1.Name of Experiment:
Preparing a Metal Specimen for Microscopic Examination.
2.The objective of the Experiment
a. The determination of the size and shape of the grains.
b. To specify what forms are present.
c. To find if the specimen has undergone plastic or elastic deformation.
d. To search for impurities.
e. To find if it has inferior any phase changes
It is a near net shape process in which casting and forging is done in single step.
It is Referred by many names such as “squeeze casting” , “pressure infiltration”, “liquid metal forging”, “extrusion casting”, “liquid pressing'', “pressure crystallization”.
It is a near net shape process in which casting and forging is done in single step.
It is Referred by many names such as “squeeze casting” , “pressure infiltration”, “liquid metal forging”, “extrusion casting”, “liquid pressing'', “pressure crystallization”.
Mechanics of Machine lab manual c 20 20ME31PTHANMAY JS
Section 01: Strength of Material
A. Force-Types of Forces-Resolution of forces (Introduction)
1) Resolution of forces- Analytical Method
2) Resolution of forces by Graphical Method
B. Verification of Forces by triangle law, parallelogram law and Lami's theorem
C. Balancing of Rotating Mass
D. Types of Loads-Tensile, Compression, Shear, Impact, Stress and Strain types, Hooks Law & Young's Modulus
E. Conduct tensile test for the given Specimen and Determine Stress-Strain-Young’s Modulus, Yield Stress- Maximum Stress – Breaking Stress - % Elongation in Length and % Reduction in Area Also, Draw Stress - Strain Diagram for the above Parameters.
F. Conduct Compression test for the given Specimen and Determine Stress - Strain -Young’s Modulus, Yield Stress Maximum Stress - % Reduction in Length and % Increase in Area Also, Draw Stress- Strain Diagram for the above Parameters.
G. Conduct Shear test for the given specimen-Problems on Members subjected to combined Stresses
H. Ansys Transient Simulation of Tensile, Compression & Shear Test
I. Conduct Bending test for the given specimen
1) Types of Beams-Types of Loads acting on Beams-Concept of Shear force-Bending moment
2) Draw Shear force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) for Cantilever subjected to Point Load and Uniformly Distributed loads (UDL)
3) Draw Shear force Diagram(SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram(BMD) for Cantilever subjected to Point Load and Uniformly Distributed loads (UDL)
4) Draw Shear force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) for a simply supported beam subjected to Point Load and Uniformly Distributed loads (UDL)
5) Draw SFD and BMD for Simply supported and Cantilever beam subjected to Point Load and UDL Draw Shear force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) for a Simply supported beam subjected to Point Load and Uniformly Distributed loads (UDL)
6) Draw SFD and BMD for Simply supported and Cantilever beam subjected to Point Load and UDL Draw Shear force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) for a Simply supported beam subjected to Point Load and Uniformly Distributed loads (UDL)
J. Pure Bending-Assumptions-Neutral Axis-Bending Equation-Problems on Bending Equation
Section 02: Finite Element Methods (FEM)
A. Introduction to Finite Element Methods (FEM), Need-Back Ground
B. Methods employed in FEM- Steps in FEM
C. Advantages and Disadvantages, Limitations,
D. Applications of FEM-Concept of Discontinuity
1) Phases of FEA (Finite Element Analysis)
2) Discretization Process
3) Meshing–Element type
4) Stiffness Matrix of a Bar Element
5) Global Stiffness Matrix-Properties of stiffness matrix
6) Boundary Conditions – Methods – Types
E. Problems on 1-D elements Validate using FEM software (Ex: Ansys)
F. Problems on 2-D elements Validate using FEM software (Ex: Ansys)
Fundamentals, synthesis and applications of Al2O3-ZrO2 compositesTANDRA MOHANTA
When the word “Ceramic” comes to our mind, we usually associate them with plates, saucers, cups and mugs. But, the word “Ceramic” encompasses more than just the word “plates” or “saucers”. Indeed, ceramic materials are hard and inherently brittle, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. They have multifarious properties and have acquired a status of high technical importance in the field of scientific research. Ceramics are the soul of the modern day’s structural applications owing to their high mechanical and thermal stability under different challenging conditions. They exhibit remarkable properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, high elastic modulus, high melting point and the ability to retain high strength at elevated temperatures. Alumina (Al2O3) is one such remarkable ceramic material known for its unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties. But the brittle nature of Al2O3 limits its use in certain engineering applications. Therefore, the strength of Al2O3 and Al2O3- based ceramics can be enhanced by tailoring the microstructural design through the application of strategic techniques that may involve secondary phase particle inclusion (such as Zirconia, ZrO2)
Mechanics of Machine lab manual c 20 20ME31PTHANMAY JS
Section 01: Strength of Material
A. Force-Types of Forces-Resolution of forces (Introduction)
1) Resolution of forces- Analytical Method
2) Resolution of forces by Graphical Method
B. Verification of Forces by triangle law, parallelogram law and Lami's theorem
C. Balancing of Rotating Mass
D. Types of Loads-Tensile, Compression, Shear, Impact, Stress and Strain types, Hooks Law & Young's Modulus
E. Conduct tensile test for the given Specimen and Determine Stress-Strain-Young’s Modulus, Yield Stress- Maximum Stress – Breaking Stress - % Elongation in Length and % Reduction in Area Also, Draw Stress - Strain Diagram for the above Parameters.
F. Conduct Compression test for the given Specimen and Determine Stress - Strain -Young’s Modulus, Yield Stress Maximum Stress - % Reduction in Length and % Increase in Area Also, Draw Stress- Strain Diagram for the above Parameters.
G. Conduct Shear test for the given specimen-Problems on Members subjected to combined Stresses
H. Ansys Transient Simulation of Tensile, Compression & Shear Test
I. Conduct Bending test for the given specimen
1) Types of Beams-Types of Loads acting on Beams-Concept of Shear force-Bending moment
2) Draw Shear force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) for Cantilever subjected to Point Load and Uniformly Distributed loads (UDL)
3) Draw Shear force Diagram(SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram(BMD) for Cantilever subjected to Point Load and Uniformly Distributed loads (UDL)
4) Draw Shear force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) for a simply supported beam subjected to Point Load and Uniformly Distributed loads (UDL)
5) Draw SFD and BMD for Simply supported and Cantilever beam subjected to Point Load and UDL Draw Shear force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) for a Simply supported beam subjected to Point Load and Uniformly Distributed loads (UDL)
6) Draw SFD and BMD for Simply supported and Cantilever beam subjected to Point Load and UDL Draw Shear force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) for a Simply supported beam subjected to Point Load and Uniformly Distributed loads (UDL)
J. Pure Bending-Assumptions-Neutral Axis-Bending Equation-Problems on Bending Equation
Section 02: Finite Element Methods (FEM)
A. Introduction to Finite Element Methods (FEM), Need-Back Ground
B. Methods employed in FEM- Steps in FEM
C. Advantages and Disadvantages, Limitations,
D. Applications of FEM-Concept of Discontinuity
1) Phases of FEA (Finite Element Analysis)
2) Discretization Process
3) Meshing–Element type
4) Stiffness Matrix of a Bar Element
5) Global Stiffness Matrix-Properties of stiffness matrix
6) Boundary Conditions – Methods – Types
E. Problems on 1-D elements Validate using FEM software (Ex: Ansys)
F. Problems on 2-D elements Validate using FEM software (Ex: Ansys)
Fundamentals, synthesis and applications of Al2O3-ZrO2 compositesTANDRA MOHANTA
When the word “Ceramic” comes to our mind, we usually associate them with plates, saucers, cups and mugs. But, the word “Ceramic” encompasses more than just the word “plates” or “saucers”. Indeed, ceramic materials are hard and inherently brittle, but this is just the tip of the iceberg. They have multifarious properties and have acquired a status of high technical importance in the field of scientific research. Ceramics are the soul of the modern day’s structural applications owing to their high mechanical and thermal stability under different challenging conditions. They exhibit remarkable properties such as high hardness, high wear resistance, high corrosion resistance, high elastic modulus, high melting point and the ability to retain high strength at elevated temperatures. Alumina (Al2O3) is one such remarkable ceramic material known for its unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties. But the brittle nature of Al2O3 limits its use in certain engineering applications. Therefore, the strength of Al2O3 and Al2O3- based ceramics can be enhanced by tailoring the microstructural design through the application of strategic techniques that may involve secondary phase particle inclusion (such as Zirconia, ZrO2)
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Increase of salt fog corrosion resistance of plasma nitridedJesusPZ
AISI 4340 is a commonly used alloy which is characterized by its remarkable strength, ductility and toughness obtained as a consequence of its good tempering properties [1].Because of its structural acceptable performance, AISI 4340 is widely used for fabrication of parts and components in automotive, aerospace as well as metal mechanics industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Preparing a metal specimen for microscopic examination
1. Baghdad University
College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Name of Experiment
"Preparing a Metal Specimen for Microscopic Examination "
Preparation:
Saif al-Din Ali Madi
The second phase
Group "A "
2. 1.Name of Experiment:
Preparing a Metal Specimen for Microscopic Examination.
2.The objec ve of the Experiment
a. The determination of the size and shape of the grains.
b. To specify what forms are present.
c. To find if the specimen has undergone plastic or elastic deformation.
d. To search for impurities.
e. To find if it has inferior any phase changes
3. Devices Used for Experiment
A. Microscope
B. Steel Specimens
C. tot Mounting Device
D. Grinding Device
E. Polishing Device
F. Hot Air Dryer
G. Etching solution for steel
3. 4. Experimental work
First we choose a specimen of suitable dimensions or
cut a specimen to our requirements taking care not to
raise its temperature. We then mount it and start the
grinding process taking care to rinsing it with water
when changing from one grade of grinding to another
there are four grade starting from the roughest &
gradually moving smoother one) using a polishing device
which is a disk covered with billiard or buffer cloth
diamond is spread and the polishing starts while
constantly moving the specimen In an (8) shape over the
polishing wheel. When we obtain a mirror like surface
the specimen is then washed swapped
gently with an etchant ( Netal : 98% alcohol + 2% HN )
just for a few seconds after which it is quickly rinsed
with water and then alcohol and dried with a blow
dryer.
4. 5. Discussion:
a. Define by what is meant by metallography
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of
crystalline form and abiogenic in origin (not produced by life processes).
A mineral has one specific chemical composition, whereas a rock can be
an aggregate of different minerals or mineraloids. The study of minerals
is called mineralogy.
There are over 5,300 known mineral species; as of March 2017, over
5,230 of these had been approved by the Interna onal Mineralogical
Associa on (IMA). The silicate minerals compose over 90% of the Earth's
crust. Silicon and oxygen cons tute approximately 75% of the Earth's
crust, which translates directly into the predominance of silicate
minerals.
Minerals are distinguished by various chemical and physical properties.
Differences in chemical composition and crystal structure distinguish the
various species, which were determined by the mineral's geological
environment when formed. Changes in the temperature, pressure, or
bulk composition of a rock mass cause changes in its minerals.
5. b. What is the difference between metallography and metallurgy?
Mining :
is the extraction of valuable metals, or other geological material from
the ground, usually (and not always) of a raw object, a sweat or a coal
incision. Materials obtained from mining include bauxite, coal, copper,
gold, silver, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, moccasins,
nickel, phosphate, rock, rock salt, tin, uranium and molybdenum. Any
material that can not be developed by agricultural processes, or
artificially created in a plant or plant, is usually obtained by mining.
Mining in a more general sense involves the extraction of any undefined
wealth (such as oil, natural gas, and even water).
Mineralogy :
is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of chemistry,
crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals
and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the
processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals,
their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization
6. c. Why must we avoid an increase in temperature in the specimens.
Specimens can be hot mounted (at around 200 °C) using a moun ng
press,
either in a thermosetting plastic (e.g. phenolic resin), or a thermo-
softening
plastic (e.g. acrylic resin)
Hot Mounting Press A typical mounting cycle will compress the specimen
and moun ng media to 4,000 psi (28MPa) and heat to a temperature of
350 °F (177 °C). The pressing mechanism is achieved by hydraulics.
If hot mounting will alter the structure of the specimen a cold-setting
resin
can be used, e.g. epoxy, acrylic or polyester resin
7. A mounted specimen usually has a thickness of about half its diameter,
to
prevent rocking during grinding and polishing.
The edges of the mounted specimen should be rounded to minimise the
damage to grinding and polishing discs
8. d. Why must we rotate the specimen 90' each me between polishing
phases.
Fine Grinding
Each grinding stage removes the scratches from the previous coarser
paper.
This is more easily achieved by orienting the specimen perpendicular
to the
previous scratches, and watching for these previously oriented scratches
to be
obliterated.
Between each grade the specimen is washed thoroughly with soapy
water to
prevent contamination from coarser grit present on the specimen
surface.
In general, successive steps are 240, 320, 400 and 600 grit SiC and the
grinding
rate should steadily decrease from one stage to the next.
ABRASIVE BELT GRINDER
Different grades of SiC paper are rolled on rollers
which rotate at a specific speed. The specimen is
then moved from one end to another in a uniform
fashion.
When shifting to a different grade, the specimen is rotated by an angle
of 90⁰
9. e. How can we avoid the oxidation of the specimen's surface while
treating it with etching solution?
After etching process, the specimen needs to be washed again in
distilled
water to remove any excess reagent present on it.
If not washed, under microscopic observation, there might be
aberrations
in the colour of the sample.
Also, slow and continuous reaction for a long time may take place
because of which we cannot use the sample for proper microscopic
observation.
Cleaning can also be done by placing a drop of spirit and drying it.
After washing, it can be dried using a low power blower.
10. f. Explain how the etchant solution shows the grains and grain boundary
Chemical Etching
This typically involves immersing the sample in an etchant such or
swabbing
the surface with an etchant. The etchant selectively corrodes
microstructural features.
Immersion time or etching time is highly dependent on the system
and in
most cases requires experience.
The reactivity of a grain is dependent on the orientation of its
microstructure.
Deeper etches are preferred for low magnification examinations,
while
shallow etches are preferred for higher magnification etches.
11. Electrolytic Etching
In electrolytic (anodic) etching, electrical
potential is applied to the specimen using
an external circuit
During electrolytic etching, positive metal
ions leave the specimen surface and
diffuse into the electrolyte
Typical examples are platinum, graphite
and stainless steels
In electrolytic (anodic) etching, electrical
potential is applied to the specimen using
During electrolytic etching, positive metal
ions leave the specimen surface and
diffuse into the electrolyte
Typical examples are platinum, graphite
12. g. Why are the grain boundaries oxidization more sever and are the 1"
to be oxidized than the grain surface themselves?
Process of oxidizing a sample . This induces oxidation of surface
features at different rates, to reveal various features.
Coloration of the surface takes place at different rates according to
the reaction characteristics of different elements
The observed interference colours allow the differentiation of phases
and grains