Aggregates are a combination of different sized stones used in construction. They are classified based on size, source, and density. Common types include natural and crushed coarse and fine aggregates. Aggregates must be hard, durable, and free of organic matter or other impurities. Tests are conducted to determine properties like strength, hardness, porosity, and water absorption. Sieve analysis tests the particle size distribution and grading of aggregates.

1. AGGREGATES

2. DEFINITION
 A combination of different sizes and
shapes normally of stones. Maximum
size is 75 mm.

3. USES OF AGGREGATES
 As an underlying material for foundations
and pavements
 As an ingredients in Portland cement
concrete and asphalt concrete.

4. Selection of aggregates
• aggregates shall be hard, durable and clean
and free from adherent coatings and organic
matter and shall not contain appreciable
amount of clay.
• Aggregates shall not contain harmful
impurities such as iron pyrites, alkalis, salts,
coal, mica, shale or other materials which will
affect hardening and attack reinforcement.

5. Classification of aggregates
Based on size:
 classified into 2 categories:
• fine aggregates - those aggregates which
pass through 4.75 mm sieve or aggregates
with size less than 5 mm.
• Coarse aggregates – those aggregates
Passing through 75 mm sieve and entirely
retained on 4.75 mm sieve OR those
aggregates with size greater than 5 mm.

6. Classification of aggregates
Based on source or method of manufacture:
 classified into 2 categories:
• Natural aggregate/uncrushed aggregate- Those from
the river beds, river sand and ex-mines. Normally
rounded in shape and have smooth surface texture.
• Manufactured aggregate / crushed aggregate –those
obtained by mechanically crushing rocks, boulders, or
cobbles. Normally angular in shape and have rough
surface texture

7. Classification of aggregates
Based on Density:
 Based on specific gravity or density
measured in bulk, aggregate is divided
into 3 types:
• Lightweight aggregate
• Normal-weight aggregate
• Heavyweight aggregate

8. Normal-weight aggregate
 Crushed stone, gravel and ordinary sand are
examples of normal weight aggregate.
 They are commonly used in manufacture of
normal weight concrete, asphalt concrete and
roadway sub-base.
 The average values of sp.gr. For sand and
gravel are 2.6 and 2.65 respectively. Bulk
density of normal weight aggregate is around
1520 to 1680kg/m3.

9. Lightweight aggregate
 Lightweight fine aggregate is any aggregate with
bulk density less than 1120kg/m3 and lightweight
coarse aggregate is any aggregate with bulk density
less than 880kg/m3.
 They are commonly used as ingredients in the
manufacture of lightweight concrete, for making
lightweight masonry blocks (to improved their
thermal and insulating properties and nailing
characteristic), and lightweight floor and roof slabs.
 2 types of lightweight aggregate:
• Natural lightweight aggregates (eg: palm oil shell, rice husk,
etc)
• Manufactured (also called synthetic) lightweight aggregates.

10. Heavyweight aggregate
 Those aggregate with high density and is
used primarily in the manufacture of
heavyweight concrete, employed for
protection against nuclear radiation and
as bomb shelter.
 The unit weight of heavyweight concrete
varies from 2400kg/m3 with sp.gr range
from 4.0 to 4.6.(eg: mineral ores and
barite)

11. Physical properties of
aggregates
 Strength
 Hardness
 Toughness
 Durability
 Porosity
 Water absorption

12. Strength of aggregates
 In practice, majority of normal
aggregates are considerably stronger
than concrete
 A good average value of crushing
strength of aggregates is 200N/mm2.

13. Hardness of aggregates
 Hardness of aggregates is the ability of the
aggregate to withstand wear or load or applied
pressure.
 This hardness is depending on the type of
parent rock
 The test that can obtain the hardness is the
abrassion test.
 A satisfactory aggregate should have an
abrassion value of not more than 30% for
aggregates used for wearing surfaces and 50%
for aggregates used for non wearing surfaces.

14. Toughness
 Is the resistance of aggregate to failure by
impact.
 This can be determined by aggregate impact
test.
 The aggregate impact value shall not exceed
45% by weight for aggregate used for concrete
other than those used for wearing surfaces and
30% for concrete for wearing surfaces.

15. Durability of aggregates
 Durability is ability of the aggregate to
withstand external or internal damaging
attack or in other words the soundness
of aggregate.
 This can be obtained by carrying out the
Soundness test.

16. Porosity
 Aggregate normally have pores of various
sizes.
 Aggregates will absorb water when it is dry but
normally release water in the concrete mix
when it is wet.
 The amount of water and its rate of permeation
depends on the size and volume of aggregate
 Since the aggregate comprises 75% of the
concrete volume, it is essential to note that
porosity of an aggregate contribute to the
overall porosity of concrete.

17. Tests on aggregates
a.Texture and shapes test
i.e. test for shapes of aggregates:
1. round shape –usually natural aggregates
2. irregular shape- a combination of different shapes
3. angular shape- usually of crushed stone
4. flaky shape- where the thickness is less than its length and
width
5. elongated- usually angular where its length is larger than its
width and thickness
6. flaky and elongated- its length is larger than its width and its
width is larger than its thickness.
 In terms of surface texture, the aggregates may have a smooth
texture, or coarse/rough texture or fissures or porous.
 For production of concrete the aggregates which have angular
shape and coarse texture are recommended to have high bond
strength.

18. Aggregates shape

19.  Strength tests
• Aggregates crushing strength
• Los Angeles abrasion test
• Aggregates Impact value test
• Ten percent fine test
Tests on aggregates (Cont’d)

20. Physical properties:
• Specific gravity: usually 2.6 or 2.7
• Water absorption test: aggregates absorb
water because of their porosity.
 If all the pores are filled with water the
aggregates are said to be saturated and
surface dry.
 If all the water inside the pores are removed
by drying, the aggregates are said to have
maximum dry weight.

21.  Coarse and fine aggregates to be used
for making concrete should be well
graded. Gradation means the particle
size distribution of aggregates. Test for
grading of aggregates is carried out
using the sieve analysis method.
Grading of aggregates:

22. Sieve analysis test equipment

23. EXAMPLE OF SIEVE ANALYSIS
OF SAND
Sieve Mass Cumulative Mass %
Size retained mass retained passing passing
10 mm 0 0 287 100
5 mm 6 6 281 98
2.36 mm 17 23 264 92
1.18 mm 32 55 232 81
600mm 48 103 184 64
300mm 81 184 103 36
150mm 86 270 17 6
Pan 17 287 - -
287

24. A sieve analysis of 250g of sand gives the
following results
Sieve size Mass retained
10 mm 0
5 mm 5
2.36 mm 31
1.18 mm 38
600mm 38
300mm 79
150m 51
Pan 8

31. To calculate moisture content of Aggregates
Example:
A sample of damp aggregate weighing 2.35 kg is
dried by hair dryer until it just reaches the free-
running(saturated surface dry) condition. It is
then found to weigh 2.24 kg. After drying in the
oven at 110C to constant mass, it is found to
weigh 2.15 kg. Based on dry mass, calculate:
•free-water content
•the total water content

32. Solution:
a) Free-water content in aggregate is defined as the water content
when the aggregate is in saturated surface dry conditions.
i.e. initial weight = 2.35 kg
weight at SSD = 2.24 kg
free water content = 0.11 kg
% of free-water content based on dry mass
= 0.11/2.15 x 100 = 5.1%
b) Total water content = free-water content
+
water absorbed by aggregates
= 0.11 + (2.24 – 2.15)
= 0.2 kg
OR 2.35 – 2.15 = 0.2 kg
(i.e overall weight - wt of max. dry aggregates)
% of total water content based on dry mass,
= 0.2/2.15 x 100
= 9.3%