Introduction to Biotechnology
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This document contains definitions and information about genetic engineering, DNA fingerprinting, clones, and the human genome from various websites. It defines genetic engineering as changes made to DNA to change an organism, DNA fingerprinting as the analysis of DNA samples to identify individuals, clones as identical copies of an organism, and the human genome as the total number of genes found in humans, which is estimated to be between 20,000 and 25,000 genes. The document provides short explanations and cites multiple online sources for each term.
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The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, 2001) defines bioinformatics as the field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge into a single discipline. Fredj Tekaia defines Bioinformatics the mathematical, statistical and computing methods that aim to solve biological problems using DNA and amino acid sequences and related information. Bioinformatics has emerged as an essential field of science that is facilitating biological discoveries since more than a decade. Without the usage of bioinformatics tools it is merely impossible to capture, manage process, analyse and interpret the huge amounts data that is available especially after whole genome sequencing projects. The sequencing of the genomes of plants and animals will have enormous benefits for the agricultural community. Bioinformatics tools can be used to search for the genes within these genomes and to elucidate their functions. This specific genetic knowledge could then be used to produce stronger, drought, disease and insect resistant crops and improve the quality. In agriculture it helps in the insect resistance, improve nutritional quality, rational plant improvement, waste cleanup, climate change studies, and development of drought resistance varieties (Dahiya and Lata, 2017) and in addition to this it also plays an important roles in biotechnology, antibiotic resistance, and forensic analysis of microbes, comparative studies, evolutionary studies and veterinary Sciences.
Seri bioinformatics tools and techniques not only facilitated detection of proteomic and genomic diversity among the species/strains, but also resulted in finding a gap in the silkworm genome sequence of a strain that diverged during the course of domestication. Seri-bioinformatics databases are a valuable seri-bioresource. The available online resources on silkworm and its related organisms, including databases as well as informative websites help to make silkworms healthier, more disease resistant and more productive. These databases provides information on gene, protein sequences and diseases and play crucial roles in conservation of the silkworm species and mulberry plants (Singh et al., 216). Bioinformatics approaches give an insight, uncovering the lineage with gene and protein count of B. mori and Drosophila encompass ~18,000 and ~16,000 (Genes) and ~9,000 and ~22,000 (Proteins) respectively (Somshekar and Borgowda, 2013).
Jack oughton cloning in brief
This document discusses cloning and its potential uses and controversies. It begins by defining DNA and RNA as the essential ingredients for life, carrying genetic information. It then defines cloning as the process of creating identical genetic copies, which occurs naturally but can also be achieved through biotechnology. The document outlines several methods of cloning, from gene cloning to somatic cell nuclear transfer. It notes cloning could allow targeted genetic manipulation and addresses both potential benefits, such as more efficient meat production, and concerns, such as the power it may one day give humanity over manipulating life. In closing, it states cloning removes uncertainty from selective breeding but that humanity is not yet ready to fully understand and utilize genetic manipulation.
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Unit 10 lesson 2 notes
Gregor Mendel studied heredity by cross-fertilizing pea plants that were purple or white. In the first generation (F1), all plants were purple, showing that purple is dominant over white. When he allowed the F1 plants to self-fertilize, the second generation (F2) resulted in 3 purple plants and 1 white plant. Mendel concluded that each trait is determined by two alleles, one from each parent, and that dominance explains the phenotypes expressed. He represented alleles with letters, like P for purple and p for white, and used terms like homozygous and heterozygous to describe genetic makeup.
Cellularorganelleslrms
Cells are the smallest units of life and are made up of organelles that perform specific functions. The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier around the cell, controlling what enters and exits. Within the cell, the nucleus contains genetic material and directs cell activities, while other organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and lysosomes perform essential functions like producing energy, photosynthesis, and breaking down waste.
Adaptations
Animals can change over time through adaptations that help them survive in their environments. Adaptations include physical traits like claws, beaks, or camouflage that assist with tasks like hunting, defense, and avoiding predation. Some examples of adaptations are long claws for catching prey, short claws for burrowing, specialized beaks for feeding, overproduction of offspring to ensure some survive, and mimicry or camouflage to avoid danger. Adaptations are important for animals to thrive in their habitats.
Darwin, Evolution, & Natural Selection (Intro)
Charles Darwin observed various plants and animals during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. On the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that marine iguanas had adaptations for swimming while land iguanas had adaptations for climbing trees. He also saw that different species of finches had beaks adapted to their specific food sources. This led Darwin to conclude that natural selection results in organisms becoming perfectly adapted to their environments over generations, and to develop his theory of evolution.
Punnett Square Intro
The document describes how a Punnett square is used to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross between pea plants. It notes that there are two alleles that determine height in pea plants: the Tall (T) allele which is dominant, and the Short (t) allele which is recessive. The Punnett square shows that if one parent is homozygous tall (TT) and the other is heterozygous (Tt), the offspring will all be tall (TT or Tt genotypes).
DNA to RNA to Proteins: Part II
The document summarizes how proteins are made from DNA through RNA. It explains that messenger RNA (mRNA) copies instructions from DNA in the nucleus and leaves to combine with ribosomes and transfer RNA (tRNA). The ribosome reads the mRNA message and matches it to tRNAs carrying amino acids. Through repetitive binding of tRNAs, amino acids are linked together into a protein chain. Once the entire mRNA message is read, the protein is released.
DNA to RNA to Proteins
This document describes how DNA instructions are transferred out of the cell nucleus to make proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the DNA instructions and is allowed to leave the nucleus to deliver the message to the cell. The DNA unzips and mRNA makes a complementary copy, but uses uracil instead of thymine to pair with adenine. The mRNA can now leave the nucleus and transmit the protein production instructions to the cell.
Cellularorganelles
Cells are the smallest units of life and are considered living organisms themselves. They contain organelles that perform specific functions, analogous to organs in the human body. The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier around the cell, controlling what enters and leaves.
Cell Theory
The Cell Theory states that (1) all living things are made of cells, (2) cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and (3) all cells come from other cells. This theory was developed from the scientific discoveries of several scientists between 1663-1855, including Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, who observed that plants and animals are made of cells and that cells reproduce through dividing.
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Introduction to Biotechnology
- 1. the industrial use of living organisms, or parts of living organisms, to produce food, drugs, or other items DNA Fingerprinting blogs.scientificamerican.com Genetic Engineering news.uns.purdue.ed u Clones & the Human Genome iwebask.com
- 2. Genetic Engineering changes made to DNA to change an organism drawsketch.about.com news.charlesayoub.com nikkijones1991.blogspot.com news.uns.purdue.edu darknightxv1.blogspot.com news.uns.purdue.edu botane.net fastcoexist.com irritatedtulsan.wordpress.com forum.nationstates.net
- 3. DNA Fingerprinting the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids in order to identify individuals blogs.scientificamerican.com nuffieldbioethics.org en.wikipedia.org legacy.hopkinsville.kctcs.edu blog.labplanet.com
- 4. Clones identical copies of an organism and the Human Genome the total number of genes found in humans (20 – 25,000 genes) iwebask.com telegraph.co.uk ens-newswire.com blog.gurukpo.com nih.gov