*copyright under UMP

1. For My Non Muslim Students :
“Do Not Disorderly In Your Affairs & Do Not Be Chaotic In Your Life”

2. REMINDER FOR MY MUSLIM STUDENTS

3. LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
a) Lightweight aggregate concrete
b) Aerated concrete
c) No fines concrete

4. INTRODUCTION
 Lightweight concrete is concrete with an air
dried unit weight not exceeding 1850kg/m3
 Aerated concrete, no fines concrete and
lightweight aggregate concrete can be
categorized as lightweight concrete.
 There is another type of concrete that can be
classified lightweight concrete that is structural
lightweight concrete.

5.  The primary advantage of lightweight concrete
is its low density, which reduces the loads on
foundation and supporting structures to two-
thirds or less.
 The engineering properties of lightweight
concretes depend to a large extent on the
materials used in mix design.

6.  Among the benefits of using lightweight
concrete are:
a) it exhibits relatively high thermal insulating
value
b) it compressive strength is low compared to
normal weight concrete of similar mix
proportions
c)it has higher drying shrinkage and higher
creep than normal weight concrete
d)Its modulus of elasticity is lower compared
normal weight concrete.|
e)It has higher absorption

7. Aerated Concrete
 Well known among contractor in Europe due
to it lightness and versatility compared to
normal concrete.
 It consists of cement or sand mortar with gas
being introduced inside this mix either
chemically or by using foaming agents.
 Can be used for structural or non-structural
purpose

8.  Elimination of coarse aggregate from the mix
and formation of a large number of voids
within the internal structure decrease the
density of the material.
 The high porosity within the concrete lowers
the density
 Can either formed insitu or precast
 Application of autoclave curing method gives
a stronger product and better dimensional
stability than non autoclave curing one.

9. ADVANTAGE OF AUTOCLAVE
CURING
 At least doubling the compressive strength
 Improving long-term drying shrinkage
 Having insulation property similar to timber
but much greater fire resistance.
 Providing low thermal conductivity of about
10 times lower than normal concrete
 Giving an attractive light gray or near white
color, although it may be covered in buildings
or structures.

10.  The drawbacks of non autoclave aerated
concrete compared to normal concrete in terms
of lower strength, higher moisture content and
higher shrinkage can be solved.

11. Types of Aerated concrete
Based on the method formation, it can be divided
to two types that is:
 Gas concrete or also known as aerated concrete
- Produced using gas-forming materials
(Aluminium powder, hydrogen peroxide etc)
 Foamed concrete
- Produced using foaming agent

12. Gas Concrete
 It is a mixture of very fine aggregates, water,
and cement with final addition of pore-forming
chemical that produces air-voids within the
aqueous mix at atmospheric pressure, causing
it to expand to certain extent depending on the
amount of gas produced inside the structure.
 Aluminium powder is the most commonly
used aerating agent in gas concrete production

13. Gas concrete

14. Density and Strength
 Various density from 300 to 1800kg/m3 in
comparison with 2300 kg/m3 for conventional
concrete.
 Lower strength & density than normal concrete
 Increase in density lead to strength
improvement of the aerated concrete
 Properties of this concrete differ according to
the mix proportions and the manufacturing
methods

15. Advantages
 Low density lead to more economical design
 Save material utilization and reduce cost
 Can be cut and sawn like timber
 Versatile, easier renovation work can be done
 Non-combustible, fire resistance
 Good sound insulation
 Contribute to low construction cost and
simpler construction task in a shorter period.
 Applicable for non - structural purpose

16. Autoclaved aerated concrete block is light

17. Autoclaved aerated concrete block can be cut

18. GAS OR AERATED CONCRETE
MAKING PROCESS

19. Materials Used
SAND
CEMENT
Aluminium Powder
Superplasticizer

20. Mix All Materials Uniformly Before Adding Water Finally

21. Slurry Mixture Poured Into The Mould

22. Slurry Mixture Begin To Expand

23. Mixture Expand Due To Reaction of Gas Foaming Agent

24. Overflowed Aerated Concrete Was Trimmed

25. Aerated Concrete After Being Trimmed

26. Specimen covered with gunny sack for 24 hours

27. Specimens Were Subjected Curing Process

28. Voids can be seen on the surface of aerated concrete

29. Voids can be seen on the surface of aerated concrete

30. Making Of Aerated Concrete
 Use cement with good quality, so that cement
particles are able to react as expected in the mix.
 Water or aggregates containing impurities need
to be avoided
 Any kind of fine aggregate passing 75 µm BS
sieve is allowed such as finely ground natural
fine aggregate, fine lightweight aggregate, raw
PFA, ground slag, burnt shales and others with
sometimes fine aggregate (5mm down) is added.

31. Mixing Procedure
 Dry mix all the ingredient & add water finally.
 Aluminium powder in the mix would react
with hydroxide of calcium or alkalis from the
cement producing hydrogen bubbles, and that
will expand the mix.
 The mixture would begin to rise and fill out
the mold once the hydrogen gas is set free to
eventually create pores in the mix.
 Basically, the formation of air bubbles causes
the concrete to be lightweight.

32. Application
 Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks,
wall panels of various sizes

33. Autoclaved aerated blocks

34. Autoclaved aerated block walls

35. Aerated concrete block wall

36. Autoclaved aerated precast wall panel

37. Autoclaved aerated precast wall panel

38. Some part of the structures constructed using AAC

39. Aerated Conrete In Malaysia
 Still new in Malaysian construction industry
 Mostly, this material has been imported from
other countries to be used here and expensive.
 However, Malaysian researchers try to reduce
cost by integrating industrial waste as one of the
mixing ingredient of this material.

40. FOAMED CONCRETE
 It’s a mortar mix containing air voids produced
by adding foaming agents which plays the role
of creating pores within the concrete without
chemically reacting with the cement.
 Detergents, resin soap, glue resins and saponin
are some of the foaming agents used.
 It is a highly workable, low-density material
which can incorporate up to 50% entrained air.

41. Foam generator to produce stable foam

42. Foam

43. Foam generator to produce stable foam

44. Advantages
 This concrete which produced from the mix of
cement, fine sand and prefoamed foam has a
low density such as 400 - 1600kg/m3 .
 It is generally self-leveling, self-compacting
and may be pumped.
 Cost saving, fast completion and easy
application compared to steel and timber.
 Foamed concrete is characterized by its low
compressive strength and high insulation
against heat and sound.

45. Making of Foamed Concrete
 Determine the required parameter such as
density and compressive strength.
 Then, make a cement slurry or a sandcement
slurry that is appropriate for the mix design.
 The cement used for the slurry is usually Type
1 Portland Cement although other cements can
be used.
 Other ingredients such as Pulverized Fuel Ash
(PFA) can also be used.

46.  The w/c ratio of the slurry is usually between
0.5 and 0.6.
 The mortar slurry is then transported to site,
and the foam is added there, and not at the
batching plant.
 The foam is made from a concentrated
Foaming Agent using foam generator.
 The bubbles are stable and able to resist the
physical and chemical forces imposed during
mixing, placing & hardening of the foamed
concrete

47. Application
 Widely used in civil engineering work
 Can be used in almost every parts of building
from the superstructure to the substructure,
including wall panels and roofing.
 Any conventional panels or masonry units
used for load and non-load bearing walls using
normal concrete can be replaced directly by
foamed concrete panels and units.

48.  Very low density foamed concrete can be used
as thermal and sound insulation panels,
filtering media and floating blocks for fishery
purposes.
 Foamed concrete is ideal for filling redundant
voids such as disused fuel tanks, sewer
systems, pipelines, and culverts - particularly
where access is difficult.
 Can be used for house, foundations and fire
protection, utilizing its high thermal insulation
capacity to geotechnical, highway, bridge
abutment and backfill uses

49.  Foamed concrete can also be used to cast
elements for architectural purposes, pottery,
void filling, foundation raising and swimming
pool.
 In highway construction, foamed concrete can
be applied as soil filling for sub-base, bridge
abutments and bridge embankment.
 It is a recognised medium for the reinstatement
of temporary road trenches.

50. Foamed Concrete Block

51. Foamed oncrete being used for the road sub - base

52. Various shape of foamed concrete

53. Foamed concrete panel

54. Do not live in the nightmares of former times or under the shade of what you
have missed. Save yourself from the ghostly apparition of the past.