Microbial biotechnology uses microorganisms and their byproducts to develop technologies across various industries. It has applications in healthcare through products like antibiotics, vaccines, and diagnostics; agriculture through improved crops and bioremediation; and industry through fermentation to produce chemicals, compounds, and pharmaceuticals. The history of microbial biotechnology began in the 17th century with the first observations of microorganisms under a microscope. Pioneers like van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, and Waksman made discoveries that advanced the fields of microbiology and biotechnology through techniques like staining, sterilization, and the discovery of antibiotics. Industrial applications grew through the fermentation of products like alcohol, vinegar,