Amphibian Housing & equipment
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This document discusses housing and equipment for amphibians. It recommends duplicating an amphibian's natural environment as closely as possible in its enclosure. The best enclosures are aquariums, and there are three main habitat types to duplicate: aquatic for fully aquatic species, semi-aquatic with half land and half water for species that live partially in and out of water, and woodland cages using natural substrate for fully terrestrial species.
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This document provides definitions and information about various topics related to pet food labels, including:
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Protein synthesis involves DNA being transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA carries amino acids and bonds to mRNA through anticodons, and rRNA makes up ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs. The sequence of codons in mRNA determines the specific amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
DNA Replication Notes
DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands. Each single strand then serves as a template for new DNA synthesis. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA and DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, resulting in two identical copies of the original DNA. There are proofreading enzymes that check the newly synthesized DNA for errors and repair mechanisms that help prevent mutations from environmental damage.
DNA Function and Structure Notes
DNA contains all of an organism's genetic information and is found in the cells of all living things. DNA is made up of long chains of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. The order of these bases in the DNA determines an organism's traits by encoding genes. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the bases pairing together in a complementary way between chains.
Mitosis Notes
Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two daughter cells from one parent cell. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During interphase, the cell's DNA is replicated in S phase in preparation for division. In mitosis, the chromosomes condense and align at the center of the cell before being separated and moved to opposite sides of the cell. Finally, in telophase and cytokinesis, the cell cytoplasm divides and separates to form two new daughter cells each with identical DNA to the original parent cell.
Introduction to Cell Division Notes
This document provides an introduction to cell division. It explains that cell division, also called mitosis, allows cells to reproduce through copying their DNA and splitting into two identical daughter cells. This process allows for growth and repair of tissues. The key stages of mitosis are described, including how DNA condenses into chromosomes, replicates, and separates so each new cell contains an identical copy. Mitosis produces new cells with identical genetic material, while meiosis creates gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
Chemosynthesis Notes
The document discusses chemosynthesis, a process by which bacteria living symbiotically with tubeworms at deep sea thermal vents produce food. At these vents, bacteria inside the tubeworms' cells use hydrogen sulfide from the hot water as an energy source to produce glucose through chemosynthesis. This provides the basis for a unique food chain at the vents, where no sunlight penetrates.
Cellular Respiration Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into usable energy (ATP). There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces only 2 net ATP. The process begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm, which breaks glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules. The cell then undergoes either anaerobic respiration through fermentation, or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.
Photosynthesis Notes
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in chloroplasts through two stages - the light reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds using the energy from the light reactions. Photosynthesis is essential as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all life on Earth and removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Active Transport Notes
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using ATP as an energy source. Endocytosis and exocytosis transport large substances across cell membranes. Endocytosis ingests external fluids and particles by pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Exocytosis moves proteins and other large molecules out of cells. The Golgi body packages proteins into vesicles, which the ER transports to the cell membrane for export outside the cell. These processes help maintain homeostasis by ensuring cells have sufficient macromolecules to function correctly.
Passive Transport Notes
Passive transport involves the movement of substances down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. There are four main types of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and diffusion through ion channels. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low concentration and does not require energy. When a cell is placed in solutions of different concentrations, water will move in or out of the cell by osmosis to reach equilibrium. [/SUMMARY]
Introduction to Transport Notes
Cell membranes allow molecules to pass in and out of cells through passive or active transport in order to maintain homeostasis. Passive transport involves molecules moving down their concentration gradient through the cell membrane without requiring energy. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient by using energy. This allows cells to regulate the movement of substances and control what passes through the selectively permeable cell membrane.
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This document provides information on the structures and functions of various cell organelles. It begins by stating that the following slides will review the names and functions of important cell organelles. It then discusses the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cilia, flagella, nucleus, and three additional organelles found in plant cells: cell walls, vacuoles, and plastids such as chloroplasts. For each organelle, it provides a brief definition of its name and role within the cell.
Introduction to Cell Notes
This document provides an introduction to cell structure and function. It defines what cells are and how they were first discovered using microscopes in the 17th century. The three main points of the cell theory are outlined. Cell diversity is discussed in terms of size, shape, and internal organization. The main organelles of animal and plant cells are defined, including their locations and functions. The key differences between plant and animal cells are that plant cells contain cell walls, vacuoles, and plastids.
Proteries of Water Notes
Water is essential for living things because it makes up most of their bodies. It has unique properties including polarity, hydrogen bonding, and temperature moderation. Polarity gives water polar molecules that allow it to dissolve many substances. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules accounts for its three states as a solid, liquid, or gas and allows water to stick to itself and other surfaces. Its high heat capacity means water absorbs large amounts of energy during temperature changes to maintain homeostasis in organisms.
Macromolecule Notes
Macromolecules are large molecules composed of many subunits or monomers linked together. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates which provide energy, proteins which make up cells and catalyze reactions, lipids which store energy efficiently, and nucleic acids which store genetic information. Each macromolecule type has characteristic monomer subunits that polymerize to form larger structures with distinct functions, such as starch, keratin, phospholipids, and DNA/RNA.
Biochemistry Notes
Chemistry is important in biology because the structure and function of living things are governed by chemical laws. All living things are composed of six main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Atoms of these elements form bonds and combine to create molecules and compounds through chemical reactions. Carbon is unique in that it can form four bonds, allowing it to make complex molecules with different shapes that are essential for life.
Catalysts Notes
Cells use catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy required. Catalysts work by lowering the energy barrier of a reaction without being used up in the process, allowing reactions to occur faster and with less energy. The most common type of catalyst in living things are enzymes, which are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions and help processes like digestion occur quicker without changing their own structure.
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All living things must have five key characteristics: 1) cells, 2) use energy, 3) homeostasis, 4) growth through cell division, and 5) reproduction. The document discusses these characteristics and provides examples of each one. Living things are made of cells, require food/energy, regulate internal conditions, grow by cell division, and reproduce offspring that are similar to the parents. Nonliving things do not possess all of these characteristics.
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Amphibian Housing & equipment
- 1. Housing & Equipment By Mr. โThe MANโ Chapman
- 7. y
- 8. Housing โบ When putting a cage/enclosure together you should always try to duplicate their natural environment as closely as possible. โบ The best enclosures are aquariums.
- 9. Housing โบ3 Types of habitats to duplicate: โบ 1. Aquatic โ is for tadpoles and totally aquatic species of salamanders and frogs. โบ 2. Semi-aquatic โ species that live partially in water and on land. โบ 3. Woodland โ species that live entirely on land.
- 10. Aquatic Habitat
- 11. Semi-Aquatic โบ Semi-aquatic cages have half land and half water. โบ This type of aquarium is great for tadpoles that are developing into frogs.
- 13. โบ Woodland cages would use the same substrate as the area they Woodland come from. โบ Example; If the frog is from the rainforest, the substrate should be moist dirt.
- 15. Woodland โบA small bowl of water should be provided so they may sit and soak up moisture. โบ Thebowl needs to be level with the land so they can easily get out.