UNIT 1 OF MATERIALTESTING AND EVALUTION BTECH CIVIL SEM 4.
TOPIC TO BE COVERD.
CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
USES OF CEMENT
vedio link
https://youtu.be/0a71XEIeEeA
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
Cement is a building material for binding bricks, stones or aggregates.
Used for making mortar or concrete.
Cements natural and artificial.
Natural cement-burning and crushing of stones and lime.
Artificial cement-burning at high temperature and gypsum is added.
CEMENT , TYPES OF CEMENTS , PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC), RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, SPECIAL TYPES OF RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, Raw Materials, Crushing & Grinding of Raw Materials,Type of cement processes, Wet Process, Dry process, Burning Process, Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch,CEMENT CHEMISTRY,Chemical Compositions,Bogue’s Equations, Fineness of cement
Admixtures are added in concrete to improve the quality of concrete.
Fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA)
Possess certain characteristics through which they influence the properties of concrete differently.
Effect of mineral admixtures on the properties of fresh concrete is very important as these properties may affect the durability and mechanical properties of concrete.
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
Concrete Construction: Batching of mixes; casting process, compaction and curing;
requirement of mix design and casting of test cubes – removing cubes from moulds and
curing for strength tests; bar-bending equipments and preparation of reinforcement for
R C C works
There are many types of sand. But not all types of sand are used in construction as well as not a particular type of sand can be used for all type of construction works. For example, the sand you use for brickwork can't be used for concrete work. Or vise Versa. So, What are the types of sand? And which type of sand is used for a particular type of construction work?
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture on calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
This presentation is completed by prateek soni and for more detail you can checkout this ppt.
CEMENT , TYPES OF CEMENTS , PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, GENERAL FEATURES OF THE MAIN TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT, ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC), RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, SPECIAL TYPES OF RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND CEMENT, MANUFACTURE OF PORTLAND CEMENT, Raw Materials, Crushing & Grinding of Raw Materials,Type of cement processes, Wet Process, Dry process, Burning Process, Grinding, storage, packing, dispatch,CEMENT CHEMISTRY,Chemical Compositions,Bogue’s Equations, Fineness of cement
Admixtures are added in concrete to improve the quality of concrete.
Fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), Metakaolin (MK), and rice husk ash (RHA)
Possess certain characteristics through which they influence the properties of concrete differently.
Effect of mineral admixtures on the properties of fresh concrete is very important as these properties may affect the durability and mechanical properties of concrete.
Cement is topic;like and give credit for my free work
cement
cement and its types
Manufacturing of cement
uses of cement
wet process
dry process
portland cement
raw materials used in cement
field tests for cement
Concrete Construction: Batching of mixes; casting process, compaction and curing;
requirement of mix design and casting of test cubes – removing cubes from moulds and
curing for strength tests; bar-bending equipments and preparation of reinforcement for
R C C works
There are many types of sand. But not all types of sand are used in construction as well as not a particular type of sand can be used for all type of construction works. For example, the sand you use for brickwork can't be used for concrete work. Or vise Versa. So, What are the types of sand? And which type of sand is used for a particular type of construction work?
Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture on calcareous, siliceous, argillaceous and other substances.
This presentation is completed by prateek soni and for more detail you can checkout this ppt.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...Naqeeb Khan Niazi
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock and is a combination of particles closely bound together. It is simply a blend of aggregates, normally natural sand and gravel or crushed rock.
Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a binder material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to erect large industrial structures
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.
Sand a loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry molds. : soil containing 85 percent or more of sand and a maximum of 10 percent of clay.
Concrete, Cement
Raw Material of Cement, Types
Water, Aggregates, Sand
Mixing of concrete
Transportation, Rate Analysis
Aggregates: Review of types; sampling and testing; effects on properties of concrete, production of artificial aggregates.
Cements: Review of types of cements, chemical composition; properties and tests, chemical and physical process of hydration,Blended cements.Properties of fresh concrete - basics regarding fresh concrete –
mixing, workability, placement, consolidation, and curing,
segregation and bleeding
Chemical Admixtures: types and classification; actions and
interactions; usage; effects on properties of concrete
Mineral Admixtures: Flyash, ground granulated blast furnace slag,
metakaolin, rice-husk ash and
silica fume; chemical composition; physical characteristics; effects
on properties of concrete; advantages and disadvantages.
Proportioning of concrete mixtures: Factors considered in the design of mix . BIS Method, ACI method.,Properties of hardened concrete: Strength- compressive tensile
and flexure - Elastic properties - Modulus of elasticity - Creep-
factors affecting creep, effect of creep - shrinkage- factors affecting
shrinkage, plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogeneous
shrinkage, carbonation shrinkage ,Durability of concrete: Durability concept; factors affecting,
reinforcement corrosion; fire resistance; frost damage; sulfate
attack; alkali silica reaction; concrete in sea water, statistical quality
control, acceptance criteria as per BIS code.
Non-destructive testing of concrete: Surface Hardness, Ultrasonic,
Penetration resistance, Pull-out test, chemical testing for chloride
and carbonation- core cutting - measuring reinforcement cover
Special concretes - Lightweight concrete- description of various
types -High strength concrete - Self compacting concrete -Roller
compacted concrete – Ready mixed concrete – Fibre reinforced
concrete - polymer concrete
Special processes and technology for particular types of
structure - Sprayed concrete; underwater concrete, mass concrete;
slip form construction, Prefabrication technology
This slideset was prepared as a student group assignment, for a class on-Introduction to Construction Materials. The facts shown and data used are most relevant to the Indian Context. Prepared by- K. Hari Chandana, Sukirti Sah, Tanya Talwar, Rana Sarkar, Akriti Srivastava, Jitendriya Meher, Anshuman Abhisek Mishra : 1st Sem B. Arch, School of Planning & Architecture, Bhopal, MP, India
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS AND CONSTRUCTION METHOD
BASICS OF FORMWORK AND STAGING
COMMON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
MODULAR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION METHOD
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION METHOD
BASICS OF SLIP FORMING FOR TALL STRUCTURES
BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES
BASICS CONSTRUCTION METHODS BRIDGES
Canal Regulation Works:
Canal Fall- Necessity and Location- Types of Falls- Cross Regulator and Distributory Head Regulator- Their Functions, Silt Control Devices, Canal Escapes- Types of Escapes.
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PLANING
WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
5 STEPS TO THE PERFECT CONSTRUCTION PLANNING PROCESS
PRE TENDER PLANNING
PRE CONTRACT PLANNING
ROLE OF CLIENT
ROLE OF CONTRACTOR
PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF PLANS
PLANNING A PROJECT
INTRODUCTION TO SCHEDULING
WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE
BAR CHARTS (GANTT CHARTS)
NETWORK TECHNIQUES
ACTIVITY-ON-ARROW NETWORK
DUMMY ACTIVITIES
DANGLING ACTIVITY
CYCLE IN NETWORK
PRECEDENCE NETWORKS
TIME ESTIMATES
MILESTONES IN PROJECT
TIME ANALYSIS
CRITICAL PATH, SLACK AND FLOAT
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND BAR CHART
WHAT IS NETWORK
PERT / CPM Techniques
TERMS USED IN A NETWORK
RULES OF NETWORK CONSTRUCTION
NETWORK SYMBOLS
WHAT DOES CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT (CPM) MEAN?
THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION IN INDIA
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
FEATURES OF A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
PHASES OF PROJECT
AGENCIES INVOLVED AND THEIR METHODS OF EXECUTION
WEIRS VERSUS BERRAGE
TYPES OF WEIRS
COMPONENT PARTS OF A WEIR
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF WEIRS & THEIR REMEDIES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN FOR SURFACE FLOW
DESIGN OF BARRAGE OR WEIR
Bligh’S CREEP THEORY
LIMITATIONS OF BLIGH’S THEORY
LANE’S WEIGHTED CREEP THEORY
KHOSLA’S THEORY AND CONCEPT OF FLOW NETS
COMPARISON OF BLIGH’S THEORY AND KHOSLA’S THEORY
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
1. MATERIAL TESTING AND EVALUTION
CEMENT
Prepared
By
Sanjeev singh
AP {CE} TEC SHAHPUR-KANDI PATHANKOT
snjv432@gmail.com
Part-II
2. TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTIION OF CEMENT
TYPES OF CEMENT
PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
USES OF CEMENT
3. Introduction of Cement:
➢ Cement is the mixture of calcareous, siliceous,
argillaceous and other substances. Cement is used as a
binding material in mortar, concrete, etc.
4. Chemical Composition
of cement is:
Sanjeev singh, Asst. Professor TEC
Lime 63%
Silica 22%
Alumina 06%
Iron oxide 03%
Gypsum 01 to 04%
5. Bogue’s Compounds
C3S & C2S PRVOIDE STRENTH & OFFERS RESISTANCE
TOWARDS THE
Suchismita Sahu, Asst. Professor KIIT University
ATTACK OF ACIDS & ALKALIES.
Name of Compound Formula Abbreviated
Formula
Tricalcium silicate 3 CaO.SiO2 C3S –hydrates rapidly;
provides early & ultimate
strength
Dicalcium silicate 2 CaO.SiO2 C2S-hydraes slowly&
provides strength after a
duration of 7 days
Tricalcium aluminate 3 CaO.Al2O3 C3A-hydrates rapidly;
provides early strength &
less ultimate strength
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 4 CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF-doesn’t provide
strength but is stable than
C3A
6. TYPES OF CEMENT
:
Sanjeev singh
15. White Cement
1. Ordinary Portland Cement
2. Rapid Hardening Cement (or) High Early Strength
cement
3. Extra Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Sulphate Resisting Cement
5. Quick Setting Cement
6. Low Heat Cement
7. Portland Pozzolana Cement
8. Portland Slag Cement
9. High Alumina Cement
10. Air Entraining Cement
11. Supersulphated Cement
12. Masonry Cement
13. Expansive Cement
14. Colored Cement
7. (1) ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
•It is called Portland cement because on
hardening (setting) its colour resembles to rocks
near Portland in England. It was first of all
introduced in 1824 by Joseph Asp din, England.
• Most important type
•Classified into three grades, namely 33 grade,
43 grade and 53 grade.
8. Chemical Composition of
O.P.Cement:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
O.P.C has the following approximate chemical
composition:
The major constituents are:
1. Lime (CaO) 60- 63%
2. Silica (SiO2) 17- 25%
3. Alumina (Al2O3) 03- 08%
9. Chemical Composition of O.P.Cement: Continued--
-----
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
The auxiliary constituents are:
1. Iron oxide (Fe2O3) 0.5- 06%
2. Magnesia (MgO) 1.5- 03%
3. Sulphur Tri Oxide (SO3) 01- 02%
4. Gypsum 01 to 04%
11. (i) Lime (CaO):
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
1.Lime forms nearly two-third (2/3) of the
cement. Therefore sufficient quantity of the lime
must be in the raw materials for the manufacturing
of cement.
2.Its proportion has an important effect on the
cement. Sufficient quantity of lime forms di-
calcium silicate and tri-calcium silicate in the
manufacturing of cement.
3.Lime in excess, causes the cement to expand
and disintegrate.
12. (ii) Silica (SiO2):
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
1.The quantity of silica should be enough to
form di-calcium silicate and tri-calcium silicate in
the manufacturing of cement.
2. Silica gives strength to the cement.
3.Silica in excess causes the cement to set
slowly.
13. (iii) Alumina (Al2O3):
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
1.Alumina supports to set quickly to the
cement.
2. Lowers the clinkering temperature.
3.Alumina in excess, reduces the strength
of the cement.
14. SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
(iv) Iron Oxide (Fe2O3):
Iron oxide gives colour to the
cement.
15. SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
(v) Magnesia (MgO):
1.It also helps in giving colour to the
cement.
2.Magnesium in excess makes the cement
unsound.
16. SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
(vi) Calcium Sulphate (or) Gypsum (Ca
SO4) :
At the final stage of manufacturing,
gypsum is added to increase the setting of
cement.
17. (2) RAPID HARDENING CEMENT:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
•Also known as early gain in strength of cement. This
cement contains more %age of C3S and less %age of C2S, high
proportion of C3S will impart quicker hydration
•The high strength at early stage is due to finer grinding, as
fineness of cement will expose greater surface area for the action of
water.
•The strength obtained by this cement in 03 days is same as
obtained by O.P.C in 7 days.
•Initial and final setting times are same as OPC.ie. 30mins and 10
hrs.And soundness test by Le-Chatielier is 10mm and Autoclave is
0.8%.
• Greater lime content than OPC
18. SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
(3) EXTRA RAPID HARDENING CEMENT:
•It is obtained by intergrinding Cacl2 with rapid
hardening cement.
•Addition of Cacl2 should not exceed 2% by weight of the
rapid hardening cement.
•Concrete made by using this cement should be
transported, placed, compacted & finished within about 20
minutes.
•Strength is higher than 25% than that of rapid hardening
cement at 1 or 2 days.
19. SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
(4) SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT:
•It is modified form of O.P.C and is specially
manufactured to resist the sulphates.
•This cement contains a low %age of C3A and high
%age of C3S
•This cement requires longer period of curing.
•It develops strength slowly, but ultimately it is as
strong as O.P.C.
20. (5) QUICK SETTING CEMENT:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
• This cement is manufactured by adding small
%age of aluminum sulphate (Al2SO4) which
accelerates the setting action.
• Gypsum content is reduced.
• Sets faster than OPC.
•Initial setting time is 5 minutes. Final setting time
is 30 minutes.
21. (6) LOW HEAT CEMENT:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
•Low percentage of tri-calcium aluminates (C3A) and
silicate (C3S) and high %age of di-calcium silicate (C2S)
to keep heat generation low.
•Very slow rate of developing strength as rate of C3S
Content is low.
•Heat evolved @ 7 days-66 cal/g and 28 days-75 cal/g
•initial set time-1 hr, final set time-10 hrs
•Better resistance to chemical attack than OPC.
22. (7) Portland Pozzolana
Cement:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
• OPC clinker and Pozzolana (Calcined Clay,
Surkhi and Fly ash) ground together.
Produces less heat of hydration and offers great
resistance to attacks of Sulphates.
• Used in marine works and mass concreting.
• Ultimate strength is more than OPC.
• Low shrinkage on drying
• Water tightness.
23. (8) Portland Slag Cement
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
• Produced by mixing Portland cement clinker,
gypsum and granulated blast furnace slag
which shall not exceed 65%
• blackish grey in color.
• Lesser heat of hydration.
• Suitable for marine works, mass concreting.
• Offers good resistance to the attack of
sulphate.
24. (9) HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
Different from OPC
Characterised by its dark colour, high heat of hydration
and resistance to chemical attack.
Initial setting time of 4 hrs and final setting time of 5
hrs.
Raw materials used are limestone and bauxite
25. (10) AIR ENTRAINING CEMENT:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
•OPC with small quantity of air entraining materials
(oils, fats, fatty acids) ground together.
•Air is entrained in the form of tiny air bubbles which
enhances workability and reduces seggregation and
bleeding.
•It increases sulphate water resistance of concrete.
26. (11) Supersulphated Cement:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
•Ground blast furnace slag + OPC +CASO4.
Heat of hydration which is considerably lower.
•
•
It is also resistant to Sulphate attack.
Used in a) Marine Structures, b) Mass concrete works
27. (12) Masonry Cement:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
• Unlike ordinary cement, it is more plastic.
• Made by mixing hydrated lime, crushed
stone, granulated slag or highly colloidal
clays are mixed with it.
• Addition of above mentioned materials
reduces the strength of cement.
28. (13) Expansive Cement:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
• The main difference in this cement is the increase
in volume that occurs when it settles.
• Used to neutralize shrinkage of concrete made
from ordinary cement so as to eliminate cracks. A
small percentage of this cement with concrete will
not let it crack. It is specially desirable for
hydraulic structures.
• In repair work, it is essential that the new concrete
should be tight fitting in the old concrete. This can
be done by using this cement
29. (14) Colored Cement:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
• Suitable pigments used to impart desired
color.
• Pigments used should be durable under
light, sun or weather.
30. (15) WHITE CEMENT:
SANJEEV SINGH, Asst. Professor TEC
•OPC with pure white color produced with white chalk or
clay free from iron oxide.
•As iron oxide gives the grey colour to cement, it is
therefore necessary for white cement to keep the content
of iron oxide as low as possible.
• Instead of coal, oil fuel is used for burning.
31. PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Physical Properties of Cement
Fineness of cement. The size of the particles of the cement is its
fineness. The required fineness of good cement is achieved through
grinding the clinker in the last step of cement production process. As
hydration rate of cement is directly related to the cement particle
size, fineness of cement is very important.
Soundness. Soundness refers to the ability of cement to not
shrink upon hardening. Good quality cement retains its volume after
setting without delayed expansion, which is caused by excessive free
lime and magnesia.
Consistency. The ability of cement paste to flow is consistency.
Strength. Three types of strength of cement are measured –
compressive, tensile and flexural. Various factors affect the strength,
such as water-cement ratio, cement-fine aggregate ratio, curing
conditions, size and shape of a specimen, the manner of molding
and mixing, loading conditions and age.
32. PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Setting time. Initial set: When the paste begins to stiffen
noticeably (typically occurs within 30-45 minutes)
Final set: When the cement hardens, being able to sustain some
load (occurs below 10 hours)
Heat of hydration. When water is added to cement, the
reaction that takes place is called hydration. Hydration generates
heat, which can affect the quality of the cement and also be
beneficial in maintaining curing temperature during cold weather.
Bulk density. When cement is mixed with water, the water
replaces areas where there would normally be air. Because of that,
the bulk density of cement is not very important. Cement has a
varying range of density depending on the cement composition
percentage. The density of cement may be anywhere from 62 to 78
pounds per cubic foot.
33. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Specific Gravity (Relative Density). Specific gravity is
generally used in mixture proportioning calculations. Portland
cement has a specific gravity of 3.15, but other types of cement
(for example, portland-blast-furnace-slag and portland-
pozzolan cement) may have specific gravities of about 2.90.
34. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Tricalcium aluminate (C3A). Low content of C3A makes the
cement sulfate-resistant. Gypsum reduces the hydration of C3A,
which liberates a lot of heat in the early stages of hydration. C3A
does not provide any more than a little amount of strength.
Type I cement: contains up to 3.5% SO3 (in cement having more
than 8% C3A)
Type II cement: contains up to 3% SO3 (in cement having less than
8% C3A)
Tricalcium silicate (C3S).C3S causes rapid hydration as well as
hardening and is responsible for the cement’s early strength gain
an initial setting.
Dicalcium silicate (C2S).As opposed to tricalcium silicate,
which helps early strength gain, dicalcium silicate in cement helps
the strength gain after one week.
35. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Ferrite (C4AF).Ferrite is a fluxing agent. It reduces the melting
temperature of the raw materials in the kiln from 3,000°F to
2,600°F. Though it hydrates rapidly, it does not contribute much to
the strength of the cement.
Magnesia (MgO) .The manufacturing process of Portland cement
uses magnesia as a raw material in dry process plants. An excess
amount of magnesia may make the cement unsound and expansive,
but a little amount of it can add strength to the cement. Production
of MgO-based cement also causes less CO2 emission. All cement is
limited to a content of 6% MgO.
Sulphur trioxide .Sulfur trioxide in excess amount can make
cement unsound.
Iron oxide/ Ferric oxide.Aside from adding strength and
hardness, iron oxide or ferric oxide is mainly responsible for the
color of the cement.
36. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Alkalis .The amounts of potassium oxide (K2O) and sodium oxide
(Na2O) determine the alkali content of the cement. Cement
containing large amounts of alkali can cause some difficulty in
regulating the setting time of cement. Low alkali cement, when
used with calcium chloride in concrete, can cause discoloration.
Free lime.Free lime, which is sometimes present in cement, may
cause expansion.
Alumina. Cement containing high alumina has the ability to
withstand frigid temperatures since alumina is chemical-resistant.
It also quickens the setting but weakens the cement.
37. USES OF CEMENT
To prepare cement mortar
To prepare cement concrete
To build fire proof and thermal proof structures
To build hydrographic and frost resistant structures
To build chemical proof structures
As a grout material
To construct Cement concrete roads
To manufacture precast members
For aesthetic concrete construction
Cement concrete is used for the construction of various
structures like buildings, bridges. water tanks, tunnels, docks,
harbours etc.