This document discusses aggregates and mortar. It defines aggregates as granular materials used in concrete, which occupy 70-80% of concrete volume. Aggregates are classified based on size, source, unit weight, and shape. Tests conducted on aggregates include particle size, impact value, crushing value, and abrasion value. Mortar is made by mixing a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. The types of mortar discussed are cement mortar, lime mortar, mud mortar, lightweight mortar, and fire resistant mortar. Mortar properties like workability, water retention, stiffening, and strength are also covered.
UNIT 1 OF MATERIALTESTING AND EVALUTION BTECH CIVIL SEM 4.
TOPIC TO BE COVERD.
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES OF CEMENT
vedio link
https://youtu.be/0a71XEIeEeA
UNIT 1 OF MATERIALTESTING AND EVALUTION BTECH CIVIL SEM 4.
TOPIC TO BE COVERD.
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES OF CEMENT
vedio link
https://youtu.be/0a71XEIeEeA
In this paper, the authors have discussed about the replacement of aggregates by discarded tyre rubber. This type of concrete is known as “Rubcrete”. It will cover the problems with the natural aggregate and also the reasons behind the use of rubber. The types of tyre rubber that are used, influence of size and content of rubber on concrete, effect of surface texture are discussed. Change in the properties of rubcrete over the conventional concrete, in hardened and fresh state such as slump, unit weight, air content, plastic shrinkage, mechanical strength been discussed. Paper covers the mechanisms behind the strength change, impact resistance, heat and sound insulation, freezing and thawing resistance of rubcrete. At the last, discussion on applications of rubcrete.
The aggregate is a relatively inert material and it imparts volume stability.
The aggregate provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and hence its influence is extremely important (70 to 80 %)
An aggregate should be of proper shape and size, clean, hard and well graded.
It must possess chemical stability and it must exhibit abrasion resistance.
Classification of Aggregate
I. Classification Based on Size
a. Fine aggregates:
b. Coarse aggregates:
II. Classification Based on Shape
a. Rounded aggregate:
b. Irregular aggregates
c. Angular aggregates
d. Flaky and elongated aggregates
III. Classification based on unit weight
a. Normal weight aggregates
b. Heavy weight aggregates
c. Light weight aggregates
The physical properties of aggregates are;
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Color
4. Texture
5. Gradation
6. Fineness modulus
Effect of aggregate properties on concrete
a. Particle Size, Grading and Dust Content
b. Particle Shape
c. Particle Surface Texture
d. Water Absorption
fineness modulus - According to IS 2386-1963, the sieves that are to be used for the sieve analysis of the aggregate for concrete are 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m and 150m.
Gradation of aggregates
Gradation refers to the particle size distribution of aggregates.
The gradation of coarse aggregate plays an important role in workability and paste requirements.
The gradation of fine aggregate affects the workability and finishing ability of concrete.
Types of gradation:
a. Well graded
b. Poor / Uniform graded
c. Gap graded
Mechanical Properties
The following are the properties to be analyzed for aggregates, they are
a. Toughness
b. Hardness
c. Specific gravity
d. Bulk Density
e. Porosity and absorption of aggregates
f. Moisture content of aggregate
Mechanical Strength Test
a. Crushing strength Test
b. Impact strength Test
c. Abrasion Test (Los Angeles Test)
Water (for concrete)
Water is the most important material for construction, especially for making concrete.
The purpose of water in concrete are
a. It distributes the cement evenly.
b. It reacts with cement chemically and produces calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel which gives the strength to concrete.
c. It provides for workability, i.e., it lubricates the mix.
d. Hence, for construction, quantity and quality of water is as important as cement.
As water quantity goes up in a mix (ill effect), the following are the effects:
a. Strength decreases
b. Durability decreases
c. Workability increases
d. Cohesion decreases
e. Economy may increase at the expense of quality and reliability.
Quality of water for concrete (IS10500:2012)
a. Chlorides: They can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement, can accelerate setting.
b. Sulphates: They reduce long-term strength levels.
c. Organic matter: If an alga is present, water should not be used. It will affect the setting and strength development.
d. Sugar: It will retard setting time.
e. Wastewater: It should never be used in construction.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
In this paper, the authors have discussed about the replacement of aggregates by discarded tyre rubber. This type of concrete is known as “Rubcrete”. It will cover the problems with the natural aggregate and also the reasons behind the use of rubber. The types of tyre rubber that are used, influence of size and content of rubber on concrete, effect of surface texture are discussed. Change in the properties of rubcrete over the conventional concrete, in hardened and fresh state such as slump, unit weight, air content, plastic shrinkage, mechanical strength been discussed. Paper covers the mechanisms behind the strength change, impact resistance, heat and sound insulation, freezing and thawing resistance of rubcrete. At the last, discussion on applications of rubcrete.
The aggregate is a relatively inert material and it imparts volume stability.
The aggregate provide about 75% of the body of the concrete and hence its influence is extremely important (70 to 80 %)
An aggregate should be of proper shape and size, clean, hard and well graded.
It must possess chemical stability and it must exhibit abrasion resistance.
Classification of Aggregate
I. Classification Based on Size
a. Fine aggregates:
b. Coarse aggregates:
II. Classification Based on Shape
a. Rounded aggregate:
b. Irregular aggregates
c. Angular aggregates
d. Flaky and elongated aggregates
III. Classification based on unit weight
a. Normal weight aggregates
b. Heavy weight aggregates
c. Light weight aggregates
The physical properties of aggregates are;
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Color
4. Texture
5. Gradation
6. Fineness modulus
Effect of aggregate properties on concrete
a. Particle Size, Grading and Dust Content
b. Particle Shape
c. Particle Surface Texture
d. Water Absorption
fineness modulus - According to IS 2386-1963, the sieves that are to be used for the sieve analysis of the aggregate for concrete are 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600m, 300m and 150m.
Gradation of aggregates
Gradation refers to the particle size distribution of aggregates.
The gradation of coarse aggregate plays an important role in workability and paste requirements.
The gradation of fine aggregate affects the workability and finishing ability of concrete.
Types of gradation:
a. Well graded
b. Poor / Uniform graded
c. Gap graded
Mechanical Properties
The following are the properties to be analyzed for aggregates, they are
a. Toughness
b. Hardness
c. Specific gravity
d. Bulk Density
e. Porosity and absorption of aggregates
f. Moisture content of aggregate
Mechanical Strength Test
a. Crushing strength Test
b. Impact strength Test
c. Abrasion Test (Los Angeles Test)
Water (for concrete)
Water is the most important material for construction, especially for making concrete.
The purpose of water in concrete are
a. It distributes the cement evenly.
b. It reacts with cement chemically and produces calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel which gives the strength to concrete.
c. It provides for workability, i.e., it lubricates the mix.
d. Hence, for construction, quantity and quality of water is as important as cement.
As water quantity goes up in a mix (ill effect), the following are the effects:
a. Strength decreases
b. Durability decreases
c. Workability increases
d. Cohesion decreases
e. Economy may increase at the expense of quality and reliability.
Quality of water for concrete (IS10500:2012)
a. Chlorides: They can cause corrosion of steel reinforcement, can accelerate setting.
b. Sulphates: They reduce long-term strength levels.
c. Organic matter: If an alga is present, water should not be used. It will affect the setting and strength development.
d. Sugar: It will retard setting time.
e. Wastewater: It should never be used in construction.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Study on Coefficient of Permeability of Copper slag when admixed with Lime an...IOSR Journals
Production of waste in unpredictable amounts is almost in every part of metal and non metal casting
trade. These wastes can be converted to material goods if processed for vital improvement of valuables
provided it is cost-effective. Random dumping of these wastes may lead to environmental problems and
therefore, presently the reuse of the waste materials in various fields is seen for fairly various periods. Copper
slag is a waste product generated during the smelting process for the production of copper. It has been
estimated that for every tonne of copper produced, about 1.8-2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated as a waste.
Due to increase in production capacity of copper, copper slag getting accumulated require additional dumping
space and causing wastage of good cultivable land. The present paper discusses the laboratory test results of
coefficient of permeability tests conducted on copper slag mixed with cement and lime. The copper slag mixed
with lime and cement in various percentages were kept for curing and then tested after 7, 14, 28 days. Effective
results were observed for the coefficient of permeability of copper slag on addition of lime and cement from 0%
to 10%. There is a decrease in coefficient of permeability value as the percentage of addition of lime and cement
increases and with the curing period. The coefficient of permeability is very high for copper slag alone. When
copper slag is mixed with a binding material like lime or cement, there is a reduction in permeability. Also upon
mixing the same with an expansive soil, it may be suitable to reduce the swelling characteristics by developing
pozzolanic reactions.
Feasibility of Copper Slag – Fly Ash Mix as a Road Construction Material IDES Editor
In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the
feasibility of copper slag – fly ash mix for use in subbase
course of the flexible pavements. A number of cylindrical test
specimens (38 mm diameter and 76 mm height) were prepared
with raw materials such as copper slag and fly ash in different
proportions. These samples were cured at a temperature of
30 0C and relative humidity of 85% in a humidity controlled
chamber for different curing period of 0, 7, 14 and 28 days.
The geotechnical properties of different trial mixes, namely,
unconfined compressive strength, soaked CBR and triaxial
shear strength were determined. The effects of fly ash and
content and curing period on the above geotechnical properties
were investigated. From the present study the 30% fly ash
+70% copper slag mix was found to be optimum for use in
subbase layers of the flexible pavements. Therefore,
construction of road pavements utilizing the optimum mix as
stated above is possible. This will help in conserving the
conventional aggregates used for subbase and eliminate
problems related to disposal of industrial waste like copper
slag and fly ash.
Effect of Copper Slag as a Fine Aggregate on Properties of ConcreteAM Publications
In this work, an extensive study using copper slag has been carried out to investigate strength, workability and durability. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. For, 2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated at every ton of copper production in the world of copper industry, it has approximately 26.6 million tons of copper slag are generated. Copper slag as a substitute for conventional fine aggregate with partial or full replacement using M25 grade concrete The main objective is to encourage the use of these seemingly waste products as a construction material. In this paper , the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on properties of cement mortars and concrete various mortars & concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from (0CS+100S)%, (10CS+90S)%, (20CS+80S)%,(30CS+70S)%, (40CS+60S)%, (50CS+50S)%, (60CS+40S)%, (70CS+30S)%, (80CS+20S)%, (90CS+10S)%, (100+0S)%. Form the above test result we concluded that the 50% CS+50% S gives optimum proportional of CS that can be used as a replacement substitute material for fine aggregate in concrete. The design M25 grade concrete for 50% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. The design M25 grade concrete for 30% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. We can fully replace (100%CS) by fine aggregate in concrete, because of above all test result more than control mix. We can use any proportion of CS replacement as pre our requirement for creating concrete, because we concluded that the all result of replacement of CS is more than control mix.
Lesson: Concrete Technology - Building Materials
The quality of aggregate affect the durability and strength of concrete. Since about 3/4 of the volume of concrete is occupied by aggregate.
B-Tech Construction Material Presentaion.pptmosesnhidza
Concrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates and water, with any other admixtures which may be added to modify the placing and curing processes or the ultimate physical properties.
Classification, properties and extraction of AggregatesZeeshan Afzal
Aggregate:
Aggregates are defined as inert, granular, and inorganic material that normally consist of stone or stone like solids.
Aggregates are used :
In road bases as Asphalt Aggregates.
With ordinary Portland cement(OPC) as normal aggregates as fills in foundations and as aggregate accordingly to project specific studies.
About three-fourth (75%) of the volume of Portland cement concrete is occupied by aggregates. Other 25% include cementing materials like cement, sand and synthetic admixtures.Asphalt cement concrete occupy 90% or more of the total volume. The remaining portion is mainly sand and Bitumen which acts as cementing material in is Asphalt Aggregates.
Road Aggregate
Road aggregate are the non-active inert material used to provide mass to the base and sub-base courses.
Road aggregate should have high strength to bear the traffic load.
Road aggregates must have higher impact value to withstand the Tyre impact phenomenon.
By volume, aggregate generally account for 92 to 96% of bituminous concrete.
Road aggregates should have relatively:
High strength
High resistance to impact & abrasion
Impermeable
Chemically inert
Low coefficient of expansion
Concrete Aggregate:
Portland cement concrete occupy volume of about 70-80% of aggregates.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Fine aggregates are used in making thin concrete slabs where a smooth surface is required. Fine aggregate is commonly known as Pan.
Coarse aggregate is used for more massive members.
Siliceous material in aggregates
The siliceous materials are Opal, Chalcedony, Flint & Volcanic Glass.
These siliceous materials have Deleterious reaction, if high alkali-cement is used.
This can be avoided by using low alkali-cement and also by adding Pozzolana to the Mix.
Alkali-aggregate reaction can also occur
The percentage of strained Quartz in the aggregate also have deleterious reaction.
If Percentage of Strained Quartz is >40%, were highly reative.
Between 30-35% were moderate reative.
Argillaceous dolostones ( containing clay minerals) may expand when used with high alkali-cement.
The expansion is due to uptake moisture by the clay minerals.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
3. INTRODUCTION:-
Aggregate are the important constituent in
concrete. Aggregate are granular material,
derived from the most part from the natural
rocks, crushed stones, or natural gravels
and sands.
Aggregate generally occupy about 70% to
80% of the volume of concrete and can
therefore be expected to have an important
influence on it properties.
4. CLASSIFICATION OF
AGGREGATE:-
a)CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SIZE:
>Coarse aggregate:
Aggregate which retained on the No.4 (4.75mm)
sieve. The function of the coarse aggregate is to act
as the main load-bearing component of the concrete.
>Fine aggregate:
Aggregate passing No.4(4.75mm) sieve and
predominately retained on the No.200 (75µ) sieve.
The fine aggregate serve the purpose of filling all the
open space in between the coarse particles.
5. b)CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SOURCE:
>Natural aggregates:
This kind of aggregate is taken from natural deposits
without changing their nature during the process production
such as crushing and grinding.
>Manufactured (synthetics) aggregates:
This is a kind of man-made materials produced as a
main product or an industrial by-product. Some example are
blast furnace slag, air cooled slag and broken bricks.
Synthetics aggregates are produced by thermally processed
materials such as expanded clay and shale used for making
light weight concrete.
6. c)CLASSIFICATION BASED ON UNIT WEIGHT:
Aggregates are classified as Light-weight,
Heavy-weight and Normal-weight aggregate
depending on weight and specific gravity.
AGGREGAT
E
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
UNIT
WEIGHT
(kN/m3)
BULK
DENSITY
(kN/m3)
EXAMPLE
normal-
weight
2.5-2.7 23-26 15.20-16.80 sand
heavy-weight 2.8-2.9 25-29 >20.80 Scrap iron
light-weight 12 <11.20 dolomite
7. d)CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SHAPE:
The shape of aggregates is an important
characteristic, since it affect the workability of
concrete.
CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLE
Rounded River or seashore gravels
Partly rounded Pit sands & Gravels
Angular Crushed Rocks
Flaky Laminated rocks
8. TESTS ON AGGREGATE:-
The test usually conducted on coarse aggregates
are
>PARTICLE SIZE
>FLAKINESS &ELONGATION INDEX
>MOISTURE CONTENT
>SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION
>TEN PERCENT FINE VALUE
>AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE
>AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE
> AGGREGATE ABRASION VALUE
9. IMPACT VALUE TEST
The aggregate impact value gives a relative
measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden
shock or impact. The impact value is some times
used as an alternative to its crushing value.
Material passing 12.5mm and retained on 10mm
sieve is taken.
10. AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE:-
The aggregate crushing value gives a relative
measure of resistance of an aggregate to crushing
under a gradually applied compressive load. The
aggregate crushing strength value is useful factor to
know the behavior of aggregates when subjected to
wear.
CRUSHING VALUE=>
weight of fraction passing the sieve
total weight of sample
11. AGGREGATE ABRASION VALUE:-
The aggregate abrasion value gives a relative
measure of resistance of an aggregate to wear when
it is rotated in a cylinder along with some abrasive
charge
12. SIEVE ANALYSIS
Sieve analysis is also called as Particle size value.
In determination of the proportions of the
particles with in certain ranges in an aggregate
by separation on various sieves of different size
openings, may be defined as sieve analysis.
FINENESS MODULUS=
cumulative % of agg retained on each sieve
100
13. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AGG.
Sp.Gr. is used in certain computations for concrete mix design
or control work, such as, absolute volume of aggregate in
concrete. It is not a measure of the quality of aggregate.
Sp.Gr.=
Weight of Agg. (WA)
Weight of an equal volume of water (VA*ρw)
=
WA
VA*ρw
=
ρA
ρw
Density of Agg.
Density of Water
14. FLAKINESS & ELONGATION
INDEX
FLAKINESS INDEX=>
weight of particle passing through the gauge
weight of sample
ELONGATION INDEX=>
weight of particle retained on length gauge
weight of sample
15. GOOD QUALITYIES OF AN IDEAL AGGREGATE:
An ideal aggregate used for the manufacturing of
concrete and mortar, should meet the following
requirements.
It should consist of natural stones, gravels and sand or
in various combinations of these materials.
It should be hard, strong and durable.
It should be dense, clear and free from any coating.
It should be free from injurious vegetable matters.
It should not contain flaky (angular) and elongated
pieces.
It should not contain any material liable to attack steel
reinforcement in case of reinforced concrete.
17. GENERAL INTRODUCTION:
•When a binding material, a fine aggregate and
water are mixed together in suitable proportions ,
they form an easily workable paste which is
termed as Mortar.
•When a binding material, ( a fine & a coarse
aggregate) and water are mixed in suitable
proportions , they form an easily workable mix
which is termed as plastic, wet or green concrete.
18. MORTAR
•When a binding material, a fine aggregate and
water are mixed together in suitable proportions ,
they form an easily workable paste which is termed
as Mortar.
FUNCTIONS OF MORTAR:
•To bind together the bricks or stones properly so as
to provide strength to the structure.
•To form a homogenous mass of the structure so as
to resist all the loads coming over it without
disintegration.
19. TYPES OF MORTAR & THEIR USES:
Cement mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing cement and sand
in suitable proportions in addition to water.
•The general proportion is 1 part of cement to 2-8
parts clean sand.
•These mortars must be use within half an hour, i.e.;
before initial setting time of the cement.
•This type is used for all engineering works where
high strength is desired such as load bearing walls,
deep foundations, flooring etc.
20. Lime mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing lime and sand or surkhi in
suitable proportions in addition to water.
•If surkhi is to be added in lime mortar the equal
proportions of sand and surkhi should be mixed with lime.
•These mortars are inferior to cement mortars in strength
as well as water tightness.
•These mortars should not be used for underground works
as they set in the presence of carbon dioxide and break up
in damp conditions.
•This type is used for construction work above ground level
i.e. exposed positions.
21. 6 – 9 m Dia
Ht: 40 cm
Width: 30 cm
BULLOCK DRIVEN GRINDING MILL
25. Mud mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing suitable clayey
soil with water.
•The soil which is used for preparing mud mortar
should be free from grass, pebbles etc.
•These are the cheapest mortars but weakest in
strength.
•These mortars are used for brickwork of
ordinary buildings and for plastering walls in rural
areas.
30. Light weight mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing wood powder,
wood sawing or saw dust with cement or lime
mortar.
•In such mortars fibers of jute coir or asbestos fibers
can also be used.
•These are generally used as fiber plasters in sound
and heat proof construction.
31. Fire resistant mortar:
•The paste is prepared by mixing aluminous
cement and finely crushed fire bricks in suitable
proportions in addition to water.
•The usual proportion are 1 part aluminous
cement to 2 parts of finely crushed fire bricks.
•These are generally used for lining furnaces,
ovens and fire places with fire bricks.
32. FUNCTION OF SAND IN MORTARS:
•It reduces shrinkage of the building material.
•It prevents development of cracks in the mortar on
drying.
•It helps in making mortars and concretes of desired
strength by varying its proportions with the binding
material.
•A well graded sand adds to the density of mortars
and concretes.
33. PROPERTIES
Workability
Water Retentivity & Air content
Stiffening and hardening
Compressive strength
Flexural strength
34. WORKABILITY
Workability may be defined as the behavior of a mix
in respect of all the properties required, during
application, subsequent working and finishing.
Ease of use, i.e. the way it adheres or slides on the
trowel.
Ease of spread on the masonry unit.
Ease of extrusion between courses without
excessive dropping or smearing.
Ease of positioning of the masonry unit without
movement due to its own weight and the weight of
additional courses
35. WATER RETENTIVITY & AIR CONTENT
This is the property of mortar that resists water loss
by absorption into the masonry units (suction) and to
the air, in conditions of varying temperature, wind and
humidity. Water retentivity is related to workability.
The air content of the mortar in its plastic state is also
important. In order to achieve good durability it is
necessary that there is sufficient air content
(entrained air) to enable freeze-thaw cycles to be
resisted without disrupting the matrix of the material.
36. STIFFENING AND HARDENING
The progression of stiffening, defined in the European
Standard as workable life, refers to the gradual
change from fresh or plastic mortar to setting or set
mortar.
Hardening refers to the subsequent process whereby
the set mortar progressively develops strength.
37. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
The use of too much cement will
produce a more rigid mortar, which
may result in vertical cracking
passing through units and mortar
joints as stresses are imposed
Use of the appropriate mortar should
not result in cracking, but any that
does occur, (e.g. due to movement),
will tend to follow the joints, which
will be much easier to repair
38. FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Traditional masonry
construction tended to be
massive relative to modern
structures, typically with very
thick walls. This meant that
the mass or bulk generally
resisted the various forces
applied to it.
The development of modern
masonry units and advances
in mortar technology have led
to more slender structures
which are more vulnerable to
lateral forces e.g. wind loads.