when it can no longer do so.
To a lady An article which is serviceable is capable of performing useful service; its serviceability ceases of fashion, her last season’s outfit is unserviceable as far as being in the fashion is concerned even though the cloth may
Needle punch is the second-largest market segment in terms of capacity after the spunbond process segment. It is a continuously growing market with new opportunities and growing demands in its core applications like automotive, geotextiles, filtration, and home products.
For more information log on to www.ategroup.com.
Needle punch is the second-largest market segment in terms of capacity after the spunbond process segment. It is a continuously growing market with new opportunities and growing demands in its core applications like automotive, geotextiles, filtration, and home products.
For more information log on to www.ategroup.com.
An experimental sample about tear strength testing of a fabric by Elmendorf's Tear Tester. This will helpful for the Textile Engineering student to know the measuring process of tear strength of a fabric.
Filament-core yarns are produced to take advantage of both filament and staple fibre properties. They offer good strength and uniformity without sacrificing the staple fibre yarn-like surface characteristics. Core-spun yarns containing spandex provide fabric designers with broad possibilities, because such stretchable yarns can be constructed with a wide range of properties using virtually any type of hard fibres as the cover yarn. However, a disadvantage of the core yarns is that the staple fibre sheath may slip along the filament when being pulled to pass over or when being rubbed by machine parts during further mechanical processes. But it is very easy to produce core-spun yarn containing spandex in a conventional ring frame after doing some modification of the machine.
Ring, rotor, compact, air-jet and other forms of spinning are discussed in this presentation along with Illustrations. the crisp and clear explanation helps in understanding the basic know how of advance methods of spinning
In the ICI pilling test the fabric will undergo tumbling action while in the case of Martindale abrasion test the fabric sample will undergo multidirectional action against the emery cloth. So the test condition in Martindale is widely acceptable than ICI pilling.
An experimental sample about tear strength testing of a fabric by Elmendorf's Tear Tester. This will helpful for the Textile Engineering student to know the measuring process of tear strength of a fabric.
Filament-core yarns are produced to take advantage of both filament and staple fibre properties. They offer good strength and uniformity without sacrificing the staple fibre yarn-like surface characteristics. Core-spun yarns containing spandex provide fabric designers with broad possibilities, because such stretchable yarns can be constructed with a wide range of properties using virtually any type of hard fibres as the cover yarn. However, a disadvantage of the core yarns is that the staple fibre sheath may slip along the filament when being pulled to pass over or when being rubbed by machine parts during further mechanical processes. But it is very easy to produce core-spun yarn containing spandex in a conventional ring frame after doing some modification of the machine.
Ring, rotor, compact, air-jet and other forms of spinning are discussed in this presentation along with Illustrations. the crisp and clear explanation helps in understanding the basic know how of advance methods of spinning
In the ICI pilling test the fabric will undergo tumbling action while in the case of Martindale abrasion test the fabric sample will undergo multidirectional action against the emery cloth. So the test condition in Martindale is widely acceptable than ICI pilling.
Testing is the process or procedure to determines the quality of a product.The testing of textile products is an expensive business. A textile commercial laboratory has to be set up and furnished with a range of test equipment.Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) is very important work or process in each department of export oriented industry. Buyers want quality but not quantity. In every department of textile industry quality maintained of each material, because one material’s quality depend on another’s quality. For example, if qualified fiber is inputted then output will be good yarn.
A STUDY ON THE ABRASION RESISTANCE, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND HARDNESS OF BANA...IAEME Publication
The abundance of natural fibres, particularly banana fibres in India as an agricultural waste and the good properties offered by them like tensile strength, wear resistance, hardness, bio-degradability and eco-friendliness make it a good substitute to the non-biodegradable, toxic and costly synthetic fibres in many engineering applications. India is a lead producer of Banana fibre. The main challenge faced by researchers in the development of natural fibre composites is the attainment of a good interfacial bonding, so as to transfer the load effectively from matrix to fibre. To achieve the desired level of fibre-matrix interphase strength, the fibres are given four different surface treatments- alkalization, benzoylation, permanganate treatment and fibre surface impregnation with rubber.
Pilling is formation of little balls of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric which is caused by abrasion in wear.
Pilling is the tendency of fibers to come loose from a fabric surface and form balled particles of fiber
The slideshow will be narrative of the testing for fabrics in the crisp and clear fashion. The different types of tests of fabrics along with colorfastness are also explained.
Fabric Abrasion Tester is Suitable for woven, knitted, woven, decorative materials, coated fabrics and other apparent abrasion resistance testing and pilling performance test.
Fabric Abrasion Tester principle:
Fabric Test samples mounted in the top of the jig and mounted in the grinding and abrasive friction stage. A friction trajectory (an important feature of Martindale method) is Lisha Ru graphics. According to the test requirements specified after the friction phase, remove the fabric and wear index calculated or assessed using visual way to describe the specimen and fluff pilling grade.
Quality is a relative term. It means customer needs is to be satisfied. Quality is of prime importance in any aspect of business. Customers demand and expect value for money. As producers of apparel there must be a constant endeavor to produce work of good quality. To assess the quality of textile product Textile Testing is very important work or process. Testing In response to ever-changing governmental regulations and the ever-increasing consumer demand for high quality, softlines testing and textile testing help to minimize risk and protect the interest of both manufacturers and consumers. It is important that testing is not undertaken without adding some benefit to the final product.
Textile Testing & Quality Control (TTQC) is very important work or process in each department of export oriented industry. Buyers want quality but not quantity. In every department of textile industry quality maintained of each material, Because one material’s quality depend on another’s quality. For example, if qualified fiber is inputted then output will be good yarn.
Evaluation of physico mechanical properties of 1×1 interlock cotton knitted f...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The Physico-Mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn (ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, Loop length / Stitch length, structural geometry, fibre composition of yarn etc. This study focused on the various Loop length effect of grey interlock knit structure. With an increase in Loop length, the dimensional properties like CPI, WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased; while comfort properties like air permeability & water absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased Loop length at grey stage. Other properties such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased Loop length. Though all the tests for fabric properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done according desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
Because this system is web application (partially)
Because we based (100%) on FOSS (open-source)
Because security matters
Because OWASP people cares about security and can affect recruitment processes (hopefully) ;)
Concepts of knit garments merchandisingSadia Textile
Merchandising denotes all the planned activities to execute and dispatch the merchandise on time taking into consideration the 4 R’s of expediting Right Cost, Right Quantity, Right Quality and Right Time.
Weaving 2016-17 Industry in Bangladesh.Sadia Textile
The textile and clothing industries provide the single source of growth in Bangladesh's rapidly developing economy. Exports of textiles and garments are the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. By 2002 exports of textiles, clothing, and ready-made garments (RMG) accounted for 77% of Bangladesh’s total merchandise exports. In 1972, the World Bank approximated the gross domestic product (GDP) of Bangladesh at USD 6.29 billion, in 2014, the GDP stood at USD 173.82 billion, growing by almost 27 times in a matter of four decades. Bangladesh's exports industry alone comprised USD 31.2 billion in FY 2014-15, 81.69% of which was made up by ready-made garments. On its own, the knitwear sector encompasses 39.83% of total exports—a staggering USD 12.43 billion. Bangladesh is, second only to China, the world's second-largest apparel exporter of western brands. Sixty percent of the export contracts of western brands are with European buyers and about forty percent with American buyers. Only 5% of textile factories are owned by foreign investors, with most of the production being controlled by local investors.
Seam And its Classification with seam problemSadia Textile
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What is Seam?
A seam is a joint of two pieces of fabric in producing a three -dimensional shape of a garment.
Properties of good seam are,
= Smooth fabric joints
= No Missed or Uneven stitches
= No damage to the material being sewn
= Achievement of strength, elasticity, Durability, security and comfort
= Comfortable while garment is in use
SEAMS DESIGNATION
Each stitched seam is designed numerically by five digits:
0.00.00 refers to the CLASS, 1-8;
0.00.00 refers to the material configuration,
01 to 99;
0.00.00 refers to needle penetrations, material configurations, 01-99.
Seam Classification:
According to British Standard 3870: 1991, seam is classified as-
Class 1- superimposed
Class 2- lapped
Class 3- bound
Class 4- flat
Class 5- decorative/channel
Class 6- edge neatening
Class 7- applied
Class 8- others
* Formed by lapping two pieces of component, they are produced with minimum of two pieces of component.
* One component is limited on one end and the other is limited on the other end. The limited edges of these two components are put in opposite directions.
* Used for: main seaming of denim jackets, jeans, and overalls. Fabrics that will not ravel, unlined garments, side seams of shirts, joining lace to another fabric, attaching patch pockets, decorative finish
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Motion and deformation of material under action of
Force
Temperature change
Phase change
Other external or internal agents
These changes lead us to some properties that are called Mechanical properties
Some of the Mechanical Properties
Ductility
Hardness
Impact resistance
Fracture toughness
Elasticity
Fatigue strength
Endurance limit
Creep resistance
Strength of material
Ductility: ductility is a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress
Hardness of a material may refer to resistance to bending, scratching, abrasion or cutting.
Impact resistance is the ability of a material to withstand a high force or shock applied to it over a short period of time
Plasticity: ability of a material to deform permanently by the
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Belt is a Flexible Mechanical element that transmit power from one shaft to another
Belt is a Flexible Mechanical element that transmit power from one shaft to another
Gear Train
Ex: Automobile, engines etc.
Chain Drive
Ex : Bi-cycle , Motor cycle etc.
Belt Drive
Ex: Rice mills, sewing machine etc.
Rope Drive
Ex: lift, crane etc
Marketing Defined:
“Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging value with others”
Marketing is about managing profitable customer relationships
Attracting new customers
Retaining and growing current
Understand the marketplace and customer needs and wants
Design a customer-driven marketing strategy
Construct a marketing program that delivers superior value
Build profitable relationships and create customer delight
Capture value from customers to create profits and customer quality
Need
State of felt deprivation
Example: Need food
Wants
The form of needs as shaped by culture and the individual
Example: Want a Big Mac
Demands
Wants which are backed by buying power
INTRODUCTION
The ring spinning will continue to be the most widely used form of spinning machine in the near future, because it exhibits significant advantages in comparison with the new spinning processes.
Following are the advantages of ring spinning frame
• It is universally applicable, i.e. any material can be spun to any required count
• It delivers a material with optimum characteristics, especially with regard to structure and strength.
• It is simple and easy to master
• The know-how is well established and accessible for everyone
collection of people working together under a division of labor and a hierarchy of authority to achieve a common goal
- The second managerial function after planning process.
- Need large number of workers to require a supervisor.
Organizations facilitate greater accomplishment of work by groups.
Manager develops order, promotes cooperation among workers, and fosters productivity
Major component: position, task responsibilities, &Relation ships.
Function Of Management (Bangladeshi Example Included)Sadia Textile
Deciding in advance :
What to do
How to do
When to do
Who is going to do it
Bridges a gap between where we are today and where we want to reach.
Sets the goal of an organization.
F rom the year 1856,f ollowing Perkin’s discovery of the first synthetic dye,
the growth of organic chemical knowledge
paralleled that of the dye manufacturing
industry in particular, and the chemical
industry in general. It was explosive!
Perkin has even been referred to as “the
father of chemical engineering.”
By contrast, polymer and fiber chemistries
were late bloomers. Viscose rayon
fibers appeared ca. 1910 and secondary
cellulose acetate fibers ca. 1920. Although
both eventually achieved a significant
market penetration, neither could ever be
called a dominant fiber. The emergence of
viscose rayon affected dye manufacturers
very little. On theother hand, thearrival of
secondary cellulose acetate created waves,
and was followed within two or three years
by the forerunners of the disperse dyes
used today. Although this added a little
The chief function of roving frame is the attenuation of sliver.
To draft the sliver to reduce weight per unit length.
Insertion of protective twist in order to hold the fine strand of sliver.
To make conical or tapper shape of the bobbin.
Wind the twisted roving on to the bobbin.
Winding of roving into a package that can be transported, sorted, donned on ring spinning machine.
Differents parts of Simplex Machine and their FunctionsSadia Textile
Fly frame is used to convert the draw frame sliver into a thin material.
This material contain mild amount of twist.
Drafting system stretches the draw frame sliver and make it thin.
The chief functi0n of fly frame is to attenuation of sliver.
Insertion of protective twist in order to hold the fine of sliver, winding of roving into a pac
Knitting 2 sum For Fabric Very ImportantSadia Textile
Types of warp knitting m/c:
Two major classes of warp knitting m/cs:-
1. Tricot warp knitting m/c
2. Raschel warp knitting m/c.
Features Tricot warp knitting m/c:
In the past, tricot m/cs mainly employed bearded needles with a pressure bar
Tricot m/cs have a gauge expressed in needle per inch and chain link numbering 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 etc. generally with three links per course
Their sinkers, which are joined to each other at the front and back, never move clear of the needles as they combine the functions of holding down, knocking over and supporting the fabric
The fabric is drawn-away towards the batching roller almost at right angles to the needles bar
Textile Industries And Environment(Specially For bangladesh)Sadia Textile
One of the major contributors to many Asian economies and one of the main revenue-generating sectors.
Has grown over the past years to become primary export earner and largest single employer of the manufacturing industry in Bangladesh
ERP for garments(Application of software in Textile)Sadia Textile
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate internal and external management of information across an entire organization—embracing finance/accounting, manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc
ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application. ERP facilitates information flow between all business functions inside the organization, and manages connections to outside stakeholders.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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1. Serviceability, Wear and Abrasion
Serviceability:
An article which is serviceable is capable of performing useful service; its serviceability ceases
when it can no longer do so.
To a lady of fashion, her last season’s outfit is unserviceable as far as being in the fashion is
concerned even though the cloth may still be in as the new condition.
Purposes of Serviceability testing:
1. To determine validity and suitability of application of fibre, yarn or fabric objectively
and precisely.
2. To ensure the reasonable prospects of commercial success as a long term proposition.
3. To compare a number of different fibers, yarns, or fabrics.
4. To determine the influence of cloth structure and finishing on performance.
5. To assess suitability of the fabric or article that is considered as ‘borderline’ by
laboratory testing against a performance specification.
6. To determine suitability for making up e.g. seaming properties, pleating and creasing
properties and other tailoring requirements.
7. To assist in establishing criteria for laboratory testing and standards of performance.
Wear:
Wear is the net result of a number of agencies which reduce the serviceability of an article.
Some of the more important agencies are –
Bending and stretching
Tearing
Abrasion
Laundering
Clearing
2. Abrasion:
Abrasion is one aspect of wear and is the rubbing away of the component fibers and yarns of
the fabric.
Abrasion may be classified as follows-
1. Plane or flat abrasion-A flat area of material is abraded.
2. Edge abrasion-This kind of abrasion occurs at collars and folds.
3. Flex abrasion-In this case, rubbing is accompanied by flexing and bending.
Factors affecting abrasion resistance:
Fibre type:
Nylon is generally considered to have the best abrasion resistance. Polyester and
polypropylene are also considered to have good abrasion resistance. Blending either nylon or
polyester with wool and cotton is found to increase their abrasion resistance.
Viscose and acetates are found to have the lowest degree of resistance to abrasion.
Fibre properties:
A fabric made up with longer fibres gives better abrasion resistance than short fibres because
they are harder to remove from the yarn. For the same reason filament yarns are more abrasion
resistant than staple yarns made from the same fibre. Increasing fibre diameter up to a limit
improves abrasion resistance.
Yarn twist:
An optimum amount of twist in a yarn gives the best abrasion resistance. At low-twist factors,
fibres can easily be removed from the yarn so that it is gradually reduced in diameter. At high
twist levels, the fibres are held more tightly but the yarn is stiffer so it is hard abrade under
pressure.
Fabric structure:
The crimp of the yarns in the fabric affects whether the warp or the weft is abraded the most.
Fabrics with the crimp evenly distributed between warp and weft give the best wear because
the damage is spread evenly between them.
Points to be consider before abrasion testing / Factors affecting abrasion
tests:
1. Condition of specimen: The fabric should be conditioned and tested in a standard
testing atmosphere.
3. 2. Choice of testing instrument: The choice of testing instrument may be dependent upon
the character of the testing desired, e .g-flat abrasion, flexing abrasion, etc.
3. Choice of abrasive motion: The rubbing movement may be reciprocating, rotary or
multi-directional.
4. Direction of abrasion: The direction of abrasion can be at angles to the warp and weft
directions.
5. Choice of abradant: The severity of the abrasion will vary with the nature of abradant.
For example: steel and silicon carbide give constant abrasive qualities. A standard
worsted or canvas fabric, emery cloth of various grade are also used as abradant.
6. Backing the specimen: The hardness of the backing of the specimen may affect the
results. In some testes a hard backing is used, in others a felt or foam rubber.
7. Cleanliness of the specimen and instrument: The region to be abraded should be
handled as little as possible and be free from foreign matter such as graphite of pencils.
The accessories of the instrument which may rub the fabric must be spotlessly clean
and free from grease.
8. Tension on the specimen: Standard method of mounting the specimen should be used
to avoid errors due to variation in the tension used.
9. The pressure between abrading and specimen: The severity of the abrasion will be
affected by the pressure applied. So suitable standard must be set up.
10. The end point of the test: The test should be frequently stopped as soon as the hole
appeases or the specimen breaks by automatic stop motion.
Assessment of abrasion damage:
Several methods are used to judge the amount of damage. Some are mentioned below:
i. The difference in appearance between an abraded and unabraded specimen.
ii. The number of cycles required to produce a hole, broken threads or broken strip.
iii. Loss in weight often plotted against the number of cycle.
iv. Change in thickness e.g. loss of pile height.
v. Loss in strength, e.g. tensile, bursting or tearing strength, expressed in percentage of
unabraded strength.
vi. Change in some other properties like lustre, air permeability etc.
vii. Microscopic examination of damage of yarns and fibres.
4. Method of assessment:
Two approaches have been used to assess the effects of abrasion:
1. Abrade the sample until a predetermined end-point such as a hole, break of fabric and
record the time or number of cycles to this.
2. Abrade for a set time or number of cycles and assess some aspect of the abraded fabric such
as change in appearance, loss of mass, loss of strength, change in thickness or other relevant
property.
Martindale Abrasion Tester:
Description of the machine:
1. This apparatus gives a controlled amount of abrasion between fabric surfaces.
2. Abrasion is given at comparatively low pressures in continuously changing directions.
3. In this test, circular specimens are abraded under known pressure.
4. This abrasion is given by a motion that is the resultant of two simple harmonic motions
at right angles to one another.
5. The fabric is abraded against a standard fabric.
6. Abrasion resistance is estimated by visual appearance or by loss in mass of the
specimen.
Fig: The Martindale abrasion tester
5. Fig: A standard holder for the Martindale abrasion test
Fig: One station of a Martindale abrasion tester
Method:
1. Four specimens each 38mm in diameter are cut using the appropriate cutter.
2. They are then mounted in the specimen holders with a circle of standard foam behind
the fabric being tested. The components of the standard holder are shown in Figure. It is
important that the mounting of the sample is carried out with the specimens placed flat
against the mounting block.
6. 3. The test specimen holders are mounted on the machine with the fabric under test next
to the abradant.
4. A spindle is inserted through the top plate and the correct weight (usually of a size to
give a pressure of 12kPa but a lower pressure of 9kPa may be used if specified) is
placed on top of this. Figure shows the sample mounted in a holder.
5. The standard abradant should be replaced at the start of each test and after 50,000
cycles if the test is continued beyond this number.
6. While the abradant is being replaced it is held flat by a weight as the retaining ring is
tightened.
7. Behind the abradant is a standard backing felt which is replaced at longer intervals.
Assessment:
The specimen is examined at suitable intervals without removing it from its holder to see
whether two threads are broken. In the Table, it is shown that, for the time lapse between
examinations. If the likely failure point is known the first inspection can be made at 60% of that
value. The abrading is continued until two threads are broken. All four specimens should be
judged individually.
Inspection intervals for Martindale abrasion test
The individual values of cycles to breakdown of all four specimens are reported and also the
average of these.
7. 3. The test specimen holders are mounted on the machine with the fabric under test next
to the abradant.
4. A spindle is inserted through the top plate and the correct weight (usually of a size to
give a pressure of 12kPa but a lower pressure of 9kPa may be used if specified) is
placed on top of this. Figure shows the sample mounted in a holder.
5. The standard abradant should be replaced at the start of each test and after 50,000
cycles if the test is continued beyond this number.
6. While the abradant is being replaced it is held flat by a weight as the retaining ring is
tightened.
7. Behind the abradant is a standard backing felt which is replaced at longer intervals.
Assessment:
The specimen is examined at suitable intervals without removing it from its holder to see
whether two threads are broken. In the Table, it is shown that, for the time lapse between
examinations. If the likely failure point is known the first inspection can be made at 60% of that
value. The abrading is continued until two threads are broken. All four specimens should be
judged individually.
Inspection intervals for Martindale abrasion test
The individual values of cycles to breakdown of all four specimens are reported and also the
average of these.