function or can catalyze reversible reactions.
Biology unit 3 cell energy intro to energy notes
Energy is needed by living things to perform life processes like growth, reproduction, metabolism, and homeostasis. There are two main types of energy: chemical potential energy stored in molecular bonds, and kinetic energy used in reactions. Both energy and matter cycle continuously throughout the environment as molecules are broken down, releasing energy to other systems, and built back up, storing energy for later use. ATP stores energy in phosphate bonds and can release energy when its third phosphate is removed, while ADP can store energy when a third phosphate is added.
Chapter5 sections+1 4
1) The document discusses key concepts about metabolism from chapters 5.1-5.4 of a biology textbook, including how enzymes work to catalyze reactions and the roles of ATP, activation energy, and temperature and pH in metabolism.
2) It explains how alcohol is broken down by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and how energy flows through biological systems in one direction according to the laws of thermodynamics.
3) The summary highlights that ATP couples exergonic and endergonic reactions to do cellular work and that enzymes lower activation energies to speed up metabolic reactions.
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- 1. BIOLOGY Unit 1 Notes: Enzyme Details & Cellular Reactions
- 2. (1) Enzymes • Type of protein. • Have a very specific structure (like a key + lock) to fit with their substrate (the molecule they are binding to). • Used in cells to catalyze chemical reactions: – Make reactions go faster. – Lower the activation energy requirement, allowing the reaction to happen with less energy payment.
- 5. (2) Enzyme Denaturing • The substrate must bind exact at a special structure on the enzyme called the Active Site. • Denaturing – Occurs when enzymes are exposed to extreme heat / chemicals. – Causes enzyme to unravel. • Why Is Denaturing a Problem? – Unravel = Change in structure – Change in structure = Messed up Active Site – Messed up Active Site = No Catalyzing the Reaction
- 8. (3) Cell Energy • Cells need to do a lot of work to maintain homeostasis. • Work requires energy!! • ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate – Energy storing molecule for cells! • Draw A Picture:
- 9. ATP = Adenosine + 3 Phosphates ADP = Adenosine + 2 Phosphates
- 10. Add a Phosphate + Store Energy In Bonds Remove a Phosphate + Release Energy From Bonds
- 11. (4) Cellular Reactions • Cells use chemical reactions to: – Break molecules into smaller pieces. – Make larger molecules. – Store and Release Energy • 2 Common Reactions – Hydrolysis – Deyhydration Synthesis
- 12. (5) Hydrolysis • Hydro = Add Water Lysis = To Explode / Break Apart • What Happens? – Add water to a larger polymer. – Break it apart into smaller monomers. – Release energy. • Draw A Picture:
- 15. (6) Dehydration Synthesis • Dehydrate = Remove Water Synthesis = To Put Together • What Happens? – Remove water from smaller monomers. – Put together (bond) smaller monomer units. – Store energy. • Draw A Picture: