Abresive jet machining (AJM)
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what is Abresive jet machining (AJM)? Elements of Abresive jet machining (AJM) advantage disadvantage and its application
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The document outlines the steps to prepare a specimen for microscopic examination, including cutting, grinding, belt polishing, paper polishing, etching, and examination. Specimens are cut to a convenient size and any irregularities are removed through grinding with an emery wheel or paper. Successive finer grades of emery paper are used to polish the surface. Further polishing is done with cloth or velvet to produce a mirror finish. Etching with acid or chemicals reveals grain and grain boundaries under the microscope. The prepared specimen is then examined under a metallurgical microscope.
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Preparing a Metal Specimen for Microscopic Examination.
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Preparation Of Specimen For Microscopic Examination
The document provides detailed steps for preparing metallographic specimens for microscopic examination, including:
1) Cutting a representative sample from the material being tested, mounting the sample, grinding it with progressively finer grit paper, and polishing it to a mirror finish.
2) Etching the polished sample to reveal microstructural features by selectively corroding the material, then washing and drying it.
3) The final prepared sample is then ready for examination under a microscope to study properties like grain size and phase distribution at different magnifications. Proper preparation is crucial to obtain accurate results without introduced artifacts.
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The document outlines the steps to prepare a specimen for microscopic examination, including cutting, grinding, belt polishing, paper polishing, etching, and examination. Specimens are cut to a convenient size and any irregularities are removed through grinding with an emery wheel or paper. Successive finer grades of emery paper are used to polish the surface. Further polishing is done with cloth or velvet to produce a mirror finish. Etching with acid or chemicals reveals grain and grain boundaries under the microscope. The prepared specimen is then examined under a metallurgical microscope.
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1.Name of Experiment:
Preparing a Metal Specimen for Microscopic Examination.
2.The objective of the Experiment
a. The determination of the size and shape of the grains.
b. To specify what forms are present.
c. To find if the specimen has undergone plastic or elastic deformation.
d. To search for impurities.
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The document provides detailed steps for preparing metallographic specimens for microscopic examination, including:
1) Cutting a representative sample from the material being tested, mounting the sample, grinding it with progressively finer grit paper, and polishing it to a mirror finish.
2) Etching the polished sample to reveal microstructural features by selectively corroding the material, then washing and drying it.
3) The final prepared sample is then ready for examination under a microscope to study properties like grain size and phase distribution at different magnifications. Proper preparation is crucial to obtain accurate results without introduced artifacts.
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This document provides an overview of mechanical engineering and discusses several key sub-disciplines and processes including production engineering, metal forming, machining, casting, and welding. Production engineering involves converting raw materials into finished products through processes like forming, machining, joining, and casting. Metal forming changes a material's shape without changing its mass or composition, and can involve hot or cold working. Common metal forming examples include rolling, piercing, drawing, spinning, extrusion, and forging. Machining cuts material using machine tools like lathes, drilling machines, milling machines, and grinding machines. Metal casting involves melting metal and pouring it into a mold to solidify. Welding fuses materials together using heat, pressure, or
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Cold working involves plastic deformation of metals at temperatures below the recrystallization point, resulting in strain hardening without relief. It increases strength, hardness, and yield strength while decreasing ductility. Common cold working methods include rolling, drawing, pressing, and deep drawing.
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This document discusses various surface treatment and coating techniques. It covers conversion coatings like oxidation, anodizing, and phosphate coatings. It also outlines thermal treatments for diffusion, carburizing, and nitriding. Metal coatings like electroplating, electroless plating, and metallizing of plastics are examined. Finally, vapor deposition methods of PVD and CVD are summarized. The document provides a detailed overview of common surface engineering processes used to modify material properties.
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This document discusses various surface coating methods used to improve wear and corrosion resistance of materials. It provides details on several coating techniques including thermal spraying methods like flame spraying, plasma spraying and HVOF. The key points are:
1) Different coating methods like thermal spraying, vapor deposition, mechanical cladding are used to improve surface properties.
2) Thermal spraying techniques like flame spraying, plasma spraying and HVOF are described in detail along with the coating materials, temperatures involved and applications.
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Rolling is a bulk deformation process that involves passing metal between two rollers to reduce the thickness of the metal. There are different types of rolling processes, including hot rolling where metal is heated and rolled to form thinner cross sections, cold rolling which increases hardness and strength but decreases ductility, and ring rolling which is a specialized hot rolling process that increases the diameter of rings.
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The document provides information about various manufacturing processes presented by Rajesh Kumar. It discusses casting processes such as sand casting and permanent mold casting. It also describes various joining processes including welding techniques like arc welding, TIG, MIG etc. and brazing. Forming processes covered are forging, rolling, extrusion, sheet metal working, bending and deep drawing. Finally, machining processes like lathe, drilling, planning, milling and grinding are explained along with the basic operations performed by these machines.
PPT on fully study about DIE CASTING by M.M.RAFIK.
In this presentation following parameters like Introduction,
History of casting,
Types of Die casting,
Types of Dies are used in Die casting.
Possible Defects in Die casting.
Minimum recommended wall thickness.
Design Rules in Die casting.
Advantages & Disadvantages of die casting.
covered by M.M.RAFIK.
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This document provides an overview of the manufacturing process of extrusion. It discusses direct and indirect extrusion as well as hot and cold extrusion. Hot extrusion is performed at elevated temperatures to reduce work hardening and make the material easier to push through the die. Common applications of extrusion include automotive and construction parts. The document also compares the advantages and disadvantages of hot and cold extrusion such as their costs, shape complexity, and environmental impact.
Casting and working of metal
Casting is a manufacturing process where molten material is poured into a mold and solidifies to form a desired shape. There are two main categories of casting processes - expendable and non-expendable mold casting. Expendable processes use temporary molds like sand casting while non-expendable uses reusable molds. Key steps in casting include mold production, melting the material, and pouring it into the mold. Casting allows creating complex shapes in a single step and is well-suited for mass production. However, cast parts often require further machining and may be more brittle than other manufactured components.
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Hot working involves plastically deforming metals above their recrystallization temperature but below melting point. This allows new crystals to form through recrystallization, improving properties like toughness. Cold working deforms metals below the recrystallization temperature through strain hardening, increasing properties like strength but decreasing ductility. The main differences are that hot working eliminates hardening, improves uniformity, and does not produce internal stresses, while cold working increases strength and hardness at the cost of ductility and produces internal stresses.
Module 4.pdf
Abrasive jet machining uses compressed air or gas to propel abrasive particles at high velocities towards a workpiece. The abrasive particles remove material through micro-cutting and brittle fracture. Key components of the process include the gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, machining chamber and AJM nozzle. Process parameters like abrasive type, carrier gas properties, abrasive flow rate and nozzle characteristics influence the material removal rate, surface finish and nozzle wear. AJM can precisely machine hard and brittle materials.
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Cyaniding and Nitriding
The document discusses two surface hardening processes: cyaniding and nitriding. Cyaniding involves immersing steel in a molten bath of sodium cyanide between 870-930 Celsius to produce a hard surface. Nitriding involves heating steel in an atmosphere of ammonia between 500-650 Celsius, which dissociates to form nascent nitrogen that combines with steel elements to produce nitrides and extreme surface hardness. Both processes produce wear-resistant surfaces, but cyaniding requires careful handling due to toxicity of cyanide salts while nitriding has higher costs and longer cycle times.
Construction technology 3
The document discusses various manufacturing processes used in metal fabrication including cutting, welding, assembling, finishing, bending, punching, drilling, painting and other processes. It provides details on specific cutting techniques like laser cutting, plasma cutting, oxy-fuel cutting and shearing. It also summarizes welding methods like laser, plasma and oxy-acetylene cutting. Other topics covered include surface preparation techniques for painting like wire brushing, pickling and sand blasting. Materials handling equipment is also listed including cranes, derricks, winches and other tools.
The Design Core notes
Sand casting and die casting were identified as potential processes for manufacturing a connector rod. Die casting has higher tooling and capital costs but can produce parts at a faster rate. For small batch sizes, the cost per part is dominated by fixed capital and tooling costs, making sand casting cheaper. However, as batch size increases, die casting becomes more economical due to its higher production rate reducing the impact of fixed costs per part. An analysis is needed to determine the optimal process based on the specific production volumes required.
Cold & hot working
Cold working involves plastic deformation of metals at temperatures below the recrystallization point, resulting in strain hardening without relief. It increases strength, hardness, and yield strength while decreasing ductility. Common cold working methods include rolling, drawing, pressing, and deep drawing.
Hot working involves shaping metals above the recrystallization temperature to avoid strain hardening. It refines grain structure and eliminates pores and imperfections. Common hot working processes are rolling, extrusion, forging, and drawing. Hot working saves energy and allows for larger shape changes compared to cold working.
Surface treatments
This document discusses various surface treatment and coating techniques. It covers conversion coatings like oxidation, anodizing, and phosphate coatings. It also outlines thermal treatments for diffusion, carburizing, and nitriding. Metal coatings like electroplating, electroless plating, and metallizing of plastics are examined. Finally, vapor deposition methods of PVD and CVD are summarized. The document provides a detailed overview of common surface engineering processes used to modify material properties.
Thermal spraying
This document discusses various surface coating methods used to improve wear and corrosion resistance of materials. It provides details on several coating techniques including thermal spraying methods like flame spraying, plasma spraying and HVOF. The key points are:
1) Different coating methods like thermal spraying, vapor deposition, mechanical cladding are used to improve surface properties.
2) Thermal spraying techniques like flame spraying, plasma spraying and HVOF are described in detail along with the coating materials, temperatures involved and applications.
3) Characteristics of different coatings like hardness, porosity and adhesion strength obtained from various spraying methods are summarized in tables for comparison.
wet etching
This document discusses various etching techniques used in microfabrication processes. It describes isotropic and anisotropic etching, and how etch rate and profile depend on the orientation of the crystalline planes. Wet etching involves immersing wafers in chemical solutions and proceeds equally in all directions, limiting it to features larger than 3um. Dry etching uses gases or plasma and can achieve better anisotropy. The document outlines properties of etch processes like rate, uniformity, profile and selectivity. It provides examples of wet etch chemistries and discusses advantages and disadvantages of wet versus dry etching.
Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM)
This document discusses abrasive jet machining (AJM), including its objectives, construction, working principle, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. AJM works by using compressed gas to propel abrasive particles at high velocity towards a workpiece, eroding material. It can machine heat-sensitive, brittle, thin, or hard materials. The key components are a compressor, mixing chamber, nozzle, and exhaust. Applications include cutting, drilling, boring, trimming, and surface finishing. Advantages include the ability to machine heat-sensitive materials and reach inaccessible areas, while producing a high surface finish, with low heat and cost. Disadvantages include a low material removal rate and inability to reuse abrasive particles.
Final PPT CAL + ETL
The document summarizes information about JSW Steel Coated Products Ltd.'s facility in Tarapur, India. It has a total coating capacity of 0.75 MTPA and receives source coils from Vijaynagar and Dolvi plants. The Tarapur plant has five cold rolling mills and coating lines including two galvanizing lines, two colour coating lines, and a 30 MW captive power plant. It specializes in galvanized, galvalume, and colour coated steel production.
Mantech report ROLLING
Rolling is a bulk deformation process that involves passing metal between two rollers to reduce the thickness of the metal. There are different types of rolling processes, including hot rolling where metal is heated and rolled to form thinner cross sections, cold rolling which increases hardness and strength but decreases ductility, and ring rolling which is a specialized hot rolling process that increases the diameter of rings.
Cable tray testing
The document outlines standards and acceptance tests for galvanizing and testing of materials. It discusses recommended practices for hot dip galvanizing of iron according to various Indian standards. Acceptance tests include visual examination, dimensional verification, and galvanizing tests. Standards are provided for the amount of zinc coating, specifying an average of 610 gm of zinc per square meter with a thickness of 80 microns. The quality of the zinc coating will be established through testing according to IS-2633 to ensure it is smooth, uniform and free of defects.
Cold and Hot Extrusion Process
This document discusses different types of extrusion processes including hot, cold, and warm extrusion. Hot extrusion is done above the material's recrystallization temperature to reduce work hardening and require less force. It is commonly used for metals like magnesium, aluminum, copper, steel, titanium, and nickel. Cold extrusion is done at or near room temperature and offers advantages like no oxidation, higher strength, and better tolerances. Materials often cold extruded include lead, tin, aluminum, and steel. Warm extrusion is between room temperature and the recrystallization point to balance required forces and properties.
Manufacturing Processes
The document provides information about various manufacturing processes presented by Rajesh Kumar. It discusses casting processes such as sand casting and permanent mold casting. It also describes various joining processes including welding techniques like arc welding, TIG, MIG etc. and brazing. Forming processes covered are forging, rolling, extrusion, sheet metal working, bending and deep drawing. Finally, machining processes like lathe, drilling, planning, milling and grinding are explained along with the basic operations performed by these machines.
PPT on fully study about DIE CASTING by M.M.RAFIK.
In this presentation following parameters like Introduction,
History of casting,
Types of Die casting,
Types of Dies are used in Die casting.
Possible Defects in Die casting.
Minimum recommended wall thickness.
Design Rules in Die casting.
Advantages & Disadvantages of die casting.
covered by M.M.RAFIK.
Extrusion, DIrect and indirect Extrusoin Hot and Cold extrusion, Application ...
This document provides an overview of the manufacturing process of extrusion. It discusses direct and indirect extrusion as well as hot and cold extrusion. Hot extrusion is performed at elevated temperatures to reduce work hardening and make the material easier to push through the die. Common applications of extrusion include automotive and construction parts. The document also compares the advantages and disadvantages of hot and cold extrusion such as their costs, shape complexity, and environmental impact.
Casting and working of metal
Casting is a manufacturing process where molten material is poured into a mold and solidifies to form a desired shape. There are two main categories of casting processes - expendable and non-expendable mold casting. Expendable processes use temporary molds like sand casting while non-expendable uses reusable molds. Key steps in casting include mold production, melting the material, and pouring it into the mold. Casting allows creating complex shapes in a single step and is well-suited for mass production. However, cast parts often require further machining and may be more brittle than other manufactured components.
Surface finishing processes
Surface finishing processes alter the surface of materials for aesthetic or functional purposes. Grinding is the most common abrasive machining process, using abrasive grits to cut material. Anodizing increases the thickness of the natural oxide film on aluminum, producing a corrosion-resistant and durable surface. Lapping uses loose abrasives to remove material within tight tolerances. Honing uses an abrasive tool that both rotates and reciprocates to smooth bore surfaces. These finishing techniques improve appearances, functionality, and sales value of products.
Plasma Arc Machining
This document discusses plasma arc machining (PAM). PAM uses a high-velocity jet of heated gas at around 50,000°C to melt and remove material. Gases are ionized to form plasma which is directed at the workpiece. Key components of PAM systems include a plasma gun, power supply, and cooling mechanisms. PAM can machine hard metals and is used for applications like tube milling, welding specialty alloys, and nuclear pipe systems. Advantages are high production rates and ability to machine hard metals, while disadvantages include high initial costs and inefficient for large cavities. Various PAM types are also described such as conventional, air, and dual-flow systems.
powder metallurgy and micromachining notes
This document discusses powder metallurgy, which involves pressing metal powders into a shape at room temperature and then sintering the powders to fuse them together without melting. The most common metals used are iron, copper, aluminum, and others. Parts produced through powder metallurgy have good mechanical properties and dimensional tolerances at a lower cost than casting or machining. The document then describes various powder production methods like atomization, electrolysis, carbonyl decomposition, and comminution. It also discusses properties of metal powders like size, shape, purity and their effect on properties of sintered parts. The basic powder metallurgy process steps of blending, compacting, sintering and finishing
Hot & cold working
Hot working involves plastically deforming metals above their recrystallization temperature but below melting point. This allows new crystals to form through recrystallization, improving properties like toughness. Cold working deforms metals below the recrystallization temperature through strain hardening, increasing properties like strength but decreasing ductility. The main differences are that hot working eliminates hardening, improves uniformity, and does not produce internal stresses, while cold working increases strength and hardness at the cost of ductility and produces internal stresses.
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PPT on fully study about DIE CASTING by M.M.RAFIK.
PPT on fully study about DIE CASTING by M.M.RAFIK.
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Module 4.pdf
Abrasive jet machining uses compressed air or gas to propel abrasive particles at high velocities towards a workpiece. The abrasive particles remove material through micro-cutting and brittle fracture. Key components of the process include the gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, machining chamber and AJM nozzle. Process parameters like abrasive type, carrier gas properties, abrasive flow rate and nozzle characteristics influence the material removal rate, surface finish and nozzle wear. AJM can precisely machine hard and brittle materials.
Ajm(Abrasive jet machining)
Abrasive jet machining is a non-traditional machining process that removes material by directing a high-velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by a gas through a nozzle onto a workpiece. The abrasive particles impact the workpiece surface at speeds up to 300 m/s, removing material through micro-cutting and brittle fracture. Key aspects of the process include the abrasive particles (usually aluminum oxide or silicon carbide around 50 microns in size), gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, mixing chamber and nozzle (made of tungsten carbide). Abrasive jet machining can efficiently machine intricate shapes in hard, brittle materials like ceramics and glass with low heat impact.
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The document summarizes abrasive jet machining (AJM), an unconventional machining process. In AJM, a high velocity jet of abrasive particles carried by compressed air or gas is directed at a workpiece to remove material. Key aspects of AJM include the gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, machining chamber, AJM nozzle, and abrasives used. AJM is useful for machining brittle materials and provides better surface finish than conventional machining. The document outlines the various components and process of AJM.
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Abrasive jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of abrasive particles carried by gas or water to erode material from a workpiece. Key components include an abrasive delivery system, control system, pump, nozzle, and motion system. It can precisely cut hard materials like ceramics and glass. While removal rates are slower than other machining methods, AJM requires no start holes and generates minimal heat or vibration in the workpiece.
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This document provides an introduction to abrasive jet machining (AJM), a type of non-traditional machining. It explains that AJM involves removing material from the workpiece through the impingement of high-velocity abrasive particles propelled by a gas. The key process parameters that control machining characteristics are described, including the abrasive material, gas used, nozzle design and stand-off distance. Advantages of AJM include obtaining a high surface finish, causing little damage, and enabling machining of heat-sensitive materials. Disadvantages are its lower material removal rate and difficulty achieving accuracy and straight holes.
Assignment on casting
1. Die casting is a metal casting process where molten metal is forced into a mold cavity under high pressure. This allows for intricate metal parts to be cast with high dimensional accuracy and consistency.
2. The main alloys used are zinc, aluminum, magnesium, copper, and tin-based alloys. Die casting is best suited for high volume production due to the large capital costs of the equipment and tooling.
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Chemical machining uses controlled chemical reactions to selectively remove material from a part, allowing for precise shaping. Masking materials like neoprene protect areas not to be removed as an etchant like ferric chloride converts exposed metal into a salt that is washed away. Photochemical machining uses a photocopier to develop a maskant film for etching high precision parts. Plasma arc cutting uses an electric arc constricted through a copper nozzle to form a plasma jet over 20,000°C that cuts through metal, with gases like argon-hydrogen or oxygen used to ionize the plasma and nitrogen as a secondary gas.
ABRASIVE JET MACHINING by Ms Shikha Kashyap
Abrasive jet machining uses abrasive particles mixed with air or water that are forced through a nozzle at high velocity to erode material from the workpiece surface. Finer abrasive particles produce better surface finishes down to 0.5 micrometers, but removal rates are very slow at around 0.5 cubic centimeters per hour. The process is suitable for machining hard and brittle materials and can be used for drilling small holes, cutting ceramics and glass, and finishing complex shapes. Key factors that influence the machining include the abrasive particle size, carrier gas velocity and mixing ratio, work material properties, and standoff distance between the nozzle and workpiece.
Non Conventional Machining Processes
The document discusses non-conventional machining processes. It begins by distinguishing between conventional machining processes, which use hard cutting tools to remove material, and non-conventional processes, which use other energies like mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical. Non-conventional processes are then classified based on the type of energy used, including mechanical, electrochemical, electro-thermal, and chemical processes. Examples of specific non-conventional machining techniques are provided within each classification.
Unit 2 --- ucm
Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) – Wire cut EDM – Working Principle-equipments-Process
Parameters-Surface Finish and MRR- electrode / Tool – Power and control Circuits-Tool Wear – Dielectric – Flushing –– Applications. Laser Beam machining and drilling, (LBM), plasma, Arc
machining (PAM) and Electron Beam Machining (EBM). Principles – Equipment –Types - Beam
control techniques – Applications
Classification of Tool Materials
Classification of Tool Materials.
For More Details
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Engineering Study Materials : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8vigo0VxccfcGnmJnf-ESA
Shivam pandey ppt on ajm
Abrasive jet machining involves a high velocity stream of gas or water mixed with abrasive particles being directed at a material to remove it. The process uses a mixing chamber to combine the abrasive particles like aluminum oxide or silicon carbide that are 10-50 micrometers in size with a gas like nitrogen or air. This mixture is then passed through a small tungsten carbide nozzle at speeds of 150-300 meters per second to machine the material.
Non-traditional-machining.pdf
The document provides an introduction to non-traditional machining processes. It discusses how non-traditional machining is needed for hard or precision materials that cannot be machined through traditional methods. It then classifies non-traditional machining processes into mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical categories based on the energy source used. Specific non-traditional machining techniques like abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, electrochemical machining, and water jet cutting are then described in more detail, outlining their basic mechanisms and important process parameters.
MECHANICAL BASED ENERGY PROCESS
This document provides an overview of 4 unconventional machining processes: abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. For each process, it describes the basic working principles, key process parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The processes remove material using abrasive particles accelerated by air, water, or ultrasonic vibration rather than traditional cutting tools. Water jet machining can cut a variety of materials with no heat effect, while adding abrasives allows cutting stronger metals. Ultrasonic machining uses tool vibration to erode material with abrasives and can machine hard, brittle materials.
Ultra sonic machining
Ultrasonic machining is a non-traditional machining process that uses high-frequency vibrations and abrasive slurry to remove material. It is well-suited for hard and brittle materials. The document describes the process, including that a vibrating tool and abrasive slurry are used to induce micro-cracks and fracture material removed. Applications include machining tungsten carbide, diamond, glass, and other hard materials that are difficult to machine with traditional methods.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
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颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
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Abresive jet machining (AJM)
- 1. Abrasive jet machining (AJM) Abrasive jet machining is a metal removing process, in this process metal is removed with the help of high velocity steam of abrasive particle on it. In AJM metal is removing with the help of erosion. The high velocity (about 200-400 m/s) of dry air, nitrogen or carbon dioxide with abrasive particle is focused on workpiece under controlled condition. The rate of metal removing is depending on the flow rate and the size of abrasive particle, commonly used abrasive on AJM is Sic, Sodium bicarbonate glass beds. Abrasive particle and high pressure air is supplied to the mixing chamber at pressure of 2 to 8 kgf/cm2 and the chamber is vibrating for mixing of abrasive with gas.
- 3. Element of AJM a. Nozzle: Nozzle is usually made from the tungsten carbide or sapphire. b. Abrasive: Commonly use abrasive are Sic, sodium bicarbonate, dolomite and glass beads. c. Mixing chamber: d. Vibrating device: e. Mixing chamber:
- 4. Advantage of AJM a) Low capital cost. b) No heat is generating. c) Fragile, brittle or heat sensitive material can be easily machined without damage.
- 5. Disadvantage: a) Accuracy is poor. b) Slow metal removal rate. c) Can’t use for machining ductile material. d) Abrasive particle are not reusable.
- 6. Application: a) Remove plating, anodic, or thermal oxide coating. b) For abrading and frosting of glass. c) Machining semiconductor such as germanium,gallum etc.