The document provides an overview of different types of sand and their classifications based on formation, particle size, and composition, detailing the properties essential for construction purposes. It discusses the use of sand in various construction works, including bricks, plastering, and concrete, highlighting the importance of quality and specific standards. Additionally, it addresses the need for substitutes due to the scarcity of natural sand and emphasizes the role of clean, non-harmful sand in ensuring structural integrity and durability.

1. BUILDING MATERIALS
SAND
Presented by-
Rishabh Dev,Dhir Dhwaj, Anant Nautiyal, Gaurav Soni,
Riya Taneja, Priyvarth Arya
State Institute of Urban Planning and
Architecture

2. SAND
 Sand is a naturally
occurring granular material composed of finely
divided rock and mineral particles.
 the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon
dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.

3. Classification of sand
Formation
Pit sand
River Sand
Sea Sand
Size of particles
Fine Sand
Coarse Sand
Gravelly Sand
Composition
Clean Sand
Silty Sand
Clayey Sand

4. Classification on the
basis of formation

5. PIT SAND
 This sand is
obtained by
forming pits in
soils.
 It is excavated
from a depth of
about 1-2 m from
the ground level.
 This sand is found
as deposits in soil
and it consists of
sharp angular
grains, which are
free from salts.

6. Pit Sand
 It serves as an excellent material for mortar or
concrete work.
 Pit sand must be made free from clay and other
organic materials before it can be used in mortar.
 A coating of oxide of iron over the sand grains
should be removed.

7. RIVER SAND
 This sand is widely used for all purposes. It is
obtained from the banks or beds of rivers and it
consists of fine rounded grains. The presence of
fine rounded grains is due to mutual attrition
under the action of water current.

8. River sand
 The river sand is available in clean conditions.
 The river sand is almost white in color.
 It is mainly used for plastering. In north India ,
Yamuna banks are a great source of River sand .

9. River sand

10. SEA SAND
 This is obtained from sea shores.
 It is brown in color and it also has the fine
rounded grain.

11. Sea sand
DREDGED SAND
DESPOSITION

12.  As it is obtained from sea it contains salt, which is
used in attracting moisture from atmosphere.
 Such absorption causes dampness and
disintegration of work.
 It is generally not used for engineering purpose
due to its retards setting action of cement. It is
normally used for non structural purposes.
Sea sand

13. Crushed Stone Sand / Artificial
Sand
 It is a substitute for River Sand, fine aggregates
which manufactured by crushing either granite or
basalt rock using 3 stage crushing process.

15. Classification on the
basis of size of particles

16. Fine sand
The sand passing through a sieve with clear openings of 1.5mm is
known as fine sand. Fine sand is mainly used for plastering.

17. Coarse Sand
The sand passing through a sieve with clear openings of 3.5mm is
known as Coarse Sand. Coarse Sand is generally used for masonry
work.

18. Gravelly Sand
The sand passing through the sieve of 7.62mm is known as Gravelly
Sand. It is generally used for concrete work.

19. Grading of sand:
 On the basis of particle size, fine aggregate is
graded into four zones.
IS Sieve Percentage passing for
Grading Zone
I
Grading
Zone II
Grading
Zone III
Grading
Zone IV
10mm 100 100 100 100
4.75mm 90 – 100 90 – 100 90 – 100 90 – 100
2.36mm 60 – 95 75 – 100 85 – 100 95 – 100
1.18 mm 30 – 70 55 – 90 75 – 100 90 – 100
600 micron 15 – 34 35 – 59 60 – 79 80 – 100
300 microns 5 – 20 8 – 30 12 – 40 15 – 50
150 microns 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 10 0 – 15

20. Classification of Sand
on the basis of
composition

21. Clean Sand
•These are well graded sand containing mostly quartz
(SiO2)
•It is free from any organic or inorganic impurities
•It is perfect for construction purposes

22. Silty Sand
•These are poorly graded sand with considerable amount
of Silt
•The size of silt particles are very small and form lump
•Not good for construction purpose

23. Clayey Sand
This sand have prominent clay fraction and plastic
fines.
Traditionally used for the construction of walls
Also used as mortar for bricks because of its high
adhesive property

24. Use of sand in
construction
1) Bricks work – Finest modulus of fine sand. The size of grains must be
between 1.2 – 1.5 mm. it is formed by mixing clay and sand with small
quantities of lime magnesia and iron oxide. Sand gives more shapely and
uniform texture to the bricks. An excess of sand, however render the bricks
too brittle and destroys cohesion. 25% of sand is said to be a good
proportion.
2) Plastering work – Finest modulus of fine sand which have grain size not less
than 1.5mm. It is usually mixed with cement in the ratio of 1:3 or 1:4.
- It is the basic material for every construction. Most of the raw material for
construction consists of some ratio of sand.

25. Sand for Construction Works
Different construction works require different
standards of sand for construction.
• Brick Works: finest modulus of fine sand should be
1.2 to 1.5 and silt contents should not be more than
4%. Finest modulus of fine sand. The size of grains
must be between 1.2 – 1.5 mm. it is formed by mixing
clay and sand with small quantities of lime magnesia
and iron oxide. Sand gives more shapely and uniform
texture to the bricks. An excess of sand, however
render the bricks too brittle and destroys cohesion.
25% of sand is said to be a good proportion.

26. • Plastering Works: finest modulus of fine sand should
not be more than 1.5 and silt contents should not be
more than 4%.
• Concreting Works: coarse sand should be used with
finest modulus 2.5 to 3.5 and silt contents should not
be more than 4%.
3) Mortars and concrete work – Sand is used in
mortar and concretes for the following purposes :-
a) Strength – It helps in the adjustment of strength
of mortar or concrete by variation of its proportion
with cement or lime. It also increases the
resistance of mortar against crushing.

27. SOIL BEARING CAPACITY
 Bearing capacity is the power of foundation soil to
hold the forces from the superstructure without
undergoing shear failure or excessive settlement.
Foundation soil is that portion of ground which is
subjected to additional stresses when foundation and
superstructure are constructed on the ground. The
following are a few important terminologies related to
bearing capacity of soil
 Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qf) : It is the maximum
pressure that a foundation soil can withstand without
undergoing shear failure
 Net ultimate Bearing Capacity (qn) : It is the maximum
extra pressure (in addition to initial overburden
pressure) that a foundation soil can withstand without

30. a) Bulk – It act as an adulterant. Hence, the bulk
volume of mortar is increased which results in
reduction of cost.
c) Setting – In the case of fat lime, CO2 is absorbed
through the voids of sand and setting of lime
occurs effectively.
d) Shrinkage – It prevents excessive shrinkage of
mortar in the course of drying. Hence, the
cracking of mortar during setting is avoided.
e) Surface area - It subdivides the paste of the
binding material into a thin film and thus, more
surface area is offered for its spreading and
adhering.

31. PROPERTIES OF GOOD SAND
 It should be clean and coarse.
 It should be free from any organic or vegetable
matter; usually 3-4 per cent clay is permitted.
 It should be chemically inert.
 It should contain sharp, angular, coarse and durable
grains.
 It should not contain salts which attract moisture from
the atmosphere.
 It should be well graded, i.e., it should contain
particles of various sizes in suitable proportions.
 It should be strong and durable.
 It should be clean and free from coatings of clay and
silt.

32. Tests
1) Sieve test – Sand is filtered through sieve of suitable
pore size. If the residue left is more than the filtered
sand then the sand is of poor quality.
2) Take some quantity of sand in water. Then, shake it
vigorously and allow it to settle down. If the clay and
silt is present in sand , its distinct layer is formed at
the top of water. The sand is acceptable if the amount
of clay and silt present is not more than 5% than the
total mixture.
3) To detect the presence of organic material in the
sand, add NaOH or Caustic Soda to it. If the colour
changes to brown, then the sand has organic
impurities.

33. BULKING OF SAND
 The increase in the volume of sand due to the
presence of moisture is known as bulking of sand.
This is due to the fact that moisture forms a film of
water around the sand particles and this results in an
increase in the volume of sand. The extent of bulking
depends on the grading of sand. The finer the
material the more will be the increase in volume for
the given moisture content.
 For a moisture content of 5–8 per cent, the increase
in volume may be about 20–40 per cent depending
upon the gradation of sand. When the moisture
content is further increased, the sand particles pack
near each other and the amount of bulking is
decreased. Hence, dry sand and the sand completely

34. Deleterious materials in sand
 Sand shall not contain any harmful impurities such as
iron, pyrites, alaklies, salts, coal or other organic
impurities, mica, shale or similar laminated materials,
soft fragments, sea shale in such form or in such
quantities as to affect adversely the hardening,
strength or durability of the mortar. The maximum
quantities of clay, fine silt, fine dust and organic
impurities in the sand / marble dust shall not exceed
the following limits:
 (a) Clay, fine silt and fine dust when determined in
accordance within not more than 5% by mass in IS
2386 (Part-II), natural sand or crushed gravel sand
and crushed stone sand.
 (b) Organic impurities when determined in color of the
liquid shall be lighter in lighter in accordance with IS
2386 (Part –II) than that specified in the code.

35. Transportation of sand
It is usually transported in trucks or trolleys from the digging
sites to the construction sites as it is required in bulk amount.
It is measured in cubic feet.
length
height

36. Substitutes of Sand
Sand has now become a scarce material and extraction of
river sand is now said to affect the ecological balance. The
use of substitutes for sand has gained greater importance.
Surkhi, or finely grained burnt clay, is one of the materials
used for this purpose. It can be used in all mortars except
that for plastering.
Processed quarry dust or stone screening is also being
used as substitutes. It is abundantly available and if it is
properly screened, it imparts more strength to the mortar.
This is now being industrially manufactured.

37. references
 http://theconstructor.org/concrete/joints-in-
concrete-structures/970/
 http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Concrete

38. THANK YOU