1. Genetic engineering involves modifying genes in living organisms using techniques like recombinant DNA technology. This allows genes to be transferred between organisms.
2. Examples of genetic engineering include producing bacteria that make human insulin and yeast that produces hepatitis vaccines. Genes are transferred using vectors like plasmids in bacteria.
3. Genetic engineering has applications in agriculture, industry, and medicine. In agriculture, genetically engineered crops are developed with traits like pest or disease resistance. In industry, bacteria are engineered to help with tasks like sewage processing or fuel production. In medicine, genetic engineering allows production of drugs and study of human genes.
This presentation covers the discussion of Biotechnology. Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services.
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes that fall within the concept of biotechnology (use of yeast (= living organism) to produce the desired product).
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
This presentation covers the discussion of Biotechnology. Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services.
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. Brewing and baking bread are examples of processes that fall within the concept of biotechnology (use of yeast (= living organism) to produce the desired product).
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
7. GENE: (in informal use) a unit of heredity that
is transferred from a parent to offspring and is
held to determine some characteristic of the
offspring "proteins coded directly by genes“
(in technical use) a distinct sequence of
nucleotides forming part of a chromosome,
the order of which determines the order of
monomers in a polypeptide or nucleic acid
molecule which a cell (or virus) may
synthesize.
***UNLOCKING OF DIFFICULTY***
8. GENETIC ENGINEERING – is
the use of special
biochemical techniques to
identify, study, or modify
genes.
- Also known as recombinant
DNA technology, means
altering the genes in a living
organism to produce a
Genetically Modified
Organism (GMO) with a new
genotype.
9. NOTE: Some techniques of genetic
engineering involve combining DNA from
the genes of different organisms.
RECOMBINANT DNA – DNA with
components from different organisms.
10. With recombinant DNA technology, scientists
can take genes from one organism and transfer
those genes into the cells of another organism.
*** EXAMPLES ***
Genetic engineers, transferred specific human
genes into bacteria to produce proteins useful
to humans like insulin and human growth
hormone.
Genetic engineers sometimes transfer genes
into yeast (fungus). Researchers used yeast
cells to produce the first genetically
engineered vaccine for humans, a vaccine for
hepatitis B.
11. HOW CAN A GENE BE
TRANSFERRED FROM
ONE ORGANISM TO
ANOTHER?
12. To transfer DNA into a cell, scientists use
a special carrier called a vector.
VECTOR – in genetic engineering, a vector
is a carrier of genetic material.
NOTE: Bacteria contain vectors called
plasmids.
PLASMIDS – small circular pieces of DNA
within bacteria.
- They are useful vectors because they can
move DNA into cells.
17. APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE
Improving the quantity and quality of food
is an important goal of genetic engineering.
Genetic engineering has been applied in
many ways in agriculture.
For example, genetic engineers have
produced several types of new bacteria
that help increase crop production.
18. APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE
1. Disease-resistant and
insect-resistant crops
2. Hardier fruit
3. 70-75% of food in
supermarket is
genetically modified.
19. APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY
Genetic engineers are studying many different
kinds of modified organisms. Hoping that these
modified organisms will do specific jobs in the
community and in industry.
For example, scientists in several laboratories are
working on improved bacteria that can help
process sewage.
Some bacteria may eventually be engineered to
change cellulose, the carbohydrate in plant cell
walls, into fuel oil.
Other genetically altered bacteria may be
engineered to help clean up oil spills or toxic waste
dumps.
20. APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE
The area in which genetic engineering has probably
affected people’s lives the most is medicine.
One of the first medical products to be produced by
genetic engineering was human insulin, a hormone that
regulates the metabolism of sugar in the body.
Scientist use bacteria and other type of cells to clone and
study defective human genes.
Genetic engineering gives researchers a new tool to treat
some human disorders, many of which have long been
untreatable or incurable.
Scientists may someday be able to cure patients who have
genetic diseases.
In the future, it may even be possible to alter the gametes
of such patients who have genetic diseases.
23. In spite of the useful products through
genetic engineering, people have
wondered what would happen if a
modified bacterium were to spread
from a laboratory into the human
population.
In response to public fears and their
concerns, there are different safety
measures that scientists need to
consider:
24. 1. Scientists adhere to strict laboratory
procedures that control genetic
engineering. These procedures protect
genetic researchers from infection by a
newly engineered organism.
2. Workers are also specially trained in
techniques that prevent the bacteria from
escaping into the outside environment.
3. Another type of safety measure involves
altering microorganisms so they cannot
survive outside the laboratory.
27. The potential for modifying human genes brings
up many ethical questions, questions about the
professional conduct and the moral judgment of
genetic engineers and their administrators.
EXAMPLE: Someday it may be possible to treat or
even correct genetic defects in human genes
before the defects are passed to new offspring. At
the same time, it may be possible to alter human
genes to favor other choices. If people could
easily and precisely determine the physical or
intellectual potential and traits of their children,
would they make wise and unbiased choices?
Editor's Notes
This fruit is a cross between fragaria chiloensis (a strawberry native to Hawaii and the Pacific coasts of North and South America) and the common strawberry. Pineberries are smaller than strawberries and have a slight pineapple flavor.
The bitter rangpur is a hybrid between a Mandarin orange and lemon. Its taste is very acidic and the fruit can be used as a substitute for limes.
Hepa B is a potentially fatal viral infection of the liver.