An introduction to biotechnology 27.01.2015 tutorial group g1 (sec a&b)
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This document discusses biotechnology, including its history, applications, and future. Biotechnology uses living organisms to benefit humanity and involves fields like microbiology, agriculture, medicine, forensics, and more. It has a long history including fermentation and selective breeding. Modern biotech also includes genetic engineering. The human genome project provided insights into gene functions and diseases. Biotechnology requires interdisciplinary skills and generates jobs in research, manufacturing, and marketing. It faces challenges in applying genomic insights through gene therapy and personalized medicine.
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This document provides an overview of the application of biotechnology in different fields including food, medical, agriculture, and environmental biotechnology. Some key points:
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Biotechnology has been used for millennia to improve agriculture, food production, and medicine through techniques like animal husbandry and fermentation. Modern biotechnology applies scientific principles to processing materials through biological agents. It has applications in medicine like drug development, agriculture like developing pest-resistant crops, and industry like producing chemicals. Biotechnology's scope continues expanding in fields such as genetic engineering, stem cell research, and environmental remediation.
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- The first artificial human chromosome was created in 1997 along with other advances like gene therapy and new medical treatments.
- In 2000, a rough draft of the human genome was completed, allowing for further research.
- By 2003, the human genome sequencing was finished, providing the full genetic code.
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3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
Biotechnology a multidisciplinary field
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Introduction
Why are genetically modified animals produced?
Examples of transgenic animals
Why are animals used instead of genetically modified microbes or plants?
Ethical issues
Religious concerns
Responsibility of Scientists
Need for Guidelines
Conclusion
References
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- Other topics discussed include biopharmaceuticals, bioenergy, biopharming, biopolymers, bioeconomics, biobankonomics, biorobotics, biomimicry, and medical applications of biotechnology.
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The document discusses various medical applications of biotechnology. It begins by noting that more than 65% of biotech companies in the US are involved in pharmaceutical production. Some key points:
- 1982 saw the development and approval of the first biotech drug, Humulin, for treating diabetes.
- There are now over 80 approved biotech drugs and vaccines targeting over 200 diseases, with 400 more in development. Nearly half of new drugs target cancer.
- Common biotech drugs are listed along with their developers and functions.
- Biotech products are often recombinant proteins produced through gene cloning and cell culture techniques.
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Gene therapy involves techniques that modify or manipulate genes to treat or prevent diseases. The first gene therapy treatment occurred in 1990 for severe combined immunodeficiency. There are four main approaches to gene therapy: inserting a normal gene to compensate for a defective one, replacing an abnormal gene with a normal one, repairing an abnormal gene, or altering gene regulation. Viruses are commonly used as vectors to deliver therapeutic genes into target cells, with retroviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and herpes simplex viruses being some of the most widely used viral vectors, each with advantages and limitations.
Biotechnology textbook
The application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services.
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy involves introducing genetic material into human cells to treat diseases. It aims to cure diseases by adding extra genes or replacing faulty genes. There are still many challenges to gene therapy, including developing safe and effective viral and non-viral vectors to deliver genes, avoiding unintended effects, and establishing regulations for clinical trials and production. As the field continues to advance, dedicated facilities and standardized procedures will be important to ensure patient safety.
Gene therapy - a Powerpoint Presentation
This document discusses gene therapy for the treatment of cancer. It begins by explaining what genes are and how they relate to cancer development. It then describes the process of making gene therapy medicine, which involves using a modified adenovirus to deliver a tumor suppressor gene like p53 into cancer cells. The document explains how gene therapy works by having the adenovirus deliver the tumor suppressor gene into the cancer cell nucleus, where it causes the cancer cell to self-destruct. It notes that gene therapy can be administered directly into tumors or systemically via injection. The document concludes by presenting examples of patients who were
Gene therapy.. Dr.Padmesh
Gene therapy involves introducing functional genes into patients to treat diseases. It has three main steps: identifying the defective gene, cloning the normal gene, and inserting the normal gene into target cells. There are two main approaches - ex vivo, where cells are removed and modified before being returned, and in vivo, where genes are directly inserted. Gene therapy aims to either augment gene function for loss of function mutations or inhibit gene expression for negative dominant mutations. While promising results have been seen for some diseases, risks still include immune reactions and insertional mutagenesis.
Biotechnology
The document discusses a lecture on biotechnology given by Dr. Srinivasreddy Patil. It covers topics like the introduction and tools of genetic engineering, including vectors, enzymes, and host cells. Recombinant DNA technology and its applications are explained, using the example of insulin synthesis. Other topics covered include DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy, the human genome project, and monoclonal antibodies. The document also addresses the hazards and safeguards of genetic engineering.
Gene therapy
This document discusses gene therapy and genetic engineering. It distinguishes between gene therapy, which aims to treat disease by replacing mutated genes, and genetic enhancement, which aims to modify humans in a way that goes beyond curing illness or disability. While gene therapy seeks to cure disease and is considered acceptable, genetic enhancement that modifies humans to make them "super human" raises ethical issues and is generally not supported by the Catholic Church. The key distinction is that gene therapy should be therapeutic and only done to promote health, while genetic enhancement goes beyond therapy and could worsen conditions or unfairly advantage some individuals.
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B sc biotech i fob unit 1 introduction to biotechnology
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Application of Biotechnology In Medicine By Anila Rani Pullagura
Application of Biotechnology In Medicine By Anila Rani Pullagura
Similar to An introduction to biotechnology 27.01.2015 tutorial group g1 (sec a&b)
Genetic engeneering prospects
The document discusses genetic engineering, which involves modifying the DNA of living organisms. It describes some key applications of genetic engineering in medicine, agriculture, and industry. These include developing disease-resistant crops, bacteria that produce useful pharmaceuticals, and microorganisms that can help clean up industrial waste or produce alternative fuels. The document also outlines educational requirements for genetic engineering careers and lists top Indian universities that offer genetic engineering programs. Jobs for genetic engineers are available in the medical, pharmaceutical, agriculture, and research sectors.
Genetic engeneering prospects
The document discusses genetic engineering, which involves modifying the DNA of living organisms. It describes some key applications of genetic engineering in medicine, agriculture, and industry. These include developing disease-resistant crops, bacteria that produce useful pharmaceuticals, and microorganisms that can clean up industrial waste or produce alternative fuels. The document also outlines educational requirements for genetic engineering careers and lists top Indian universities that offer genetic engineering programs. Jobs for genetic engineers are available in the medical, pharmaceutical, agriculture, and research sectors.
Introduction to Biotechnology.ppt
Biotechnology uses living organisms or substances from organisms to develop useful products and processes. It helps meet basic human needs like food, clothing, shelter, health and safety. Biotechnology improves organisms through science and is used in various areas like agriculture, medicine, environment management and more. Some key techniques include genetic engineering, cell culture, monoclonal antibodies and molecular biology.
15_GENETIC_ENGINEERING-.pptx
1. Genetic engineering involves modifying genes in living organisms using techniques like recombinant DNA technology. This allows genes to be transferred between organisms.
2. Examples of genetic engineering include producing bacteria that make human insulin and yeast that produces hepatitis vaccines. Genes are transferred using vectors like plasmids in bacteria.
3. Genetic engineering has applications in agriculture, industry, and medicine. In agriculture, genetically engineered crops are developed with traits like pest or disease resistance. In industry, bacteria are engineered to help with tasks like sewage processing or fuel production. In medicine, genetic engineering allows production of drugs and study of human genes.
Introduction to Biotechnology.ppt
Biotechnology uses living organisms or their components to develop useful products. It involves techniques from various scientific fields including engineering, computer science, and molecular biology. Some key applications of biotechnology are improving crops and livestock, developing pharmaceuticals and diagnostics, and environmental restoration. Biotechnology encompasses both modifying organisms through genetic engineering as well as selecting naturally occurring genetic variations.
Application of biotechnology
This document discusses the application of biotechnology in the food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture industries. It provides examples of how biotechnology is used in food processing, such as developing new emulsifiers and tests for food allergens. In pharmaceuticals, biotechnology has been used to develop vaccines, insulin, blood products, and gene therapies. In agriculture, biotechnology can be applied to increase pest resistance, disease resistance, nutritional quality, and environmental stress tolerance in crops. Genetically modified crops are also discussed.
Application of biotechnology
This document discusses the application of biotechnology in the food, pharmaceutical, and agriculture industries. It provides examples of how biotechnology is used in food processing, such as developing new emulsifiers and tests for food allergens. In pharmaceuticals, biotechnology has been used to develop vaccines, insulin, blood products, and gene therapies. In agriculture, biotechnology can be applied to increase pest resistance, disease resistance, nutritional quality, and environmental stress tolerance in crops. Genetically modified crops are also discussed.
APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Ananya Kumar is a first semester BTech Biotechnology student with enrollment number A70104121047. The document discusses the definition and applications of biotechnology in various fields such as industry, agriculture, forensics, and healthcare. Biotechnology uses living organisms like plant and animal cells and enzymes to develop useful products for humans. It plays an important role in improving lives through advances in medicine, agriculture, food processing and more.
Applications of biotechnology
This document discusses various applications of biotechnology including therapeutics, diagnostics, food production, environmental applications, agriculture, and chemical production. It also describes techniques such as genetic engineering, DNA probes, DNA sequencing, PCR, gene therapy, biosensors, biochips, nanoparticles, assisted reproductive technologies, vaccine development, hybridoma technology, stem cell technology, and fermentation technology. The key applications and components of these techniques are summarized.
scope of biotechnology
Biotechnology is defined as any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses. It helps meet basic human needs like food, clothing, shelter, health and safety through scientific advances in agriculture, medicine, and environmental management. Some key applications of biotechnology include using enzymes in detergents and the pulp and paper industry, genetically engineering crops for traits like insect or drought resistance, and developing pharmaceuticals through biotechnology techniques like genetic engineering and cell culture.
Applications of Biotechnology
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
Genetic Engineering.pptx
Genetic engineering has many applications in medicine and industry. In medicine, it is used for gene mapping, treatment of genetic disorders, production of monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, DNA fingerprinting, and creation of vaccines and pharmaceutical products. In industry, genetic engineering has applications in protein engineering, metabolic engineering, the pharmaceutical, bioplastics, oil, mining, fuel, and other industries. It allows manipulation of genes to produce desired proteins, enzymes, organisms, or traits.
Biotechnology MohanBio
This document discusses biotechnology and genetic engineering. It defines biotechnology as utilizing biological entities for human welfare. Some key applications of biotechnology mentioned include using microbes to treat waste, producing antibiotics and insulin through recombinant DNA technology, and developing genetically modified crops and animals. The central concepts of genetic engineering like plasmids, restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and transforming host cells are explained. Producing human insulin through recombinant DNA technology in E. coli is given as an example of applying these concepts. Careers in biotechnology and top institutes offering related courses in India are also briefly outlined.
Biotech chapter 1
Biotechnology is defined as the study and manipulation of living things or their components. Companies develop products in domains like industrial, medical, agricultural, and research. Developing new products is a long process that involves research and development, testing efficacy and safety, and gaining regulatory approval. Many potential products do not make it to market if testing shows they are not effective or profitable.
Genetically modified foods, Labelling
Genetically modified foods are derived from organisms that have had their DNA artificially altered to produce desired characteristics. Recombinant DNA technology is used to transfer genes between organisms, such as adding fish genes to tomatoes to allow them to survive frost. Potential benefits include increased crop yields, reduced pesticide use, and improved nutrition. However, there are also risks like unintended harm to human health from new allergens or to the environment. Government agencies regulate GM foods for safety but labeling is only required in some countries. Overall, GM foods could help address hunger but require cautious assessment of risks.
SH02A8~1.PPT powerpoint presentation docxx
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering. This document discusses what GMOs are, how they are produced through inserting or deleting genes, and some existing models including crops, microbes, mammals, and fish. The principles and objectives of genetic engineering are outlined, such as adding new genetic material. Both the pros and cons of GMOs are discussed. Benefits include production of useful goods like pharmaceuticals, while risks include unpredictable effects and disruption of natural genetic information.
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or biological processes to develop or modify products for specific use. It involves techniques like genetic engineering, fermentation, and tissue culture to manipulate biological systems for research and industrial purposes. Some key applications of biotechnology include producing medicines and vaccines, treating genetic diseases, enhancing agriculture through genetically modified crops, and improving industrial processes.
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or biological processes to develop or modify products for specific use. It involves techniques like genetic engineering, fermentation, and tissue culture to manipulate biological systems for research and industrial purposes. Some key applications of biotechnology include producing medicines and vaccines, treating genetic diseases, enhancing agriculture through genetically modified crops, and improving industrial processes.
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or biological processes to develop or modify products for specific use. It involves techniques like genetic engineering, fermentation, and tissue culture to manipulate biological systems for research and industrial purposes. Some key applications of biotechnology include producing medicines and vaccines, treating genetic diseases, enhancing agriculture through genetically modified crops, and improving industrial processes.
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or biological processes to develop or modify products for specific use. It involves techniques like genetic engineering, fermentation, and tissue culture. Key applications of biotechnology include producing medicines and vaccines, treating genetic diseases, enhancing agriculture through improved crops and livestock, and addressing environmental problems. The document provides examples of how biotechnology is used in various industries like medicine, agriculture, environment and manufacturing.
Similar to An introduction to biotechnology 27.01.2015 tutorial group g1 (sec a&b) (20)
More from Smita Shukla
Brain drug delivery
This document summarizes drug transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB prevents most drugs from entering the brain. Some small molecules can cross via free diffusion if they are small and nonpolar, but this applies to very few drugs. Large molecules cannot cross. However, drugs can be engineered to access carrier-mediated or receptor-mediated transport systems that naturally exist in the BBB. Injecting drugs into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) also does not effectively deliver drugs to brain tissue due to rapid CSF turnover and limited diffusion into the brain from CSF.
Anti-viral Agents
Viruses are infectious agents that can cause disease in humans. Some viruses that commonly infect humans include influenza virus, hepatitis viruses, herpes viruses, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Anti-viral agents are medicines that work by killing or stopping the growth and spread of viruses to treat viral infections and diseases.
Chemotherapeutic agent
Chemotherapy works by destroying the RNA or DNA of rapidly replicating tumor cells, preventing them from continuing to divide. It is a systemic therapy, meaning the drugs travel throughout the body. There are several types of chemotherapy drugs that work in different ways, such as alkylating agents which directly damage DNA, antimetabolites which interfere with DNA and RNA growth, and anti-tumor antibiotics which alter DNA to stop cancer cell growth and multiplication. Chemotherapy can be administered orally, intravenously, via injection, or directly into body cavities, and is often given through multiple treatments to continue reducing the number of cancer cells.
Pulmonary review
1) Pulmonary drug delivery provides a non-invasive route for systemic delivery of therapeutic agents like peptides and proteins due to the large absorptive surface area of the lungs. However, the complexity of the respiratory system and disposition during respiration complicates delivery.
2) The respiratory system consists of conducting airways and respiratory regions. Drugs can be administered via aerosol inhalation or intratracheal instillation, with aerosols allowing more uniform distribution but being more difficult to measure doses.
3) Recent developments include formulations using permeation enhancers to improve bioavailability of macromolecules, controlled release approaches like liposomes, and technologies from companies like Aradigm and Alkermes to
Pulmonary drug delivery
This document summarizes research on pulmonary drug delivery systems. It discusses how particle size optimization is important for targeting drug delivery to the lungs. Various techniques can be used to achieve the optimal 1-5 micron particle size, including micronization, spray drying, and supercritical fluid crystallization. Carriers like microparticles, nanoparticles, and liposomes can also help deliver drugs to the lungs. Different drug delivery devices play an important role in depositing drug particles in the lungs, such as metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. The document analyzes how these technologies, carriers, and devices can help enhance lung targeting for both local and systemic drug treatments.
Drug delivery fact sheet
(1) Drug delivery systems are engineered technologies that target and control the delivery of therapeutic agents in the body. (2) They allow drugs to be delivered locally to areas of disease rather than systemically, reducing side effects. (3) Researchers are developing new delivery routes like microneedle patches, vehicles like nanosponges that target tumors, therapeutic cargos beyond drugs, and targeting strategies using viral nanoparticles for prostate cancer.
Beta lactam antibiotics
β-Lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Since their discovery in the 1940s, β-lactams have been modified and developed into several classes including penicillins, cephalosporins, and monobactams. However, bacterial resistance through β-lactamase production threatens the efficacy of these drugs, leading to the development of β-lactamase inhibitors that are often combined with β-lactams.
Antiamoebic drugs
Amebiasis is caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica and can range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery. Diagnosis is made by identifying the parasite in stool samples. Treatment targets both actively infected individuals and asymptomatic carriers to prevent future infections. Metronidazole is the drug of choice as it is effective against both the luminal and systemic forms due to its activation by anaerobic organisms. It has good absorption and achieves high tissue concentrations. Common side effects include nausea and metallic taste.
Anthelmintics
This document discusses various anthelmintic drugs used to treat different types of helminth (worm) infections. It provides details on the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, dosing and side effects of common anthelmintics including mebendazole, albendazole, piperazine, levamisole, niclosamide and others. Mebendazole and albendazole are broad spectrum benzimidazole derivatives that are effective against roundworms, hookworms, whipworms and some tapeworms. Piperazine is highly active against ascariasis but less so for other helminths. Levamisole and tetramisole help exp
Agents affecting immune system
This document summarizes immunomodulators, which are drugs that suppress or stimulate the immune system. It describes the innate and adaptive immune response and how immunomodulators can act as immunosuppressants or immunostimulants. Key immunosuppressants discussed include glucocorticoids, calcineurin inhibitors, antiproliferatives, antibodies, and their mechanisms and uses for conditions like transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Immunostimulants covered include levamisole, thalidomide, BCG, interferons, interleukin-2, and immunization through vaccines and immune globulins.
Drug targeting
This document provides a review of targeted drug delivery systems. It begins by defining targeted drug delivery as a method to increase the concentration of drugs in specific body parts or tissues to improve treatment efficacy while reducing side effects. It then discusses different types of targeted delivery including passive targeting via physiological factors and active targeting using ligand-receptor interactions. Various drug carrier systems that can be used are described such as liposomes, monoclonal antibodies, polymers, microspheres, and nanoparticles. Key characteristics of ideal drug carriers and components of targeted delivery systems like targets and markers are also summarized. The document concludes by stating that targeted delivery has advanced significantly but further evaluation is still needed as understanding of disease processes improves.
Female reproductive hormones
The female reproductive system undergoes a monthly cycle of maturation and release of eggs, regulated by hormones. During ovulation, a mature egg is released from the ovaries and travels to the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized, hormone levels fall and the thickened uterine lining is shed through menstruation, starting a new cycle. Key hormones like estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH fluctuate according to negative feedback loops to control follicle development, ovulation, and the preparation of the uterus for potential pregnancy each month until menopause.
Synthetic antibacterial agents
This document summarizes analytical methods for synthetic antibacterial agents that are specified as feed additives in Japan. It provides tables that list currently approved and previously approved synthetic antibacterials, along with the applicable analytical methods for each from the Feed Analysis Standards. Currently, there are 6 active synthetic antibacterial agents approved for use in animal feeds in Japan. The tables provide information on each agent such as its date of designation, applicable analytical methodology, and scope of application.
Cloning
This document summarizes the key aspects of cloning, including:
1) Cloning produces genetically identical organisms through artificial means like somatic cell nuclear transfer. Natural identical twins are a form of natural cloning.
2) Therapeutic cloning can be used to create patient-matched stem cells for research and potential future medical treatments by transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an egg cell.
3) Reproductive cloning aims to create a new organism but raises significant ethical concerns about undermining individuality and identity. The high failure rate of cloning also raises safety issues.
Signal transduction
1) Cells use signal transduction pathways to respond to their environment. Signals like hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface which triggers a transduction cascade of protein interactions inside the cell.
2) Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by protein kinases is a key mechanism in signal transduction cascades, altering the behavior of proteins and turning pathways on and off.
3) Membrane receptors transfer information about external signals to the cell interior by undergoing a conformational change upon ligand binding, starting intracellular signaling cascades.
Promoters in gene expression
There are four main types of promoters that can be used to regulate gene expression in plants:
1. Constitutive promoters direct constant expression in all tissues. The 35S and Ubi promoters are commonly used.
2. Tissue-specific promoters restrict expression to certain tissues like seeds, roots or fruits.
3. Inducible promoters are activated by stimuli like light, chemicals or stress. Examples include light-induced rbcs and heat-induced hsp promoters.
4. Synthetic promoters are assembled from elements of different origins to achieve a defined expression pattern. The 35S promoter has been modified by adding modules to increase its strength.
Enzymes used in Genetic Engineering
This document discusses enzymes used in genetic engineering, specifically focusing on restriction enzymes and DNA modifying enzymes. It provides details on various types of modifying enzymes including nucleases, polymerases, phosphatases, kinases, ligases and others. Restriction enzymes are described as molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. DNA ligase is presented as the molecular glue that joins cut DNA fragments. The document outlines the classification, nomenclature, mechanisms and applications of various restriction enzymes and modifying enzymes used in genetic engineering techniques.
Unit 1 genetic engineering
Gene cloning involves making many identical copies of a gene. The basic steps include isolating DNA from an organism, cutting the DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, inserting the fragments into plasmids, and transforming the plasmids into bacterial cells. Each bacterial cell will contain copies of the gene of interest, allowing scientists to isolate and study that gene. Viruses and bacteria can act as vectors, or carriers, to transfer genes into cells. Plasmids and bacteriophages are commonly used vectors for cloning genes into bacterial cells.
Unit 4
Cloning involves making an exact genetic copy of an organism. There are two main methods - artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the method used to create Dolly the sheep. While cloning technology could help treat diseases, there are also significant ethical concerns about human cloning including challenges to individuality, legal issues, and potential health risks to cloned individuals. Overall, most experts argue that human reproductive cloning should not be allowed given current scientific limitations and serious ethical issues. Therapeutic cloning using SCNT to derive stem cells for research is seen as more promising but also raises ethical debates.
Bioresource and waste management
Bioresource and waste management, utilizing biological resources, opting for various process for recycling them on to a large scale which can be a boon to society for human welfare.
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An introduction to biotechnology 27.01.2015 tutorial group g1 (sec a&b)
- 1. By: Ms. Smita Shukla Assistant Professor APIIT, SD(Panipat)
- 2. What is Biotechnology & what does it mean to you? Standard definition: • Technology that uses living organisms(or their products) for human or environmental benefit, to make a product, or to solve a problem.
- 3. Biotechnology has a long history • Humans have been using organisms for benefit for centuries. Example; Domestication of animals. • Fermentation: some yeast breakdown sugars and produce alcohol/ CO2. • Selective breeding of plants/animals. • Gene cloning; genetic engineering & recombinant DNA Technology. • Human genome project.
- 4. Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary industry • Biotech companies are always looking for people with training in: • Molecular biology • Computer science • Mathematics • Engineering • Philosophy • Economics • Bioinformatics: Application of computer science to study DNA & protein data etc…
- 5. What types of biotechnology are there?
- 6. Microbial Biotechnology • Yeast used for fermentation. • Bacterially derived components can: • Help leach oil & minerals from the soil to increase mining efficiency; • Decontaminate industrial waste. • Genetically engineered bacteria can: produce large amount of medically important proteins like Insulin etc..
- 7. Agricultural Biotechnology Plants can be genetically engineered to become resistant to: • Pests • Severe weather. Molecular farming: Use of plants as a source of pharmaceutical products; produce with new characteristics such as enhanced flavor or vitamin content can be developed via genetic engineering.
- 8. Animal Biotechnology Animals can be used as sources of antibodies for therapeutics or research purposes. Transgenic animals can produce various therapeutic proteins in body fluids(e.g. milk) Knock out experiments reveal information concerning gene function Animal cloning has been carried out and is controversial
- 9. Forensic Biotechnology DNA fingerprinting is a powerful technique for gathering evidence concerning crime scenes, paternity cases and genetic research.
- 10. Bioremediation • Use of biotech to process & degrade substances that cause environmental threats. • Example: Genetically engineered bacteria broke down components in crude oil and cleaned up areas affected by oil spills.
- 11. Aquatic Biotechnology Aquaculture can be used to replenish endangered and over harvested species(giant clams, sea urchins…) Genetically engineered oysters: Disease resistant strains which resist salmon- infecting viruses and production of vaccines against such viruses. Transgenic fish with enhanced GH production. Aquatic extremophile gene products.
- 12. Medical Biotechnology • Gene discovery. • Gene therapy pioneering. • Stem cell technologies.
- 13. Regulatory Biotechnology • Quality Assurance(QA): All activities involved in regulating the final quality of a product. • Quality Control(QC): Lab testing and monitoring of production processes to ensure consistent product standards(part of QA).
- 14. Biological Challenges of the 21st Century
- 15. What to do with the HGP? • We know now that humans have 20,000- 30,000 genes. • Genomics provides insights into the function/regulation of genes, how genes direct cell activities and how altered genes function in disease. • Proteomics will be next logical frontier. • Comparative genomics will give insight into evolution & taxonomy.
- 16. How might we benefit from the HGP? • Early detection and diagnosis of genetic abnormalities. • Customized drug regiments for individual genomes. • Application of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and correlation with disease states. • Pharmacogenomics = “Customizable medicine” for both an individual physiology and specific type of tumors. • Gene therapy: the replacement of a defective gene.
- 17. The biotechnology Workforce Jobs in Biotechnology
- 18. Research & Development(R&D) Laboratory technicians- clean & maintain scientific equipments; B.Sc Degrees. Research Assistants/Associates- carry out experiments under supervision of senior scientists- B.Sc/ M.Sc Senior Scientists- manage large scientific projects- PhD & post doctoral experience. Product specialist/ Management Trainees- B.Tech/M.Tech/MBA in any branch of biology. Product Managers- B.Tech/M.Tech/MBA in any branch of biology.
- 19. Manufacturing & Production Job details are typically company or product specific. Entry level jobs are plentiful; Supervisory / management jobs usually require B.Sc/ M.Sc in Science and several years of experience. Engineers are highly sought after by biotech manufacturing and production companies.
- 20. Marketing & Sales Academic training in both science and business are ideal. Sales representatives work with medical personnel to promote their company’s products. Marketing specialists develop advertising campaigns and promotional materials.