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Textile Testing

The document outlines the importance of textile testing and product quality in the apparel industry, detailing the processes and standards for evaluating various textile properties. It includes specific testing methods for tensile strength, tearing strength, bursting strength, and seam slippage, among others, highlighting the significance of these tests in assessing fabric performance. Comprehensive information on standards, test conditions, and allowable limits is also provided to ensure quality compliance.

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Testing & Product quality is of prime importance in any aspect of business. Customers demand and expect value for money. As producers of apparel there must be a constant endeavor to produce work of good quality. To assess the quality of textile product Textile Testing is very important work or process. Checking Raw Materials, Monitoring Production, Assessing the Final Product, Investigation of Faulty Material Product, Development and Research testing is done. For testing a textile product in a testing lab some flow diagram has to be maintained. Test & Report Sending Flow Chart: Sample Received with Artwork Letter –Cover Page Submitted to Lab for testing Collect tested data from lab Collect tested Artwork Letter –Cover Page soft copy from supplier Draft report on Artwork Letter –Cover Page soft copy in tested result page If result pass then type Pass & If fail then type Failwith test result, Send report excel sheet soft copy to Cover page mension email address After that they send a mail with Reach, Okeo- Tex, Bill of material & Summery Create Report word formate and then pdf, Sign 3rd page of reach then scan in pdf, Summary pdf Send report to asign Adli Merchantiser for Carrection &Approval After Approval, send report to TUV Aldi Sud Team for sending final report to Adli South/North
Analytical Test for textile Product - Test Name Tested Parts Individual/Mixed Test pH Formaldehyde Azo Dyes (EN /German) (Textile/Polyester) AP (NP+OP) APEO (NPEO+OPEO) APEO/AP (NPEO+OPEO+NP+OP) Total Lead In Substrate Materials Total Lead In Surface Coating Total Cadmium Content Release Of Nickel (EN12472/1811) Release Of Nickel (EN1811) Phthalates Content Phenols (OPP) Phenols (PCP + TeCP) Nickel Spot Test Carcinogenic Dyes Chlorinated Organic Carriers Chlorinated Paraffins (C10-C13) Chromium VI Extractable Heavy Metal (ISO 105 E04) Heavy Metal In Surface Coating (ASTM F963-07) Identification Of PVC (Beilstein + FTIR) PAH Tin Organic Compounds (TBT/DBT) Toxic Heavy Metal (EN 71 Part 3) Allergenic Disperse Dyes Dimethylfumarate (DMF) KIK chemical test package Takko test package Carrefour test package Others Colorfastness, Flammability &Fiber test for textile product - Test Name Test Descri ption Standard Method AATCC ASTM D BS / EN ISO DIN OTHERS C / F To Washing C / F To Water C / F To Sea Water C / F To Perspiration C / F To Light
C / F To Crocking C / F To Cl-Bleach C / F To Non Cl-Bleach C / F To Dry Cleaning C / F To Ozone C / F To Burnt Gas Fumes C / F To Saliva C / F To Aging C / F To Dye Transfer C / F To Phenolic Yellowing C / F To Chlorinated Pool Water Fiber content Flammability( 16 CFR 1610) Flammability( 16 CFR 1615/ 1616) Others Wet Lab & Physical test for textile product - Test Name Test Description Standard Method AATCC ASTM D BS / EN ISO DIN OTHERS Dimensional Stability To Washing Appearance after washing Spirality after washing Tear strength Tensile strength Seam slippage Seam strength Abrasion resistance Pilling resistance Pull/tension test Zipper strength Thread count Yarn count Stretch & Recovery Bursting Strength Sharp Point/ Edge Small Parts Torque Test Fabric Weight Endurance To Washing Print Durability Others
Strength of Textile Products: Breaking strength The maximum tensile force recorded in extending a test piece to breaking point is called breaking strength or tensile strength of a material. In other word the resistance of a yarn or fabric to tensile biding is called tensile or breaking strength. Tearing strength The avgas force required to continue a tear previously started in a fabric is called the tensile strength. In other word tearing strength (force) is the resistance showed by fabric against tearing. Bursting strength Busting is the resistance of a material to rupture when subjected to a pressure acting perpendicular to the plain of the fabric. The load is carried by both warp & waft thread. In tearing or breaking strength, the strength of fabric was tested by applied load is only one direction, But in case of bursting strength the direction resistance to rupture of a circular specimen in determined. TENSILE PROPERTIES The behavior shown by the textile materials when it is subjected to a load or tension is called tensile properties. TYPES OF TENSILE PROPERTIES 1. Tenacity 2. Breaking Extension. 3. Initial Modulus. 4. Work of Rupture 5. Breaking Load 6. Work Factor 7. Work Recovery 8. Elastic Extension TENACITY It is defined the ratio between load required to break the specimen to Linear Density of the specimen is called Tenacity Load required breaking specimen Tenacity= Lanier Density Unit of Tenacity : kg/Tex, N/Tex, gm/Denier
BREAKING EXTENSION Load required to a break a Textile Materials is useful quantity. It can be defined as the % increase in length of the Textile materials of breaking after applying load on it increase length Increase length × 100 Breaking Extension= Total length or initial length INITIAL MADULAUS The tangent of angle between initial curve and Horizontal axis in equal to the ratio between stress and stress. Stress TanӨ = Strain WORK & RUPTURE Total work done are total energy required to break the Textile Materials is called as word rupture. Unit for Work & Rupture: Jule/Calory. BREAKING LOAD Load is required to break the Textile materials is called Breaking Load. WORK FACTOR It can be defined as the ratio between work of rupture & the product of Breaking load and breaking elongation. Work of Rupture Work Factor = Breaking load and breaking elongation. WORK RECOVERY The ratio between work of rapture during recovery & total work done for total extension in known as work recovery. TOTAL EXTENSION Elastic Extension + Plastic Extension. Total work done for total extension= Work done for elastic extension + work done for plastic extension. Work of Rapture during Recovery Work Recovery= Total work done for Total Extension ELASTIC RECOVERY The Recovery for the extension of the Textile materials after load is called Elastic Recovery of Textile materials depend on Crystalinity, Molecular weight, Packing Orientation, Chemical bond. For Example A B C D AB= Initial length of specimen
BC= Elastic Extension CD= Plastic Extension BD= Total Extension Elastic Extension Elastic Recovery= ×100 Total Extension Tensile Strength: Determination of breaking force and elongation of textile fabrics. - (ISO 13934-2) Significance It indicates the potential strength of woven fabric within a product in resistance to tension. This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics and other textile fabrics which have high stretchability (more than 11%). The fabric is conditioned in a standard environment of 20 ± 2°C and 65 ± 4% relative humidity for at least 24 hours. The fabric is cut into specific specimen sizes 200mm x 100mm. Both warpwise and weftwise directions are required. Test specimens are mounted on a tensile tester along the long dimension and subjected to a constant rate of extension. The loading force at point of rupture or break is recorded as tensile strength. General Note:  Coarser yarn size gives a greater tensile strength  High twist yarn gives a greater tensile strength  Higher fabric count gives a greater tensile strength  Different fiber possess different tensile properties Tearing Strength: Determination of the average force required to continue a tear from a slit in a woven fabric by means of falling pendulum (Elmendorf) apparatus. - (ISO 13937-1) Significance It indicates the potential strength of woven fabric within a product in resistance to tearing action.
The method is applicable to treated and untreated woven fabrics, including those heavily sized, coated or resin-treated. The test is not suitable for knit fabrics, felts or non-woven fabrics. The fabric is conditioned in a standard environment of 20 ± 2°C and 65 ± 4% relative humidity for at least 4 hours. Specimens, for both warpwsie and weftwise, of specific shape are die-cut from the sample fabric. The specimens are mounted between two clamps, precut by a knife then torn through a fixed distance by the swinging pendulum to generate the average tearing force in pounds for both the warp and weft directions. Sample size for Pendulum tear Important Note:  Coarser yarn size gives greater tearing strength  Looser sett gives better tearing strength  Different surface finishes on the fabric will affecting the tearing properties Bursting Strength Determination of bursting strength of textile fabrics using hydraulic method. - (ISO 13938-1) Significance It indicates the potential strength of the knitted fabric within a product. The fabric is conditioned in a standard environment of 20 ± 2°C and 65 ± 4% relative humidity according to ISO 139. Test specimen is clamped over an expandable diaphragm. The diaphragm is expanded by fluid pressure to the point of specimen rupture. The test method is generally applicable to a wide variety of knitted goods and non-woven fabrics. It is not recommended for general use on uncoated woven fabrics. Bursting Strength = Total Pressure - Tare Pressure of the Specimen
Important Note:  Coarser yarn size gives greater bursting strength  Higher stitch density gives higher bursting strength  Different surface finishes on the fabric will affecting the bursting properties Seam Slippage Determination of the yarn slippage resistance at sewn seams in woven fabric under loading. - (ISO 13936-1 & ISO 13936-2) Significance It determines the tendency of the yarns to slip out of the seam and whether they would be readily repairable by re-seaming. Seam slippage is the separation of seam due to slippage of filling yarns over warp yarns or warp yarns over filling yarns. In such slippage, the stitching thread is remain unbroken. Fabric Sample A test specimen of 400mm x 100mm with long direction parallel to the filling yarns is cut from sample fabric, if the warp yarns slide over the filling yarns is tested or vice versa.
The load-elongation curve of the fabric is superimposed over a load-elongation curve of the same fabric with seam sewn being tested. Resistance to yarn slippage is reported as the load at which slippage of a specific size is seen. This test is not intended for upholstery fabrics. The fabric alignment of adjacent patch of a seam may not be the same in a garment seam. Direct measurement of seam slippage on garment seam provide a more accurate result. Remedies for preventing seam slippage: 1. Superimposed seam type 2. Lapped seam type with tape / interlining reinforcement 3. Anti-slip finish (resin treatment)
Method for Strength testing of Textile Products.
Tensile Strength : Speed of upper clamp Test Standards:  ISO 5082  BS EN ISO 13934-1 _____ mm/min +/- 10 %  BS EN ISO 13934-2 50 mm/min +/- 10 %  GB / T 3923.2 50 mm/min +/- 10 %  AS 2001.2.3.2 50 mm/min +/- 10 %  ASTM D5034 300 +/- 10 mm/min Equipment No.: Universal Tensile Tester: 004 Gauge Length: (m m) Test Results: Requirement:  lbs  cN  N  gf  kgf Warp: min. ________ Weft: min. ________ Sample Direction Specimen Break Force Break Extension Break Force Break Extension Warp 1 2 3 4 5 Average Elongation at Break (%) Weft 1 2 3 4 5 Average Elongation at Break (%) Remark : Jaw Break – any break which occurs within 5 mm of clamping line of jaws. If any of the jaw break results falls below the lowest “normal” break result, it shall be excluded and further tests carried out to obtain the number of “normal breaks” for each set of testing, i.e. 5 tests. Record the result for values: < 100 N to the nearest 1 N } For BS EN ISO and AS Standards only ≥ 100 N to < 1000 N to the nearest 10 N ≥ 1000 N to the nearest 100N Unit Conversion: 1 kgf = 2.20462 lbs 1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 N = 10 daN
Tearing Force Using Pendulum Method Test Standard: □ ISO 9290 □BS EN ISO 13937-1 □ASTM D 1424 □AS 2001.2.8 □ GB/T 3917.1 Equipment No.: Digital Elmendorf Tearing Tester: 008 Notch size of specimen: 15 mm W x 12 mm H – BS EN ISO, GB/T, AS Standard 12 mm W x 12 mm H – ASTM Standard Jaw spacing gauge: 3 +/- 0.5 mm – BS EN ISO, GB / T, AS Standard 2.5 +/- 0.25 mm – ASTM Standard Permissible range: 15 % and 85 % of the full scale range – BS EN ISO, GB/T, AS Standard 20 % and 80 % of the full scale range – ASTM Standard Test Results: Requirement:  lbs  cN  N  gf  kgf Warp: min. ________ Weft: min. ________ Remark: CT = Specimen exhibits crosswise torn in the opposite direction The test result should be rejected if (a) there is slippage of threads out of the fabric; (b) slippage in the jaw; or (c) the tear is made outside the 15 mm or 12 mm wide notched area. Unit Conversion: 1 kgf = 2.20462 lbs 1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 N = 100 cN Sample Direction Pendulu m Loading Used Tearing Strength Average 1 2 3 4 5 ( ) Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip): Test Standards: □ BS EN ISO 13937-2 □ ASTM 2261 Equipment No: □ Universal Tensile Tester: 004 Requirement:  lbs  cN  N  gf  kgf Test Results: Warp: min. _________ Weft: min. _________ Sample Direction Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Specimen 1 2 3 4 5 Average Remark: # = Specimen exhibits irregular torn Unit Conversion: 1 kgf = 2.20462 lbs 1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 N = 100 cN
Bursting Properties of Fabric using Hydraulic Method Test Method: □ BS EN ISO 13938-1 □ BS EN ISO 13938-2 □ ASTM D3786 □ AS 2001.2.4 □ CAN/CGSB-4.2 No.11.1 Equipment No.: Auto Burst Tester :005 Tested Area: □ 31.0 mm □ 31.5 mm □ ……… Test Results: Color Unit Requirement kpa psi bar atm Kg/cm² Test location kpa psi bar atm Kg/cm² Requirement Side Seam Shoulder Armhole Sleeve Inseam Crotch Unit Conversion: 1 kg/cm² = 14.22 Psi 1 psi = 6.895 kpa
Garment Seam Strength / Slippage Test Standards:  BS EN ISO 13936-2  BS EN ISO 13935-2 Equipment No.: Universal Tensile Tester: 004 Gauge Length: 100 mm Dimension of Jaws: Front Jaw = 25 mm L x 25 mm W, Rear Jaw = 25 mm L x  75 mm W Speed of Upper Clamp: 50 ± 5 mm/min Test Result(s): Sample: ____________ Requirement: Applied Load @ …………….. N For Fabric Weight ……………. ….g/m² Raw Data Result Test Area SO (mm) Breakdown (N) Type of Seam Failure SO (mm) Breakdown (N) Type of Seam Failure Side Seam Yoke Shoulder Armhole Sleeve Cuff Outseam Inseam Front Rise Back Rise Crotch Waist Remark: Apparel Load Applied (N) FRS = Fabric Rupture At Seam ≤220 g/m² 60 STB = Sewing Thread Broken ≥220 g/m² 120 FR = Fabric Rupture Unit Conversion: 1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 N = 10 daN 1 kgf = 2.20462 lbs
Fabric Seam Slippage Test Standards:  BS EN ISO 13936-2 Equipment No.: Universal Tensile Tester: 004 Gauge Length: 100 mm Dimension of Jaws: Front Jaw = 25 mm L x 25 mm W, Rear Jaw = 25 mm L x  50 mm W Speed of Upper Clamp: 50 ± 5 mm/min Test Result(s): Specimen Requirement:  mm  cm  Inch Applied Force:____________________ Seam Opening:_____________________ Sample: Sample: Applied Force …… Seam Opening mm Type of Failure Applied Force …… Seam Opening mm Type of Failure Seam Parallel to Warp 1 2 3 4 5 Average Seam Parallel to Weft 1 2 3 4 5 Average Remark: * = Seam Opening Less than 3 / 6 mm FTS = Fabric Torn At Seam STB = Sewing Thread Broken FR = Fabric Rupture Unit Conversion: 1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 N = 10 daN 1 kgf = 2.20462 lbs Load Applied: Apparel ≤ 220 g/m² 60 N Apparel ≥ 220 g/m² 120 N Furnishing 180 N
Stretch Properties of Fabrics Woven from Stretch Yarns (ASTM D 3107): Equipment No.: 017 (Stretch & Recovery Holder) (A) Fabric Stretch (%) (Section 10.3)  Option (1) :Use 4.0 lbs (1.8 kg) load or  Option (2): Use 3 lbs (1.35 kg) load  Measure the distance between the benchmarks at the 30 min at stretched condition Original distance between bench mark: (Dist. 01, mm) Distance between bench mark at the 10 sec and 30 min cycle at stretched condition (Dist. A, mm) % Fabric Stretch (Dist. A – 250) / 250*100 10 seconds 30 Minutes 10 seconds 30 Minutes Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft 1 % % % % 2 % % % % 3 % % % % Avg. % % % % (B) Fabric Growth & Recovery after Stretching to a Specified Extension (%) (Section 10.5)  Calculate the extension at 85% of the Average Fabric Stretch  Hold it for 30 minutes and then release and allow it to hang freely 85% Extension of the Average Fabric Stretch (Dist. H, mm) equals to (Dist. A – 250) * 0.85 + 250 Distance between bench marks after 30 sec. (Dist. I, mm) Fabric Growth after 30 sec. (Dist. I –250) / 250*100 Recovery after 30 sec. (Dist. H – Dist. I) / (Dist. H – Dist. 01) * 100 Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft 1 % % % % 2 % % % % 3 % % % % Avg. Avg. % % % % Distance between bench mark after 30 min. (Dist. J, mm) Fabric Growth after 30 min. (Dist. J – 250) / 250*100 Recovery after 30 min. (Dist. H – Dist. J) / (Dist. H – Dist. 01) * 100 Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft % % % % % % % % % % % % Avg. % % % % Distance between bench marks after 1 hr. (Dist. K, mm) Fabric Growth after 1 hr. (Dist. K – 250) / 250*100 Recovery after 1 hr. (Dist. H – Dist. K) / (Dist. H – Dist. 01) * 100 Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft % % % % % % % % % % % % Avg. % % % % 1. Sample size: 60mm x 560mm (ravel 50mm width) 2. Bench mark : 250mm
Test Title: Zipper Strength ____________________________________________________ Standard: BS 3084, ASTM D2061, DIN 3419-1, NF G 91-005 _________ Equipment No.: 004 ______________________________________________________________ Test Description: Sl. No. ASTM D2061 DIN 3419-1 BS 3084 Test Data N Lbs. Kg 01 Chain Crosswise Strength Transverse Strength of the Slide Fastener (6.2.3.1) Lateral Strength of Fastener 02 Slider Lock Holding, Stringer Separation - Strength of Slider Locking Device 03 Element Pull-Off Take-off Strength of a Coupling Element (6.2.3.2) - 04 Bottom Stop Holding Strength, Crosswise Transverse Strength of the Lower Border Part (6.2.3.3) - 05 Element Slippage Lengthwise - - 06 Holding Strength Of Top Stop Strength of the Upper Border Parts (6.2.3.4) Strength Of Top Stop 07 Bottom Stop Holding Strength, Slider - Strength of Close-End 08 Bottom Stop Holding, Stringer Separation - - 09 Separating Unit, Crosswise Transverse Strength of the Divisibility Element (6.2.3.5) Lateral Strength of Open – End attachment 10 Fixed Retainer, Pull-Off Longitudinal Strength of the edge part of the Divisibility Element (6.2.3.6) Strength of Open-End Fastener Box, Lengthwise 11 Separable Pin, Pull-Off - - 12 Resistance To Pull-Off Of Slider Pull Take off Strength of the Grip (6.2.3.7) Strength of Puller Attachment 13 Resistance to Twist of Pull and Slider/Torsional Resistance of Slider Pull - - 14 - - Open-End Fastener Single Stringer Slider Retention 15 - Permanent Run Behaviour (6.2.3.8) Resistance to Reciprocation Others: 16 Chain Crosswise Strength After Reciprocating Test
Strength Requirement according to end use & fabric type of different Buyer: Buyer Name: Kaufland Buyer Name: Malu Buyer Name: Carrefour
Buyer Name: C&A Buyer Name: Varner
Conclusion: For this lab report I have worked in the TUVB (TUV Rheinland Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd.), Physical department. TUVB is a commercial Testing Lab. By strength test we Assessment of strength of final product or fabric, whether the strength of fabric is acceptable or not. Tensile is the potential strength of woven fabric within a product in resistance to tension. Tear indicates the potential strength of woven fabric within a product in resistance to tearing action. Seam Slippage determines the tendency of the yarns to slip out of the seam and whether they would be readily repairable by re-seaming. Bursting strength indicates the potential strength of the knitted fabric within a product. In this report I know about the different requirement of strength test, according to end use through buyer. Also understand about the different test requirement, which need to fulfill a quality textile product.

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Textile Testing

  • 1.
    Testing & Productquality is of prime importance in any aspect of business. Customers demand and expect value for money. As producers of apparel there must be a constant endeavor to produce work of good quality. To assess the quality of textile product Textile Testing is very important work or process. Checking Raw Materials, Monitoring Production, Assessing the Final Product, Investigation of Faulty Material Product, Development and Research testing is done. For testing a textile product in a testing lab some flow diagram has to be maintained. Test & Report Sending Flow Chart: Sample Received with Artwork Letter –Cover Page Submitted to Lab for testing Collect tested data from lab Collect tested Artwork Letter –Cover Page soft copy from supplier Draft report on Artwork Letter –Cover Page soft copy in tested result page If result pass then type Pass & If fail then type Failwith test result, Send report excel sheet soft copy to Cover page mension email address After that they send a mail with Reach, Okeo- Tex, Bill of material & Summery Create Report word formate and then pdf, Sign 3rd page of reach then scan in pdf, Summary pdf Send report to asign Adli Merchantiser for Carrection &Approval After Approval, send report to TUV Aldi Sud Team for sending final report to Adli South/North
  • 2.
    Analytical Test fortextile Product - Test Name Tested Parts Individual/Mixed Test pH Formaldehyde Azo Dyes (EN /German) (Textile/Polyester) AP (NP+OP) APEO (NPEO+OPEO) APEO/AP (NPEO+OPEO+NP+OP) Total Lead In Substrate Materials Total Lead In Surface Coating Total Cadmium Content Release Of Nickel (EN12472/1811) Release Of Nickel (EN1811) Phthalates Content Phenols (OPP) Phenols (PCP + TeCP) Nickel Spot Test Carcinogenic Dyes Chlorinated Organic Carriers Chlorinated Paraffins (C10-C13) Chromium VI Extractable Heavy Metal (ISO 105 E04) Heavy Metal In Surface Coating (ASTM F963-07) Identification Of PVC (Beilstein + FTIR) PAH Tin Organic Compounds (TBT/DBT) Toxic Heavy Metal (EN 71 Part 3) Allergenic Disperse Dyes Dimethylfumarate (DMF) KIK chemical test package Takko test package Carrefour test package Others Colorfastness, Flammability &Fiber test for textile product - Test Name Test Descri ption Standard Method AATCC ASTM D BS / EN ISO DIN OTHERS C / F To Washing C / F To Water C / F To Sea Water C / F To Perspiration C / F To Light
  • 3.
    C / FTo Crocking C / F To Cl-Bleach C / F To Non Cl-Bleach C / F To Dry Cleaning C / F To Ozone C / F To Burnt Gas Fumes C / F To Saliva C / F To Aging C / F To Dye Transfer C / F To Phenolic Yellowing C / F To Chlorinated Pool Water Fiber content Flammability( 16 CFR 1610) Flammability( 16 CFR 1615/ 1616) Others Wet Lab & Physical test for textile product - Test Name Test Description Standard Method AATCC ASTM D BS / EN ISO DIN OTHERS Dimensional Stability To Washing Appearance after washing Spirality after washing Tear strength Tensile strength Seam slippage Seam strength Abrasion resistance Pilling resistance Pull/tension test Zipper strength Thread count Yarn count Stretch & Recovery Bursting Strength Sharp Point/ Edge Small Parts Torque Test Fabric Weight Endurance To Washing Print Durability Others
  • 4.
    Strength of TextileProducts: Breaking strength The maximum tensile force recorded in extending a test piece to breaking point is called breaking strength or tensile strength of a material. In other word the resistance of a yarn or fabric to tensile biding is called tensile or breaking strength. Tearing strength The avgas force required to continue a tear previously started in a fabric is called the tensile strength. In other word tearing strength (force) is the resistance showed by fabric against tearing. Bursting strength Busting is the resistance of a material to rupture when subjected to a pressure acting perpendicular to the plain of the fabric. The load is carried by both warp & waft thread. In tearing or breaking strength, the strength of fabric was tested by applied load is only one direction, But in case of bursting strength the direction resistance to rupture of a circular specimen in determined. TENSILE PROPERTIES The behavior shown by the textile materials when it is subjected to a load or tension is called tensile properties. TYPES OF TENSILE PROPERTIES 1. Tenacity 2. Breaking Extension. 3. Initial Modulus. 4. Work of Rupture 5. Breaking Load 6. Work Factor 7. Work Recovery 8. Elastic Extension TENACITY It is defined the ratio between load required to break the specimen to Linear Density of the specimen is called Tenacity Load required breaking specimen Tenacity= Lanier Density Unit of Tenacity : kg/Tex, N/Tex, gm/Denier
  • 5.
    BREAKING EXTENSION Load requiredto a break a Textile Materials is useful quantity. It can be defined as the % increase in length of the Textile materials of breaking after applying load on it increase length Increase length × 100 Breaking Extension= Total length or initial length INITIAL MADULAUS The tangent of angle between initial curve and Horizontal axis in equal to the ratio between stress and stress. Stress TanӨ = Strain WORK & RUPTURE Total work done are total energy required to break the Textile Materials is called as word rupture. Unit for Work & Rupture: Jule/Calory. BREAKING LOAD Load is required to break the Textile materials is called Breaking Load. WORK FACTOR It can be defined as the ratio between work of rupture & the product of Breaking load and breaking elongation. Work of Rupture Work Factor = Breaking load and breaking elongation. WORK RECOVERY The ratio between work of rapture during recovery & total work done for total extension in known as work recovery. TOTAL EXTENSION Elastic Extension + Plastic Extension. Total work done for total extension= Work done for elastic extension + work done for plastic extension. Work of Rapture during Recovery Work Recovery= Total work done for Total Extension ELASTIC RECOVERY The Recovery for the extension of the Textile materials after load is called Elastic Recovery of Textile materials depend on Crystalinity, Molecular weight, Packing Orientation, Chemical bond. For Example A B C D AB= Initial length of specimen
  • 6.
    BC= Elastic Extension CD=Plastic Extension BD= Total Extension Elastic Extension Elastic Recovery= ×100 Total Extension Tensile Strength: Determination of breaking force and elongation of textile fabrics. - (ISO 13934-2) Significance It indicates the potential strength of woven fabric within a product in resistance to tension. This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics and other textile fabrics which have high stretchability (more than 11%). The fabric is conditioned in a standard environment of 20 ± 2°C and 65 ± 4% relative humidity for at least 24 hours. The fabric is cut into specific specimen sizes 200mm x 100mm. Both warpwise and weftwise directions are required. Test specimens are mounted on a tensile tester along the long dimension and subjected to a constant rate of extension. The loading force at point of rupture or break is recorded as tensile strength. General Note:  Coarser yarn size gives a greater tensile strength  High twist yarn gives a greater tensile strength  Higher fabric count gives a greater tensile strength  Different fiber possess different tensile properties Tearing Strength: Determination of the average force required to continue a tear from a slit in a woven fabric by means of falling pendulum (Elmendorf) apparatus. - (ISO 13937-1) Significance It indicates the potential strength of woven fabric within a product in resistance to tearing action.
  • 7.
    The method isapplicable to treated and untreated woven fabrics, including those heavily sized, coated or resin-treated. The test is not suitable for knit fabrics, felts or non-woven fabrics. The fabric is conditioned in a standard environment of 20 ± 2°C and 65 ± 4% relative humidity for at least 4 hours. Specimens, for both warpwsie and weftwise, of specific shape are die-cut from the sample fabric. The specimens are mounted between two clamps, precut by a knife then torn through a fixed distance by the swinging pendulum to generate the average tearing force in pounds for both the warp and weft directions. Sample size for Pendulum tear Important Note:  Coarser yarn size gives greater tearing strength  Looser sett gives better tearing strength  Different surface finishes on the fabric will affecting the tearing properties Bursting Strength Determination of bursting strength of textile fabrics using hydraulic method. - (ISO 13938-1) Significance It indicates the potential strength of the knitted fabric within a product. The fabric is conditioned in a standard environment of 20 ± 2°C and 65 ± 4% relative humidity according to ISO 139. Test specimen is clamped over an expandable diaphragm. The diaphragm is expanded by fluid pressure to the point of specimen rupture. The test method is generally applicable to a wide variety of knitted goods and non-woven fabrics. It is not recommended for general use on uncoated woven fabrics. Bursting Strength = Total Pressure - Tare Pressure of the Specimen
  • 8.
    Important Note:  Coarseryarn size gives greater bursting strength  Higher stitch density gives higher bursting strength  Different surface finishes on the fabric will affecting the bursting properties Seam Slippage Determination of the yarn slippage resistance at sewn seams in woven fabric under loading. - (ISO 13936-1 & ISO 13936-2) Significance It determines the tendency of the yarns to slip out of the seam and whether they would be readily repairable by re-seaming. Seam slippage is the separation of seam due to slippage of filling yarns over warp yarns or warp yarns over filling yarns. In such slippage, the stitching thread is remain unbroken. Fabric Sample A test specimen of 400mm x 100mm with long direction parallel to the filling yarns is cut from sample fabric, if the warp yarns slide over the filling yarns is tested or vice versa.
  • 9.
    The load-elongation curveof the fabric is superimposed over a load-elongation curve of the same fabric with seam sewn being tested. Resistance to yarn slippage is reported as the load at which slippage of a specific size is seen. This test is not intended for upholstery fabrics. The fabric alignment of adjacent patch of a seam may not be the same in a garment seam. Direct measurement of seam slippage on garment seam provide a more accurate result. Remedies for preventing seam slippage: 1. Superimposed seam type 2. Lapped seam type with tape / interlining reinforcement 3. Anti-slip finish (resin treatment)
  • 10.
    Method for Strengthtesting of Textile Products.
  • 12.
    Tensile Strength : Speedof upper clamp Test Standards:  ISO 5082  BS EN ISO 13934-1 _____ mm/min +/- 10 %  BS EN ISO 13934-2 50 mm/min +/- 10 %  GB / T 3923.2 50 mm/min +/- 10 %  AS 2001.2.3.2 50 mm/min +/- 10 %  ASTM D5034 300 +/- 10 mm/min Equipment No.: Universal Tensile Tester: 004 Gauge Length: (m m) Test Results: Requirement:  lbs  cN  N  gf  kgf Warp: min. ________ Weft: min. ________ Sample Direction Specimen Break Force Break Extension Break Force Break Extension Warp 1 2 3 4 5 Average Elongation at Break (%) Weft 1 2 3 4 5 Average Elongation at Break (%) Remark : Jaw Break – any break which occurs within 5 mm of clamping line of jaws. If any of the jaw break results falls below the lowest “normal” break result, it shall be excluded and further tests carried out to obtain the number of “normal breaks” for each set of testing, i.e. 5 tests. Record the result for values: < 100 N to the nearest 1 N } For BS EN ISO and AS Standards only ≥ 100 N to < 1000 N to the nearest 10 N ≥ 1000 N to the nearest 100N Unit Conversion: 1 kgf = 2.20462 lbs 1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 N = 10 daN
  • 13.
    Tearing Force UsingPendulum Method Test Standard: □ ISO 9290 □BS EN ISO 13937-1 □ASTM D 1424 □AS 2001.2.8 □ GB/T 3917.1 Equipment No.: Digital Elmendorf Tearing Tester: 008 Notch size of specimen: 15 mm W x 12 mm H – BS EN ISO, GB/T, AS Standard 12 mm W x 12 mm H – ASTM Standard Jaw spacing gauge: 3 +/- 0.5 mm – BS EN ISO, GB / T, AS Standard 2.5 +/- 0.25 mm – ASTM Standard Permissible range: 15 % and 85 % of the full scale range – BS EN ISO, GB/T, AS Standard 20 % and 80 % of the full scale range – ASTM Standard Test Results: Requirement:  lbs  cN  N  gf  kgf Warp: min. ________ Weft: min. ________ Remark: CT = Specimen exhibits crosswise torn in the opposite direction The test result should be rejected if (a) there is slippage of threads out of the fabric; (b) slippage in the jaw; or (c) the tear is made outside the 15 mm or 12 mm wide notched area. Unit Conversion: 1 kgf = 2.20462 lbs 1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 N = 100 cN Sample Direction Pendulu m Loading Used Tearing Strength Average 1 2 3 4 5 ( ) Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft
  • 14.
    Tearing Strength ofFabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip): Test Standards: □ BS EN ISO 13937-2 □ ASTM 2261 Equipment No: □ Universal Tensile Tester: 004 Requirement:  lbs  cN  N  gf  kgf Test Results: Warp: min. _________ Weft: min. _________ Sample Direction Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Tear Across Warp Tear Across Weft Specimen 1 2 3 4 5 Average Remark: # = Specimen exhibits irregular torn Unit Conversion: 1 kgf = 2.20462 lbs 1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 N = 100 cN
  • 15.
    Bursting Properties ofFabric using Hydraulic Method Test Method: □ BS EN ISO 13938-1 □ BS EN ISO 13938-2 □ ASTM D3786 □ AS 2001.2.4 □ CAN/CGSB-4.2 No.11.1 Equipment No.: Auto Burst Tester :005 Tested Area: □ 31.0 mm □ 31.5 mm □ ……… Test Results: Color Unit Requirement kpa psi bar atm Kg/cm² Test location kpa psi bar atm Kg/cm² Requirement Side Seam Shoulder Armhole Sleeve Inseam Crotch Unit Conversion: 1 kg/cm² = 14.22 Psi 1 psi = 6.895 kpa
  • 16.
    Garment Seam Strength/ Slippage Test Standards:  BS EN ISO 13936-2  BS EN ISO 13935-2 Equipment No.: Universal Tensile Tester: 004 Gauge Length: 100 mm Dimension of Jaws: Front Jaw = 25 mm L x 25 mm W, Rear Jaw = 25 mm L x  75 mm W Speed of Upper Clamp: 50 ± 5 mm/min Test Result(s): Sample: ____________ Requirement: Applied Load @ …………….. N For Fabric Weight ……………. ….g/m² Raw Data Result Test Area SO (mm) Breakdown (N) Type of Seam Failure SO (mm) Breakdown (N) Type of Seam Failure Side Seam Yoke Shoulder Armhole Sleeve Cuff Outseam Inseam Front Rise Back Rise Crotch Waist Remark: Apparel Load Applied (N) FRS = Fabric Rupture At Seam ≤220 g/m² 60 STB = Sewing Thread Broken ≥220 g/m² 120 FR = Fabric Rupture Unit Conversion: 1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 N = 10 daN 1 kgf = 2.20462 lbs
  • 17.
    Fabric Seam Slippage TestStandards:  BS EN ISO 13936-2 Equipment No.: Universal Tensile Tester: 004 Gauge Length: 100 mm Dimension of Jaws: Front Jaw = 25 mm L x 25 mm W, Rear Jaw = 25 mm L x  50 mm W Speed of Upper Clamp: 50 ± 5 mm/min Test Result(s): Specimen Requirement:  mm  cm  Inch Applied Force:____________________ Seam Opening:_____________________ Sample: Sample: Applied Force …… Seam Opening mm Type of Failure Applied Force …… Seam Opening mm Type of Failure Seam Parallel to Warp 1 2 3 4 5 Average Seam Parallel to Weft 1 2 3 4 5 Average Remark: * = Seam Opening Less than 3 / 6 mm FTS = Fabric Torn At Seam STB = Sewing Thread Broken FR = Fabric Rupture Unit Conversion: 1 kgf = 9.80665 N 1 N = 10 daN 1 kgf = 2.20462 lbs Load Applied: Apparel ≤ 220 g/m² 60 N Apparel ≥ 220 g/m² 120 N Furnishing 180 N
  • 18.
    Stretch Properties ofFabrics Woven from Stretch Yarns (ASTM D 3107): Equipment No.: 017 (Stretch & Recovery Holder) (A) Fabric Stretch (%) (Section 10.3)  Option (1) :Use 4.0 lbs (1.8 kg) load or  Option (2): Use 3 lbs (1.35 kg) load  Measure the distance between the benchmarks at the 30 min at stretched condition Original distance between bench mark: (Dist. 01, mm) Distance between bench mark at the 10 sec and 30 min cycle at stretched condition (Dist. A, mm) % Fabric Stretch (Dist. A – 250) / 250*100 10 seconds 30 Minutes 10 seconds 30 Minutes Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft 1 % % % % 2 % % % % 3 % % % % Avg. % % % % (B) Fabric Growth & Recovery after Stretching to a Specified Extension (%) (Section 10.5)  Calculate the extension at 85% of the Average Fabric Stretch  Hold it for 30 minutes and then release and allow it to hang freely 85% Extension of the Average Fabric Stretch (Dist. H, mm) equals to (Dist. A – 250) * 0.85 + 250 Distance between bench marks after 30 sec. (Dist. I, mm) Fabric Growth after 30 sec. (Dist. I –250) / 250*100 Recovery after 30 sec. (Dist. H – Dist. I) / (Dist. H – Dist. 01) * 100 Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft 1 % % % % 2 % % % % 3 % % % % Avg. Avg. % % % % Distance between bench mark after 30 min. (Dist. J, mm) Fabric Growth after 30 min. (Dist. J – 250) / 250*100 Recovery after 30 min. (Dist. H – Dist. J) / (Dist. H – Dist. 01) * 100 Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft % % % % % % % % % % % % Avg. % % % % Distance between bench marks after 1 hr. (Dist. K, mm) Fabric Growth after 1 hr. (Dist. K – 250) / 250*100 Recovery after 1 hr. (Dist. H – Dist. K) / (Dist. H – Dist. 01) * 100 Warp Weft Warp Weft Warp Weft % % % % % % % % % % % % Avg. % % % % 1. Sample size: 60mm x 560mm (ravel 50mm width) 2. Bench mark : 250mm
  • 19.
    Test Title: ZipperStrength ____________________________________________________ Standard: BS 3084, ASTM D2061, DIN 3419-1, NF G 91-005 _________ Equipment No.: 004 ______________________________________________________________ Test Description: Sl. No. ASTM D2061 DIN 3419-1 BS 3084 Test Data N Lbs. Kg 01 Chain Crosswise Strength Transverse Strength of the Slide Fastener (6.2.3.1) Lateral Strength of Fastener 02 Slider Lock Holding, Stringer Separation - Strength of Slider Locking Device 03 Element Pull-Off Take-off Strength of a Coupling Element (6.2.3.2) - 04 Bottom Stop Holding Strength, Crosswise Transverse Strength of the Lower Border Part (6.2.3.3) - 05 Element Slippage Lengthwise - - 06 Holding Strength Of Top Stop Strength of the Upper Border Parts (6.2.3.4) Strength Of Top Stop 07 Bottom Stop Holding Strength, Slider - Strength of Close-End 08 Bottom Stop Holding, Stringer Separation - - 09 Separating Unit, Crosswise Transverse Strength of the Divisibility Element (6.2.3.5) Lateral Strength of Open – End attachment 10 Fixed Retainer, Pull-Off Longitudinal Strength of the edge part of the Divisibility Element (6.2.3.6) Strength of Open-End Fastener Box, Lengthwise 11 Separable Pin, Pull-Off - - 12 Resistance To Pull-Off Of Slider Pull Take off Strength of the Grip (6.2.3.7) Strength of Puller Attachment 13 Resistance to Twist of Pull and Slider/Torsional Resistance of Slider Pull - - 14 - - Open-End Fastener Single Stringer Slider Retention 15 - Permanent Run Behaviour (6.2.3.8) Resistance to Reciprocation Others: 16 Chain Crosswise Strength After Reciprocating Test
  • 20.
    Strength Requirement accordingto end use & fabric type of different Buyer: Buyer Name: Kaufland Buyer Name: Malu Buyer Name: Carrefour
  • 21.
  • 22.
    Conclusion: For this labreport I have worked in the TUVB (TUV Rheinland Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd.), Physical department. TUVB is a commercial Testing Lab. By strength test we Assessment of strength of final product or fabric, whether the strength of fabric is acceptable or not. Tensile is the potential strength of woven fabric within a product in resistance to tension. Tear indicates the potential strength of woven fabric within a product in resistance to tearing action. Seam Slippage determines the tendency of the yarns to slip out of the seam and whether they would be readily repairable by re-seaming. Bursting strength indicates the potential strength of the knitted fabric within a product. In this report I know about the different requirement of strength test, according to end use through buyer. Also understand about the different test requirement, which need to fulfill a quality textile product.