The document provides an introduction to non-traditional machining processes. It discusses how non-traditional machining is needed for hard or precision materials that cannot be machined through traditional methods. It then classifies non-traditional machining processes into mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical categories based on the energy source used. Specific non-traditional machining techniques like abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, electrochemical machining, and water jet cutting are then described in more detail, outlining their basic mechanisms and important process parameters.
This document provides an introduction to abrasive jet machining (AJM), a type of non-traditional machining. It explains that AJM involves removing material from the workpiece through the impingement of high-velocity abrasive particles propelled by a gas. The key process parameters that control machining characteristics are described, including the abrasive material, gas used, nozzle design and stand-off distance. Advantages of AJM include obtaining a high surface finish, causing little damage, and enabling machining of heat-sensitive materials. Disadvantages are its lower material removal rate and difficulty achieving accuracy and straight holes.
Abrasive jet machining is a non-traditional machining process that removes material by directing a high-velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by a gas through a nozzle onto a workpiece. The abrasive particles impact the workpiece surface at speeds up to 300 m/s, removing material through micro-cutting and brittle fracture. Key aspects of the process include the abrasive particles (usually aluminum oxide or silicon carbide around 50 microns in size), gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, mixing chamber and nozzle (made of tungsten carbide). Abrasive jet machining can efficiently machine intricate shapes in hard, brittle materials like ceramics and glass with low heat impact.
The document summarizes abrasive jet machining (AJM), an unconventional machining process. In AJM, a high velocity jet of abrasive particles carried by compressed air or gas is directed at a workpiece to remove material. Key aspects of AJM include the gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, machining chamber, AJM nozzle, and abrasives used. AJM is useful for machining brittle materials and provides better surface finish than conventional machining. The document outlines the various components and process of AJM.
Abrasive jet machining uses compressed air or gas to propel abrasive particles at high velocities towards a workpiece. The abrasive particles remove material through micro-cutting and brittle fracture. Key components of the process include the gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, machining chamber and AJM nozzle. Process parameters like abrasive type, carrier gas properties, abrasive flow rate and nozzle characteristics influence the material removal rate, surface finish and nozzle wear. AJM can precisely machine hard and brittle materials.
This document is a seminar report on non-conventional machining processes submitted by Rahul Solanki for their master's degree. It discusses several non-traditional machining techniques including abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, water jet cutting, abrasive water jet cutting, and electrical discharge machining. For each technique, it describes the basic working principles, applications, advantages, and limitations. The report provides an overview of different options for machining hard materials and complex shapes that are difficult with traditional methods.
This document provides information on various machining processes, both traditional and non-traditional. It begins by defining machining and categorizing different machining methods such as cutting, abrasive processes, and nontraditional processes using electrical, chemical or optical energy. Specific nontraditional processes discussed include abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), chemical machining (CM), and electrochemical machining (ECM). The document explains the basic working principles, construction details, advantages, and applications of these nontraditional machining processes.
This document provides an introduction to electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM is an unconventional machining process where material is removed by electric sparks between an electrode tool and conductive workpiece, with no direct contact between them. Key aspects of EDM covered include the construction of EDM machines, the role of dielectric fluids, factors that affect the material removal rate such as capacitance and spark parameters, and electrode tool materials and wear characteristics. Graphite, copper, and copper-tungsten are commonly used as tool materials in EDM due to properties like machinability and erosion resistance.
This document provides an introduction to abrasive jet machining (AJM), a type of non-traditional machining. It explains that AJM involves removing material from the workpiece through the impingement of high-velocity abrasive particles propelled by a gas. The key process parameters that control machining characteristics are described, including the abrasive material, gas used, nozzle design and stand-off distance. Advantages of AJM include obtaining a high surface finish, causing little damage, and enabling machining of heat-sensitive materials. Disadvantages are its lower material removal rate and difficulty achieving accuracy and straight holes.
Abrasive jet machining is a non-traditional machining process that removes material by directing a high-velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by a gas through a nozzle onto a workpiece. The abrasive particles impact the workpiece surface at speeds up to 300 m/s, removing material through micro-cutting and brittle fracture. Key aspects of the process include the abrasive particles (usually aluminum oxide or silicon carbide around 50 microns in size), gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, mixing chamber and nozzle (made of tungsten carbide). Abrasive jet machining can efficiently machine intricate shapes in hard, brittle materials like ceramics and glass with low heat impact.
The document summarizes abrasive jet machining (AJM), an unconventional machining process. In AJM, a high velocity jet of abrasive particles carried by compressed air or gas is directed at a workpiece to remove material. Key aspects of AJM include the gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, machining chamber, AJM nozzle, and abrasives used. AJM is useful for machining brittle materials and provides better surface finish than conventional machining. The document outlines the various components and process of AJM.
Abrasive jet machining uses compressed air or gas to propel abrasive particles at high velocities towards a workpiece. The abrasive particles remove material through micro-cutting and brittle fracture. Key components of the process include the gas propulsion system, abrasive feeder, machining chamber and AJM nozzle. Process parameters like abrasive type, carrier gas properties, abrasive flow rate and nozzle characteristics influence the material removal rate, surface finish and nozzle wear. AJM can precisely machine hard and brittle materials.
This document is a seminar report on non-conventional machining processes submitted by Rahul Solanki for their master's degree. It discusses several non-traditional machining techniques including abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, water jet cutting, abrasive water jet cutting, and electrical discharge machining. For each technique, it describes the basic working principles, applications, advantages, and limitations. The report provides an overview of different options for machining hard materials and complex shapes that are difficult with traditional methods.
This document provides information on various machining processes, both traditional and non-traditional. It begins by defining machining and categorizing different machining methods such as cutting, abrasive processes, and nontraditional processes using electrical, chemical or optical energy. Specific nontraditional processes discussed include abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), chemical machining (CM), and electrochemical machining (ECM). The document explains the basic working principles, construction details, advantages, and applications of these nontraditional machining processes.
This document provides an introduction to electrical discharge machining (EDM). EDM is an unconventional machining process where material is removed by electric sparks between an electrode tool and conductive workpiece, with no direct contact between them. Key aspects of EDM covered include the construction of EDM machines, the role of dielectric fluids, factors that affect the material removal rate such as capacitance and spark parameters, and electrode tool materials and wear characteristics. Graphite, copper, and copper-tungsten are commonly used as tool materials in EDM due to properties like machinability and erosion resistance.
Non Traditional Machining is playing vital role in now a days in mechanical Industries so student it should be need sound knowledge in this particular subject due to impact of this subject i am prepare in this materials it is most useful for my students...
All The Best ...
By: Author-Prof.S.Sathishkumar
The document discusses non-traditional machining processes. It defines these processes as those that remove material using techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy rather than traditional sharp cutting tools. The document outlines the key characteristics of non-traditional machining, provides examples of different types of processes classified by energy type used, and discusses specific processes like abrasive jet machining and ultrasonic machining in more detail.
non conventional machining processes.pptxkprasad46
The document discusses non-traditional manufacturing processes. It begins by defining non-traditional manufacturing processes as those that remove material using techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy without using sharp cutting tools. Some examples of non-traditional processes discussed include ultrasonic machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and abrasive water jet machining. The document then provides more details on these specific processes, describing how each one works and giving examples of materials they can machine and applications. Limitations of some of the processes are also mentioned.
This document discusses various non-traditional machining processes and their parameters. It begins by introducing non-traditional machining and why it is needed for hard or precision materials. It then summarizes key parameters for several processes: water jet cutting, abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, electrochemical machining, and electric discharge machining. For each it identifies important variables that control factors like material removal rate, surface finish, and tool wear. The document provides detailed information on process characteristics and parameter optimization for non-traditional machining.
This document provides an overview of mechanical energy-based machining processes including abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. It describes the basic working principles of each process including the equipment used and key process parameters. Abrasive jet machining involves a high velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by compressed gas that machines materials by mechanical abrasion. Water jet machining uses ultrahigh pressure water to cut materials, while abrasive water jet machining adds abrasive particles to the water jet to increase cutting ability and speed. Ultrasonic machining involves vibrating a tool at high frequency against a workpiece with an abrasive slurry to erode material
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM). It explains that in USM, a tool oscillated at ultrasonic frequencies (around 20 kHz) with abrasive particles in the gap between the tool and workpiece. The abrasive particles are forced to repeatedly impact the work surface due to the ultrasonic oscillations, removing material through micro-chipping. Key advantages of USM include the ability to machine hard and brittle materials precisely without producing thermal or chemical defects, while disadvantages include low material removal rates and fast tool wear. Common abrasives used include aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in a water slurry. USM is suitable for machining intricate shapes, small holes, and hard non-conductive
Various Non-conventional machining Processaman1312
The document provides information on various non-conventional machining processes. It begins by defining non-traditional manufacturing processes as those that remove material using mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical energy without sharp cutting tools. Extremely hard materials are difficult to machine with traditional processes. The document then discusses several non-traditional processes in detail, including abrasive jet machining (AJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), electrical discharge machining (EDM), and their working principles and applications.
The document discusses non-conventional machining processes. It begins by distinguishing between conventional machining processes, which use hard cutting tools to remove material, and non-conventional processes, which use other energies like mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical. Non-conventional processes are then classified based on the type of energy used, including mechanical, electrochemical, electro-thermal, and chemical processes. Examples of specific non-conventional machining techniques are provided within each classification.
The document discusses various non-conventional machining processes that remove material using means other than traditional cutting tools. It describes abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, waterjet cutting, electrochemical machining, electrochemical grinding, electrodischarge machining, laser beam machining, and chemical machining. These alternative processes can machine hard or complex materials and features that cannot be done with conventional machining. The document provides details on the mechanisms, parameters, advantages, and applications of various non-traditional machining methods.
This document provides an overview of 4 unconventional machining processes: abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. For each process, it describes the basic working principles, key process parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The processes remove material using abrasive particles accelerated by air, water, or ultrasonic vibration rather than traditional cutting tools. Water jet machining can cut a variety of materials with no heat effect, while adding abrasives allows cutting stronger metals. Ultrasonic machining uses tool vibration to erode material with abrasives and can machine hard, brittle materials.
Abrasive jet machining involves removing material from a workpiece using a high-velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by a gas. The process works by directing the abrasive particle jet through a nozzle at the workpiece surface. Material is removed through the erosive action of the abrasive particles striking the workpiece surface. Abrasive jet machining can cut hard and brittle materials and produces a high surface finish. It has advantages of low power consumption and capital cost but limitations include low material removal rates and high nozzle wear.
Abrasive jet machining (AJM) is a mechanical energy based unconventional machining process that uses a high velocity abrasive jet to remove material from hard metallic workpieces. It works by mixing compressed gas with abrasive particles in a mixing chamber and forcing the abrasive jet through a nozzle onto the workpiece. Key components include an abrasive jet, mixing chamber, compressor, nozzle, and various pressure and flow controls. AJM can be used to drill, bore, finish surfaces, cut, clean, deburr, etch, trim, and mill hard materials.
Water jet machining (WJM) is a similar non-traditional machining process that uses high pressure water instead of an
Minimization of Material Removal Rate in Abrasive Jet Machining of Tempered G...paperpublications3
Abstract: Modern machining methods are also known as Non Traditional machining methods. These methods form a group of processes which removes excess material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical energy or combination of these energies. There is no cutting of metal with the help of metallic tool having sharp cutting edge. The major reasons of development and popularity of the modern machining methods are listed below.
Need to machine newly developed metals and non-metals having some special properties like extremely high strength, high hardness and high toughness. A Materials poising the above mentioned properties are difficult to be machined by the Conventional machining methods.
Sometimes it is required to produce complex part geometries that cannot be easily produced by following conventional machining techniques .Non
Traditional machining methods also provide very good quality of surface finish, which may also be an encouragement of these methods. There can be a very long list of non-conventional machining methods. These methods can be classified as the basis of their base principle of working as given in the following section.
This document discusses nontraditional manufacturing processes. It provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM), describing the process, material removal mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also summarizes waterjet machining (WJM) and abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM), explaining the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these processes. Finally, it briefly introduces abrasive jet machining (AJM), describing the basic process and its uses.
This document discusses nontraditional manufacturing processes. It provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM), describing the process, material removal mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also summarizes waterjet machining (WJM) and abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM), explaining the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these processes. Finally, it briefly introduces abrasive jet machining (AJM), describing the basic process and its uses.
This document provides information on non-traditional manufacturing processes. It defines non-traditional processes as those that remove material using mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy without direct tool-workpiece contact. Several non-traditional processes are described in detail, including ultrasonic machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, electrochemical grinding, and chemical milling. Non-traditional processes allow hard and brittle materials to be machined without damage and with better surface finish compared to traditional processes. They find applications in industries such as aerospace, electronics, and automotive.
This document discusses various nontraditional machining processes that remove material using mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical energy rather than sharp cutting tools. It covers mechanical processes like ultrasonic machining and water jet cutting, electrochemical processes like electrochemical machining, thermal processes like electric discharge machining and laser beam machining, and chemical machining. For each process, it provides details on working principles, applications, advantages, and limitations.
The document discusses various unconventional machining processes including abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), and ultrasonic machining (USM). It provides an overview of the working principles, equipment used, process parameters, material removal rate, and applications of each process. Specifically, it explains that AJM uses a high-speed stream of abrasive particles to remove material, WJM uses a high-velocity water jet, AWJM adds abrasive particles to the water jet, and USM removes material using abrasive particles oscillated at ultrasonic frequencies. The document also discusses factors for selecting among these unconventional machining processes.
Abrasive jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of abrasive particles carried by gas or water to erode material from a workpiece. Key components include an abrasive delivery system, control system, pump, nozzle, and motion system. It can precisely cut hard materials like ceramics and glass. While removal rates are slower than other machining methods, AJM requires no start holes and generates minimal heat or vibration in the workpiece.
Non Traditional Machining is playing vital role in now a days in mechanical Industries so student it should be need sound knowledge in this particular subject due to impact of this subject i am prepare in this materials it is most useful for my students...
All The Best ...
By: Author-Prof.S.Sathishkumar
The document discusses non-traditional machining processes. It defines these processes as those that remove material using techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy rather than traditional sharp cutting tools. The document outlines the key characteristics of non-traditional machining, provides examples of different types of processes classified by energy type used, and discusses specific processes like abrasive jet machining and ultrasonic machining in more detail.
non conventional machining processes.pptxkprasad46
The document discusses non-traditional manufacturing processes. It begins by defining non-traditional manufacturing processes as those that remove material using techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy without using sharp cutting tools. Some examples of non-traditional processes discussed include ultrasonic machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, and abrasive water jet machining. The document then provides more details on these specific processes, describing how each one works and giving examples of materials they can machine and applications. Limitations of some of the processes are also mentioned.
This document discusses various non-traditional machining processes and their parameters. It begins by introducing non-traditional machining and why it is needed for hard or precision materials. It then summarizes key parameters for several processes: water jet cutting, abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, electrochemical machining, and electric discharge machining. For each it identifies important variables that control factors like material removal rate, surface finish, and tool wear. The document provides detailed information on process characteristics and parameter optimization for non-traditional machining.
This document provides an overview of mechanical energy-based machining processes including abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. It describes the basic working principles of each process including the equipment used and key process parameters. Abrasive jet machining involves a high velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by compressed gas that machines materials by mechanical abrasion. Water jet machining uses ultrahigh pressure water to cut materials, while abrasive water jet machining adds abrasive particles to the water jet to increase cutting ability and speed. Ultrasonic machining involves vibrating a tool at high frequency against a workpiece with an abrasive slurry to erode material
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM). It explains that in USM, a tool oscillated at ultrasonic frequencies (around 20 kHz) with abrasive particles in the gap between the tool and workpiece. The abrasive particles are forced to repeatedly impact the work surface due to the ultrasonic oscillations, removing material through micro-chipping. Key advantages of USM include the ability to machine hard and brittle materials precisely without producing thermal or chemical defects, while disadvantages include low material removal rates and fast tool wear. Common abrasives used include aluminum oxide and silicon carbide in a water slurry. USM is suitable for machining intricate shapes, small holes, and hard non-conductive
Various Non-conventional machining Processaman1312
The document provides information on various non-conventional machining processes. It begins by defining non-traditional manufacturing processes as those that remove material using mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical energy without sharp cutting tools. Extremely hard materials are difficult to machine with traditional processes. The document then discusses several non-traditional processes in detail, including abrasive jet machining (AJM), ultrasonic machining (USM), electrical discharge machining (EDM), and their working principles and applications.
The document discusses non-conventional machining processes. It begins by distinguishing between conventional machining processes, which use hard cutting tools to remove material, and non-conventional processes, which use other energies like mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical. Non-conventional processes are then classified based on the type of energy used, including mechanical, electrochemical, electro-thermal, and chemical processes. Examples of specific non-conventional machining techniques are provided within each classification.
The document discusses various non-conventional machining processes that remove material using means other than traditional cutting tools. It describes abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, waterjet cutting, electrochemical machining, electrochemical grinding, electrodischarge machining, laser beam machining, and chemical machining. These alternative processes can machine hard or complex materials and features that cannot be done with conventional machining. The document provides details on the mechanisms, parameters, advantages, and applications of various non-traditional machining methods.
This document provides an overview of 4 unconventional machining processes: abrasive jet machining, water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, and ultrasonic machining. For each process, it describes the basic working principles, key process parameters, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. The processes remove material using abrasive particles accelerated by air, water, or ultrasonic vibration rather than traditional cutting tools. Water jet machining can cut a variety of materials with no heat effect, while adding abrasives allows cutting stronger metals. Ultrasonic machining uses tool vibration to erode material with abrasives and can machine hard, brittle materials.
Abrasive jet machining involves removing material from a workpiece using a high-velocity stream of abrasive particles carried by a gas. The process works by directing the abrasive particle jet through a nozzle at the workpiece surface. Material is removed through the erosive action of the abrasive particles striking the workpiece surface. Abrasive jet machining can cut hard and brittle materials and produces a high surface finish. It has advantages of low power consumption and capital cost but limitations include low material removal rates and high nozzle wear.
Abrasive jet machining (AJM) is a mechanical energy based unconventional machining process that uses a high velocity abrasive jet to remove material from hard metallic workpieces. It works by mixing compressed gas with abrasive particles in a mixing chamber and forcing the abrasive jet through a nozzle onto the workpiece. Key components include an abrasive jet, mixing chamber, compressor, nozzle, and various pressure and flow controls. AJM can be used to drill, bore, finish surfaces, cut, clean, deburr, etch, trim, and mill hard materials.
Water jet machining (WJM) is a similar non-traditional machining process that uses high pressure water instead of an
Minimization of Material Removal Rate in Abrasive Jet Machining of Tempered G...paperpublications3
Abstract: Modern machining methods are also known as Non Traditional machining methods. These methods form a group of processes which removes excess material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical energy or combination of these energies. There is no cutting of metal with the help of metallic tool having sharp cutting edge. The major reasons of development and popularity of the modern machining methods are listed below.
Need to machine newly developed metals and non-metals having some special properties like extremely high strength, high hardness and high toughness. A Materials poising the above mentioned properties are difficult to be machined by the Conventional machining methods.
Sometimes it is required to produce complex part geometries that cannot be easily produced by following conventional machining techniques .Non
Traditional machining methods also provide very good quality of surface finish, which may also be an encouragement of these methods. There can be a very long list of non-conventional machining methods. These methods can be classified as the basis of their base principle of working as given in the following section.
This document discusses nontraditional manufacturing processes. It provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM), describing the process, material removal mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also summarizes waterjet machining (WJM) and abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM), explaining the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these processes. Finally, it briefly introduces abrasive jet machining (AJM), describing the basic process and its uses.
This document discusses nontraditional manufacturing processes. It provides an overview of ultrasonic machining (USM), describing the process, material removal mechanism, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It also summarizes waterjet machining (WJM) and abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM), explaining the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these processes. Finally, it briefly introduces abrasive jet machining (AJM), describing the basic process and its uses.
This document provides information on non-traditional manufacturing processes. It defines non-traditional processes as those that remove material using mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy without direct tool-workpiece contact. Several non-traditional processes are described in detail, including ultrasonic machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, electrochemical grinding, and chemical milling. Non-traditional processes allow hard and brittle materials to be machined without damage and with better surface finish compared to traditional processes. They find applications in industries such as aerospace, electronics, and automotive.
This document discusses various nontraditional machining processes that remove material using mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical energy rather than sharp cutting tools. It covers mechanical processes like ultrasonic machining and water jet cutting, electrochemical processes like electrochemical machining, thermal processes like electric discharge machining and laser beam machining, and chemical machining. For each process, it provides details on working principles, applications, advantages, and limitations.
The document discusses various unconventional machining processes including abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), abrasive water jet machining (AWJM), and ultrasonic machining (USM). It provides an overview of the working principles, equipment used, process parameters, material removal rate, and applications of each process. Specifically, it explains that AJM uses a high-speed stream of abrasive particles to remove material, WJM uses a high-velocity water jet, AWJM adds abrasive particles to the water jet, and USM removes material using abrasive particles oscillated at ultrasonic frequencies. The document also discusses factors for selecting among these unconventional machining processes.
Abrasive jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of abrasive particles carried by gas or water to erode material from a workpiece. Key components include an abrasive delivery system, control system, pump, nozzle, and motion system. It can precisely cut hard materials like ceramics and glass. While removal rates are slower than other machining methods, AJM requires no start holes and generates minimal heat or vibration in the workpiece.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
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Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
ELS: 2.4.1 POWER ELECTRONICS Course objectives: This course will enable stude...Kuvempu University
Introduction - Applications of Power Electronics, Power Semiconductor Devices, Control Characteristics of Power Devices, types of Power Electronic Circuits. Power Transistors: Power BJTs: Steady state characteristics. Power MOSFETs: device operation, switching characteristics, IGBTs: device operation, output and transfer characteristics.
Thyristors - Introduction, Principle of Operation of SCR, Static Anode- Cathode Characteristics of SCR, Two transistor model of SCR, Gate Characteristics of SCR, Turn-ON Methods, Turn-OFF Mechanism, Turn-OFF Methods: Natural and Forced Commutation – Class A and Class B types, Gate Trigger Circuit: Resistance Firing Circuit, Resistance capacitance firing circuit.
2. Non-Traditional Machining
• Traditional machining is mostly based on removal of materials
using tools that are harder than the materials themselves.
• New and novel materials because of their greatly improved
chemical, mechanical and thermal properties are sometimes
impossible to machine using traditional machining processes.
• Traditional machining methods are often ineffective in
machining hard materials like ceramics and composites or
machining hard materials like ceramics and composites or
machining under very tight tolerances as in micromachined
components.
• The need to a avoid surface damage that often accompanies
the stresses created by conventional machining.
Example: aerospace and electronics industries.
• They are classified under the domain of non traditional
processes.
3. Classification of Non-Traditional Machining
These can be classified according to the source of energy used to generate
such a machining action: mechanical, thermal, chemical and
electrochemical.
Mechanical: Erosion of the work material by a high velocity stream of
abrasives or fluids (or both)
Thermal: The thermal energy is applied to a very small portion of the work
surface, causing that portion to be removed by fusion and/or vaporization of
surface, causing that portion to be removed by fusion and/or vaporization of
the material. The thermal energy is generated by conversion of electrical
energy.
Electrochemical: Mechanism is reverse of electroplating.
Chemical: Most materials (metals particularly) are susceptible to chemical
attack by certain acids or other etchants. In chemical machining, chemicals
selectively remove material from portions of the workpart, while other
portions of the surface are protected by a mask.
5. Mechanical Machining
• Ultrasonic Machining (USM) and Waterjet Machining (WJM) are typical
examples of single action, mechanical non traditional machining processes.
• The machining medium is solid grains suspended in an abrasive slurry in the
former, while a fluid is employed in the WJM process.
• The introduction of abrasives to the fluid jet enhances the machining
efficiency and is known as abrasive water jet machining. Similar case
happens when ice particles are introduced as in Ice Jet Machining.
6. Thermal Machining
Thermal machining
removes materials by
melting or vaporizing the
work piece material.
Many secondary
phenomena occur during
machining such as
microcracking, formation of
microcracking, formation of
heat affected zones,
striations etc.
The source of heat could
be plasma as during EDM
and PBM or photons as
during LBM, electrons in
EBM, ions in IBM etc.
7. Chemical and Electrochemical Machining
• Chemical milling and
photochemical machining or
photochemical blanking all use a
chemical dissolution action to
remove the machining allowance
through ions in an etchant.
through ions in an etchant.
• Electrochemical machining uses
the electrochemical dissolution
phase to remove the machining
allowance using ion transfer in an
electrolytic cell.
8. Water Jet Cutting (WJC)
• Also known as hydrodynamic machining.
• Uses a fine, high-pressure, high-velocity of water directed at
the work surface to cause cutting of the work.
• Nozzle diameter: 0.1 to 0.4 mm
• Pressure: up to 400 MPa
• Velocity: up to 900 m/s
• Velocity: up to 900 m/s
• Fluid is pressurized by a hydraulic pump
Important process parameters
Standoff distance: small to avoid dispersion
of the fluid stream (3.2 mm)
Nozzle opening diameter: affects precision
Water pressure: high for thicker materials
Cutting feed rate: the velocity at which the
WJC nozzle is traversed along the cutting path
11. Introduction to Abrasive Jet
Machining (AJM)
• In AJM, the material removal takes place due to
impingement of the fine abrasive particles.
• The abrasive particles are typically of 0.025mm diameter
and the air discharges at a pressure of several
atmosphere.
13. Mechanics of AJM
• Abrasive particle impinges on the work
surface at a high velocity and this impact
causes a tiny brittle fracture and the following
air or gas carries away the dislodged small
work piece particle.
Fracture of work surface Formation of cavity
14. • The process is more suitable when the work
material is brittle and fragile.
• A model for the material removal rate (MRR) is
available from Sarkar and Pandey, 1980.
The MRR (Q) is given as
Mechanics of AJM
15. Process Parameters
The process characteristics can be evaluated by judging
(1) the MRR,
(2) the geometry of the cut,
(3) the roughness of the surface produced, and
(4) the rate of nozzle wear.
The major parameters which control these quantities are:
1. The abrasive (composition, strength, size and mass flow rate).
2. The gas (composition, pressure and velocity).
3. The nozzle (geometry, material, distance from and inclination to
the work surface).
16. The Abrasive
Mainly two types of abrasives are used (1) Aluminum oxide and (2) Silicon
carbide. (Grains with a diameter 10-50 microns are readily available)
For good wear action on the surfaces, the abrasive grains should have
sharp edges.
A reuse of the abrasive powder is normally not recommended because of
a decrease of cutting capacity and clogging of the nozzle orifices due to
contamination.
The mass flow rate of the abrasive particles depends on the pressure and
the flow rate of the gas.
The mass flow rate of the abrasive particles depends on the pressure and
the flow rate of the gas.
There is an optimum mixing ratio
(mass fraction of the abrasive in
the jet) for which the metal
removal rate is the highest.
When the mass flow rate of the
abrasive increases the material
removal rate also increases.
17. The Gas
The AJM unit normally operates at a pressure of 0.2-1.0 N/mm2 .
The composition of gas and a high velocity has a significant impact on the
MRR even if the mixing ratio is not changed.
The Nozzle
The nozzle is one of the most vital elements controlling the process
characteristics.
The nozzle material should be hard to avoid any significant wear due to the
The nozzle material should be hard to avoid any significant wear due to the
flowing abrasive. [Normally WC (avg. life: 12-30 hrs.) or Sapphire (Appr. =
300 hrs.) are used]
For a normal operation the cross-sectional area of the orifice can be either
circular or rectangular and between 0.05- 0.2mm2 .
18. Nozzle to Tip Distance (Stand off distance)
The nozzle tip distance (NTD) or the stand off distance is a critical
parameter in AJM.
The NTD not only affects the MRR from the work surface but also the
shape and size of the cavity produced.
As shown in the figure below, when the NTD increases, the velocity of the
abrasive particles impinging on the work surface increases due to their
acceleration after they leave the nozzle. This increases the MRR.
With a further increase in the NTD, the velocity reduces due to the drag of
the atmosphere which initially checks the increase in MRR and then
the atmosphere which initially checks the increase in MRR and then
decreases it.
19. Photographs of the Actual Machined
Cavity Profile at Different NTD
Profile of the machined
cavity at different stand
off distances
(a) 2mm (b) 6mm
(a) 2mm (b) 6mm
(c) 10mm (d) 14mm
(e) 16mm (f) 20mm
20. Abrasive Jet Machines
The gas propulsion system supplies clean and dry gas (air, nitrogen, or CO2) to
propel the abrasive particles.
The gas may be supplied either by a cylinder or a compressor.
In case of a compressor a filter or a dryer may be used to avoid water or oil
contamination to the abrasive powder.
The gas should be non toxic, cheap and easily available and should not
excessively spread when discharged from nozzle into atmosphere.
21. Ultrasonic Machining (USM) Process
• The basic USM process involves a tool (made of a ductile and tough
material) vibrating with a low amplitude and very high frequency and
a continuous flow of an abrasive slurry in the small gap between the
tool and the work piece.
• The tool is gradually fed with a uniform force.
• The impact of the hard abrasive grains fractures the hard and brittle
work surface, resulting in the removal of the work material in the
form of small wear particles.
• The tool material being tough and ductile wears out at a much
• The tool material being tough and ductile wears out at a much
slower rate.
23. Mechanics of USM
The reasons for material removal in an USM process are believed to
be:
1. The hammering of the abrasive particles on the work surface
by the tool.
2. The impact of free abrasive particles on the work surface.
3. The erosion due to cavitation.
4. The chemical action associated with the fluid used.
Many researchers have tried to develop the theories to predict the
characteristics of ultrasonic machining. The model proposed by M.C.
Shaw is generally well accepted and explains the material removal
process well.
24. M.C. Shaw’s Model of USM Mechanics
In this model the direct impact of the tool on the grains in contact
with the work piece is taken into consideration. Also, the
assumptions made are:
1. The rate of work material removal is proportional to the
volume of the work material per impact.
2. The rate of work material removal is proportional to the no.
2. The rate of work material removal is proportional to the no.
of particles making impact per cycle.
3. The rate of work material removal is proportional to the
frequency (no. of cycles per unit time).
4. All impacts are identical.
5. All abrasive grains are identical and spherical in shape.
25. USM process
Thus, volume of work material removal rate (Q)
Q α V Z ν
where, V = volume of the work material removal
per impact
Z = number of particles making impact
Z = number of particles making impact
per cycle
ν = frequency
26. Mechanics of USM
Various Tool Position
during a USM cycle.
• The position ‘A’ indicates the instant the tool face touches the abrasive grain.
• The position ‘A’ indicates the instant the tool face touches the abrasive grain.
• The period of movement from ‘A’ to ‘B’ represents the impact.
• The indentations, caused by the grain on the tool and the work surface at the
extreme bottom position of the tool from the position ‘A’ to position ‘B’ is ‘h’
(the total indentation).
Indentations on tool and work surface
at bottom position of the tool
Tool
Work
Abrasive grain
27. Plot Between MRR and Feed Force
MRR increases with increasing feed force but after a certain critical
feed force it decreases because the abrasive grains get crushed
under heavy load.
28. Process Parameters
The important parameters which affect the process are the:
1. Frequency,
2. Amplitude,
3. Static loading (feed force),
4. Hardness ratio of the tool and the workpiece,
5. Grain size,
6. Concentration of the abrasive in the slurry.
With an increase in frequency of the tool head the MRR should increase
proportionally. However, there is a slight variation in the MRR with frequency.
When the amplitude of the vibration increases the MRR is expected to increase.
The actual nature of the variation is shown in Fig. (b). There is some
discrepancy in the actual values again. This arises from the fact that we
calculate the duration of penetration Δt by considering average velocity.
(a) (b)
29. Process Parameters
We already said that with an increase in static loading, the MRR tends
to increase. However, at higher force values of the tool head due to
grain crushing the MRR decreases.
The ratio of workpiece hardness and tool hardness affects the MRR
quite significantly, and the characteristics is shown below.
Apart from the hardness the brittleness of the work material plays a
very dominant role. The table below shows the relative MRR for
different work materials. As can be seen the more brittle material is
different work materials. As can be seen the more brittle material is
machined more rapidly.
Relative material removal rates
(frequency = 16.3 kHz, amplitude = 12.5 um,
grain size = 100 mesh)
Work material Relative MRR
Glass 100.0
Brass 6.6
Tungsten 4.8
Titanium 4.0
Steel 3.9
Chrome steel 1.4
30. Process Parameters
MRR should also rise proportionately with the mean grain diameter ‘d’.
When ‘d’ becomes too large, the crushing tendency increases.
Concentration of the abrasives directly controls the number of grains producing
Concentration of the abrasives directly controls the number of grains producing
impact per cycle. MRR is proportional to C1/4 so after C rises to 30% MRR
increase is not very fast.
Apart from the process parameters some
physical properties (e.g. viscosity) of the
fluid used for the slurry also affects the
MRR. Experiments show that MRR drops as
viscosity increases.
Although the MRR is a very important
consideration for judging the USM but so is
the surface finish.
31. Dependence of Surface Finish on Grain Size
The figure shows that the surface finish is more sensitive to
grain size in case of glass which is softer than tungsten carbide.
This is because in case of a harder material the size of the
fragments dislodged through a brittle fracture does not depend
much on the size of the impacting particles.
32. Ultrasonic Machining Unit
The main units of an Ultrasonic
Machining unit are shown in
the figure below. It consists of
the following machine
components:
(1)The acoustic head.
(2)The feeding unit.
(2)The feeding unit.
(3)The tool.
(4)The abrasive slurry and
pump unit.
(5)The body with work table.
33. Acoustic Head
1. The Acoustic head’s function is to
produce a vibration in the tool.
2. It consists of a generator for supplying a
high frequency electric current, a
transducer to convert this into a
mechanical motion (in form of a high
frequency vibration).
3. A holder to hold the head.
4. A concentrator to mechanically amplify
4. A concentrator to mechanically amplify
the vibration while transmitting it to the
tool.
Types of concentrators
34. Abrasive Slurry
The most common abrasives are Boron Carbide (B4C),
Silicon Carbide (SiC), Corrundum (Al2O3), Diamond and
Boron silicarbide.
B4C is the best and most efficient among the rest but it is
expensive.
SiC is used on glass, germanium and most ceramics.
SiC is used on glass, germanium and most ceramics.
Cutting time with SiC is about 20-40% more than that with
B4C.
Diamond dust is used only for cutting daimond and rubies.
Water is the most commonly used fluid although other
liquids such as benzene, glycerol and oils are also used.
35. Summary
Mechanics of material
removal
Brittle fracture caused by impact of abreasive grains due to
tool vibrating at high frequency
Medium Slurry
Abrasives B4C, SiC, Al2O3, diamond
100-800 grit size
Vibration
Frequency
Amplitude
15-30 kHz
25-100 µm
Tool
Tool
Material
MRR/Tool wear rate
Soft steel
1.5 for WC workpiece, 100 for glass workpiece
Gap 25-40 µm
Critical parameters Frequency, amplitude, tool material, grit size, abrasive
material, feed force, slurry concentration, slurry viscosity
Materials application Metals and alloys (particularly hard and brittle),
semiconductors, nonmetals, e.g., glass and ceramics
Shape application Round and irregular holes, impressions
Limitations Very low MRR, tool wear, depth of holes and cavities small
36. Electrochemical Machining (ECM)
Electrochemical machining is one of the most unconventional machining
processes.
The process is actually the reverse of electroplating with some
modifications.
It is based on the principle of electrolysis.
In a metal, electricity is conducted by free electrons but in a solution the
conduction of electricity is achieved through the movement of ions.
Thus the flow of current through an electrolyte is always accompanied by
Thus the flow of current through an electrolyte is always accompanied by
the movement of matter.
In the ECM process the work-piece is connected to a positive electrode
and the tool to the negative terminal for metal removal.
37. Electrochemical Machining
The dissolution rate is more where the gap is less and vice versa.
This is because the current density is inversely proportional to the gap.
Now, if the tool is given a downward motion, the work surface tends to
take the same shape as that of the tool, and at a steady state the gap is
uniform.
Thus the shape of the tool is represented in the job.
38. Electrochemical Machining
In an electrochemical machining process, the electrolyte is pumped at a
high pressure through the tool and the small gap between the tool and
the work-piece.
The electrolyte is so chosen that the anode is dissolved but there is no
deposition on the cathode.
The order of the current and voltage are a few 1000 amps and 8-20
The order of the current and voltage are a few 1000 amps and 8-20
volts. The gap is of the order of 0.1-0.2mm .
The metal removal rate is typically 1600 mm3/sec for each 1000
Amp.
Approximately 3 KW-hr. are needed to remove 16000 mm3 of metal
which is almost 30 times the energy required in a conventional
process.
39. Electrochemical Machining
• With ECM the rate of metal
removal is independent of
the work-piece hardness.
ECM becomes
advantageous when either
the work material possesses
a very low machinability or
the shape to be machined is
complex.
Unlike most other conventional and unconventional processes, here there is
practically no tool wear.
Though it appears that, since machining is done electrochemically, the tool
experiences no force, the fact is that the tool and work is subjected to large
forces exerted by the high pressure fluid in the gap.
40. Electrochemistry of ECM process
The electrolysis process is governed by the following two laws proposed by
Faraday.
(1)The amount of chemical change produced by an electric current, that is,
the amount of any material dissolved or deposited, is proportional to the
quantity of electricity passed.
(2)The amounts of different substances dissolved or deposited by the same
quantity of electricity are proportional to their chemical equivalent
weights.
49. MRR in EDM
The molten crater can be assumed to be
hemispherical in nature with a radius r which
forms due to a single pulse or spark. Hence,
material removal in a single spark can be
expressed as
The energy content of a single spark is given as
Thus the energy available as heat at the
Thus the energy available as heat at the
workpiece is given by
Now, it can be logically assumed that material removal in a single spark would
be proportional to the spark energy. Thus,
Now, material removal rate is the ratio of material removed in a single spark to
cycle time. Thus,
51. Advantages of EDM
Any materials that are electrically conductive can be
machined by EDM.
Materials, regardless of their hardness, strength, toughness
and microstructure can be easily machined/cut by EDM
process.
The tool (electrode) and workpiece are free from cutting
The tool (electrode) and workpiece are free from cutting
forces.
Edge machining and sharp corners are possible in EDM
process.
The tool making is easier as it can be made from softer and
easily formable materials like copper, brass and graphite.
52. Advantages of EDM
The process produces good surface finish, accuracy and
repeatability.
Hardened workpieces can also be machined since the
deformation caused by it does not affect the final dimensions.
EDM is a burr free process.
EDM is a burr free process.
Hard die materials with complicated shapes can be easily
finished with good surface finish and accuracy through EDM
process.
Due to the presence of dielectric fluid, there is very little
heating of the bulk material.
53. Limitations of EDM
Material removal rates are low, making the process
economical only for very hard and difficult to machine
materials.
Re-cast layers and micro-cracks are inherent features of the
EDM process, thereby making the surface quality poor.
The EDM process is not suitable for non-conductors.
Rapid electrode wear makes the process more costly.
The surfaces produced by EDM generally have a matt type
appearance, requiring further polishing to attain a glossy
finish.
56. Applications of EDM
Hardened steel dies, stamping tools, wire drawing and
extrusion dies, header dies, forging dies, intricate mould
cavities and such parts are made by the EDM process.
The process is widely used for machining of exotic materials
that are used in aerospace and automotive industries.
EDM being a non-contact type of machining process, it is
very well suited for making fragile parts that cannot take the
very well suited for making fragile parts that cannot take the
stress of machining.
Ex: washing machine agitators, electronic components, printer
parts and difficult to machine features such as the honeycomb
shapes.
Deep cavities, slots and ribs can be easily made by EDM.
Micro-EDM process can successfully produce micro-pins,
micro-nozzles and micro-cavities.