The abundance of natural fibres, particularly banana fibres in India as an agricultural waste and the good properties offered by them like tensile strength, wear resistance, hardness, bio-degradability and eco-friendliness make it a good substitute to the non-biodegradable, toxic and costly synthetic fibres in many engineering applications. India is a lead producer of Banana fibre. The main challenge faced by researchers in the development of natural fibre composites is the attainment of a good interfacial bonding, so as to transfer the load effectively from matrix to fibre. To achieve the desired level of fibre-matrix interphase strength, the fibres are given four different surface treatments- alkalization, benzoylation, permanganate treatment and fibre surface impregnation with rubber.
Mechanical Properties Of Sisal And Pineapple Fiber Hybrid Composites Reinforc...IJMER
In this study, Work has been carried out to investigated tensile , bending and impact
properties of hybrid composite of material constitutes sisal fiber and less discovered pineapple fiber.
These composites are adhered using epoxy resin cosists HY951 resin and LY551 hardener suitably
mixed in appropriate volume. Hybrid composites were prepared using sisal/pineapple fibers of 100/0,
70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100 Weight fraction ratios, while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as
20gram. Here for preparing samples Hand lay up method is used , specimens are prepared , fibers are
arrenged in unidirectional manner and tests are carried out , which shows tensile and bending
strengths. The tensile & compressive test was applied on specimens of 300×50 & thickness varring
from 4-6 mm in dimensions but in different proportions of sisal and pineapple by weight. The test
result shows , the composite made by 50/50 fibers weight fraction of sisal & pineapple fiber has been
shown best impact strenght 47.2 N/mm2 as compare to other constitutes of sisal & pine fibers.this
constitute have good tensile & bending strength & their density is also less than sisal fibers. These
composites can be used in various purposes because of its unique features of recycleability, waste
utilization, environment friendly, bio-degradibility, good strength and a good alternative to plastics.
IRJET- Effect of Mercerization of Mechanical Behavior of Banana Fiber Reinfor...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of mercerization (treatment with sodium hydroxide solution) on the mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Two sets of composites were fabricated - one with untreated banana fiber and one with banana fiber treated with NaOH solution. Composites containing 3-15% fiber by weight were tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness, and impact energy. The research aims to study how fiber treatment and fiber content affect mechanical properties.
Epoxy/Wood Apple Shell Particulate Composite With Improved Mechanical PropertiesIJERA Editor
Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites developed from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and young’s modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy.
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY ON PALM/COIR BASED POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESmsejjournal
Now day’s natural fibres as reinforcement have received more attention from the research community all
over the world in preparing polymer composites. These natural fibres have lot of advantages over synthetic
fibres. In this paper two natural fibers palm and coir reinforced composites were fabricated using compression moulding method which was a new effort and was not done elsewhere. Specimens were cut from
the fabricated composite plates according to the ASTM standards. Universal Testing Machine was used for
testing tensile and flexural strength of the composites. The impact strength of the composites was analyzed
using Impact tester. Further wear and moisture absorption tests were also conducted on the prepared
specimen. The results obtained through experimentation of both composites were compared and presented.
It can be concluded that the developed palm based composite possess superior property and can be recommended for fabrication of light weight high strength automobile parts.
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Gla...IRJET Journal
This document describes research into synthesizing and analyzing the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composites. Specimens of the composite material were created using compression molding. The specimens were then tested for their mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and hardness, according to ASTM standards. The results of the mechanical tests on the sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composite were analyzed and discussed.
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
Fabrication and Testing of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites Banana/...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
IRJET-Thermal Characterization of Bamboo and Flax (BFBF) Mat Reinforced Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the thermal characterization of bamboo and flax mat reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. The researchers fabricated hybrid composites using bamboo and flax mats reinforced in an epoxy matrix via hand lay-up technique. They characterized the thermal properties of the composites using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The TGA results showed the initial degradation temperature was 215.6°C and final degradation temperature was 860°C, with 6.815% char left at 860°C. DSC was used to detect phase transitions of the hybrid composites during heating. The thermal properties were analyzed as the mat reinforcement content in
Mechanical Properties Of Sisal And Pineapple Fiber Hybrid Composites Reinforc...IJMER
In this study, Work has been carried out to investigated tensile , bending and impact
properties of hybrid composite of material constitutes sisal fiber and less discovered pineapple fiber.
These composites are adhered using epoxy resin cosists HY951 resin and LY551 hardener suitably
mixed in appropriate volume. Hybrid composites were prepared using sisal/pineapple fibers of 100/0,
70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 0/100 Weight fraction ratios, while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as
20gram. Here for preparing samples Hand lay up method is used , specimens are prepared , fibers are
arrenged in unidirectional manner and tests are carried out , which shows tensile and bending
strengths. The tensile & compressive test was applied on specimens of 300×50 & thickness varring
from 4-6 mm in dimensions but in different proportions of sisal and pineapple by weight. The test
result shows , the composite made by 50/50 fibers weight fraction of sisal & pineapple fiber has been
shown best impact strenght 47.2 N/mm2 as compare to other constitutes of sisal & pine fibers.this
constitute have good tensile & bending strength & their density is also less than sisal fibers. These
composites can be used in various purposes because of its unique features of recycleability, waste
utilization, environment friendly, bio-degradibility, good strength and a good alternative to plastics.
IRJET- Effect of Mercerization of Mechanical Behavior of Banana Fiber Reinfor...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of mercerization (treatment with sodium hydroxide solution) on the mechanical properties of banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Two sets of composites were fabricated - one with untreated banana fiber and one with banana fiber treated with NaOH solution. Composites containing 3-15% fiber by weight were tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, hardness, and impact energy. The research aims to study how fiber treatment and fiber content affect mechanical properties.
Epoxy/Wood Apple Shell Particulate Composite With Improved Mechanical PropertiesIJERA Editor
Recently there has been a great interest in the industrial applications of composites developed from natural fibers, bio or industrial waste. Present work is an attempt to synthesize composites using a bio waste material i.e. wood apple shell. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % wood apple shell particulate reinforced epoxy composites have been synthesized using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties have been investigated in detail. Considerable increase in tensile strength and young’s modulus was noticed with increase in filler content. Composites were found to be more resistant to abrasion. Flexural strength was found to be quite high in comparison to epoxy.
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY ON PALM/COIR BASED POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESmsejjournal
Now day’s natural fibres as reinforcement have received more attention from the research community all
over the world in preparing polymer composites. These natural fibres have lot of advantages over synthetic
fibres. In this paper two natural fibers palm and coir reinforced composites were fabricated using compression moulding method which was a new effort and was not done elsewhere. Specimens were cut from
the fabricated composite plates according to the ASTM standards. Universal Testing Machine was used for
testing tensile and flexural strength of the composites. The impact strength of the composites was analyzed
using Impact tester. Further wear and moisture absorption tests were also conducted on the prepared
specimen. The results obtained through experimentation of both composites were compared and presented.
It can be concluded that the developed palm based composite possess superior property and can be recommended for fabrication of light weight high strength automobile parts.
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Gla...IRJET Journal
This document describes research into synthesizing and analyzing the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composites. Specimens of the composite material were created using compression molding. The specimens were then tested for their mechanical properties, including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and hardness, according to ASTM standards. The results of the mechanical tests on the sugarcane bagasse glassfiber epoxy composite were analyzed and discussed.
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
Fabrication and Testing of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites Banana/...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
IRJET-Thermal Characterization of Bamboo and Flax (BFBF) Mat Reinforced Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the thermal characterization of bamboo and flax mat reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. The researchers fabricated hybrid composites using bamboo and flax mats reinforced in an epoxy matrix via hand lay-up technique. They characterized the thermal properties of the composites using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The TGA results showed the initial degradation temperature was 215.6°C and final degradation temperature was 860°C, with 6.815% char left at 860°C. DSC was used to detect phase transitions of the hybrid composites during heating. The thermal properties were analyzed as the mat reinforcement content in
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses an experimental study that assessed pine needles as a reinforcing material in polymer composites. Urea-formaldehyde resin was synthesized and optimized as the polymer matrix. Pine needles were used as particle, short fiber, and long fiber reinforcements in the composites. Mechanical testing showed that the tensile strength, compressive strength, and wear resistance of the resin increased significantly when reinforced with pine needles, with particle reinforcement being most effective. Thermal and morphological characterization of the composites was also conducted. The results suggest pine needles have potential for use in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
IRJET- The Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Tensile Properties of Sisal Fi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Sisal fibers were extracted from leaves using a water retting method and then treated with 3%, 6%, and 9% NaOH solutions. Composites were made from untreated and treated fibers using epoxy resin and compression molding. Tensile tests found that composites from 3% NaOH treated fibers had the highest tensile strength, while those from 6% treated fibers had the highest Young's modulus. Chemical treatment improved the tensile properties by removing fiber surface components and increasing adhesion to the epoxy matrix.
Study Analysis & Application of Bio-Composite Smart Materialtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Experimental Investigation of Flexural Properties of Wood Polymer Composites ...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the flexural properties of wood-epoxy composites with varying wood powder proportions (30%, 40%, 50%) under wet conditions over 4 weeks. Specimens were tested according to ASTM standards. Results showed that the load bearing capacity and flexural strength decreased with increased moisture exposure time, while deflection and modulus of elasticity values changed unpredictably based on wood proportion and water type. The material behavior under wet conditions was found to not mimic that under dry conditions. Further investigation is needed to better understand and predict performance under different environmental conditions.
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO-FIBRE AND GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER...ijceronline
This document summarizes research on the mechanical characterization of bio-fibre and glass fibre reinforced polyester composite laminate joints. Specifically, it details the fabrication and testing of composites made from jute fibre, glass fibre, and polyester resin. Various composite samples were made with different fibre weight percentages and tested for properties like tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and water absorption. The results showed that the fibre weight percentage significantly affected the mechanical properties, with the sample containing 50% glass fibre and 50% jute fibre exhibiting the highest tensile and flexural strengths.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ARECA BAST FIBER REINFORCED EPOXY AND VIN...IAEME Publication
In this research work natural fiber reinforced polymer composites were prepared by reinforcing short areca bast fibers in epoxy and vinyl ester resin. Different blend composites were prepared by varying weight fractions of areca bast fibers. Their mechanical, physical and thermal properties were studied and compared. It has been found that the compressive strength of areca bast fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites were more than that of epoxy composites. It was also observed that the type of compressive failure in epoxy /bast and vinyl ester/bast composites at all wt% of fibers was breaking and bulging respectively. The erosive wear strength at 90º and 75º nozzle angles were determined. The properties such as water absorption capacity and density were
determined. The Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was also carried out .The ruptured surface of both types of composites which exhibited highest compressive strength was analyzed by Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Evaluation of the addition of short coconut fibers on the characteristics of ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the addition of short coconut fibers on the characteristics of asphalt mixtures. It discusses how short coconut fibers ranging from 5-12.5 mm in length were added in varying percentages (0.5-1.5% by weight) to asphalt to test their impact on properties like penetration, softening point, ductility, and Marshall stability. The addition of 0.75% 5-mm fibers increased Marshall stability by 10-15% and produced a lower penetration grade bitumen. Fiber size and percentage both influenced bitumen properties, with 0.75% fibers at a size of 0.75 cm producing the highest penetration value. The coconut fibers improved the temperature susceptibility and rheological properties
Performance of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIOSR Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of adding polypropylene fibers to high strength concrete mixes (M30 and M40) at various fiber contents (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% by volume). Cubes and beams were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to determine the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths under different curing conditions. The results showed that polypropylene fibers increased the tensile and flexural strengths but did not significantly affect the compressive strength. An optimum fiber content of 1% was found to provide the best improvement in mechanical properties. Further research is recommended to better understand the performance of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
Preparation and mechanical characterization of epoxy based composite develope...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on developing epoxy-based composites using coconut shell powder as a biowaste material. Composites with 10%, 20%, and 30% coconut shell powder by weight were fabricated using hand layup. Mechanical testing showed that tensile strength and flexural strength increased up to 20% filler content compared to plain epoxy, while hardness increased with higher filler content. The composites exhibited improved properties over epoxy due to better interaction between the coconut shell powder and epoxy matrix. However, properties decreased at 30% filler likely due to agglomeration and poor adhesion. The composites showed potential for industrial applications after further optimization.
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Aluminum Filler Material on Thermal P...IJERA Editor
Natural fiber composites are renewable, cheap, completely or partially recyclable, carbon neutral and biodegradable. Their easy availability, lower density, higher specific properties, lower cost, satisfactory mechanical and thermal properties, non-corrosive nature, lesser abrasion to processing equipment, makes them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon or other man-made synthetic fibers. Natural fiber composites are generally very good thermal insulators and thus cannot be used where thermal conduction is desirable. Increase in thermal conduction may be done by adding metal filler powders to the matrix. In this work, the effect of aluminum filler material on thermal properties of chemically treated palmyra fiber reinforced composites is investigated. Thermal properties studied include thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal degradation and stability. Five different samples with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% aluminum powder are considered. With the addition of aluminum filler powder, thermal conductivity increases, specific heat capacity decreases, thermal diffusivity increases and thermal stability improves with maximum at 50% aluminum powder.
Fabrication of composite materials by using short pineapple leaf fiber PALF :...ijiert bestjournal
Composite materials (also called composition materials or shorte ned to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physi cal or chemical properties,that when combined,produce a material with characteristics different from the i ndividual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons:common examples include materials which are stronger,lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. In the last decades,the use of natural fibers as r einforcement in polymeric composites for technical application has been a research subject of scientist. Interest in natural fibers has increased worldwide due to their low cost,low density,hardness,higher fatigue endurance,good thermal and mechanical resistivity and to their environmental friendliness. The Asian markets have been using natural fibers for many years e.g.,jute is a common reinforcement in India. Natural fibers are increasingly used in automotive and packaging materials. India is an agricultural country and it is the main stay of Indian economy. Thousa nds of tons of different crops are produced but most of their wastes do not have any useful utilization. Agric ultural wastes include wheat husk,rice husk,and their straw,hemp fiber and shells of various dry fruits. These ag ricultural wastes can be used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for commercial use.
IRJET- Investigation on Mechanical Behaviour of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber R...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the mechanical behavior of sugarcane bagasse fiber reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. It begins by providing background on composite materials and the advantages of natural fibers like sugarcane bagasse. The document then reviews previous literature on composites using bagasse reinforcement. The methodology section outlines the fabrication process, including preparing the bagasse fibers and using an epoxy resin matrix. Mechanical tests will be performed to study the composites' tensile, flexural, and impact properties.
A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TREATED PALM SEED FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEJournal For Research
Synthetic fibers composite fibers are more widely used because of its great property. Natural fiber epoxy composite is found to be an effective replacement of some kind of synthetic materials. Oil palm seed fiber is chosen as fiber because of its easy availability, less cost compared to other fibers, renewable, environment friendly, non-abrasive, biodegradable and enhanced properties. Palm seed fiber being available easily is also a disposal of fiber from its industries. Being a green composite 0il palm seed fiber epoxy composite was fabricated. In this paper chemical treatment with NaOH and H2O2 and mechanical properties of oil palm seed fiber epoxy composite was studied along with the morphological analysis of SEM images were conducted. Chemical treatments provided better adhesion between the fiber and matrix.
Effect of stitch length on abrasion resistance Azmir Latif Beg
The document summarizes research on the effect of stitch length on the abrasion resistance of grey knitted fabric. It finds that abrasion resistance decreases as stitch length increases, but not in a linear relationship. Specifically:
- Abrasion resistance decreases slightly as stitch length first increases but then decreases more rapidly for fabrics made from 24 Ne yarn.
- It also decreases for 32 Ne and 34 Ne yarns as stitch length increases, but the relationships are not linear and show opposing curves.
- Regression equations are provided relating stitch length and abrasion loss for each yarn count, allowing abrasion resistance to be predicted.
- While small hosiery machines are less used now, the research
Acrylamide Grafting on Banana Fibres for Increased Water Absorbency and Reten...ketki chavan
This document summarizes research on grafting acrylamide onto banana fibers to improve their water absorbency properties. It describes extracting banana fibers from plants, pre-treating the fibers, and grafting acrylamide onto the fibers using ceric ammonium nitrate as an initiator. The document outlines experiments to optimize the grafting temperature, monomer concentration, and initiator concentration. After grafting, the fibers undergo hydrolysis and precipitation. The grafted fibers are then tested for percent weight addition and water absorbency to evaluate the grafting process. Safety precautions are also discussed when handling the various chemicals.
when it can no longer do so.
To a lady An article which is serviceable is capable of performing useful service; its serviceability ceases of fashion, her last season’s outfit is unserviceable as far as being in the fashion is concerned even though the cloth may
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses an experimental study that assessed pine needles as a reinforcing material in polymer composites. Urea-formaldehyde resin was synthesized and optimized as the polymer matrix. Pine needles were used as particle, short fiber, and long fiber reinforcements in the composites. Mechanical testing showed that the tensile strength, compressive strength, and wear resistance of the resin increased significantly when reinforced with pine needles, with particle reinforcement being most effective. Thermal and morphological characterization of the composites was also conducted. The results suggest pine needles have potential for use in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Po...ijtsrd
Usage of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites has drastically increased in recent years for industrial applications. In this investigation, Composite specimens were prepared with polyester resin, cotton polyester resin, and cotton polyester resin with rice husk filler. The hand layup method was used to prepare composite sheets with specially prepared steel die. The specimens were prepared as per ASTMG99 standards and Friction coefficient and wear rate were measured for the proposed materials under dry sliding contact with steel counter face. Pin on disc wear testing machine used to perform the proposed tribological measurement and 20,40, and 60N applied normal loads. Suganth. V | Gabriel. A | Dr. S. Velumani "Investigation of Wear Behavior of Rice Husk Filled Cotton Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33635.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33635/investigation-of-wear-behavior-of-rice-husk-filled-cotton-fiber-reinforced-polyester-composites/suganth-v
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
IRJET- The Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Tensile Properties of Sisal Fi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the effect of chemical treatment on the tensile properties of sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Sisal fibers were extracted from leaves using a water retting method and then treated with 3%, 6%, and 9% NaOH solutions. Composites were made from untreated and treated fibers using epoxy resin and compression molding. Tensile tests found that composites from 3% NaOH treated fibers had the highest tensile strength, while those from 6% treated fibers had the highest Young's modulus. Chemical treatment improved the tensile properties by removing fiber surface components and increasing adhesion to the epoxy matrix.
Study Analysis & Application of Bio-Composite Smart Materialtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Experimental Investigation of Flexural Properties of Wood Polymer Composites ...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the flexural properties of wood-epoxy composites with varying wood powder proportions (30%, 40%, 50%) under wet conditions over 4 weeks. Specimens were tested according to ASTM standards. Results showed that the load bearing capacity and flexural strength decreased with increased moisture exposure time, while deflection and modulus of elasticity values changed unpredictably based on wood proportion and water type. The material behavior under wet conditions was found to not mimic that under dry conditions. Further investigation is needed to better understand and predict performance under different environmental conditions.
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIO-FIBRE AND GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER...ijceronline
This document summarizes research on the mechanical characterization of bio-fibre and glass fibre reinforced polyester composite laminate joints. Specifically, it details the fabrication and testing of composites made from jute fibre, glass fibre, and polyester resin. Various composite samples were made with different fibre weight percentages and tested for properties like tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and water absorption. The results showed that the fibre weight percentage significantly affected the mechanical properties, with the sample containing 50% glass fibre and 50% jute fibre exhibiting the highest tensile and flexural strengths.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ARECA BAST FIBER REINFORCED EPOXY AND VIN...IAEME Publication
In this research work natural fiber reinforced polymer composites were prepared by reinforcing short areca bast fibers in epoxy and vinyl ester resin. Different blend composites were prepared by varying weight fractions of areca bast fibers. Their mechanical, physical and thermal properties were studied and compared. It has been found that the compressive strength of areca bast fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites were more than that of epoxy composites. It was also observed that the type of compressive failure in epoxy /bast and vinyl ester/bast composites at all wt% of fibers was breaking and bulging respectively. The erosive wear strength at 90º and 75º nozzle angles were determined. The properties such as water absorption capacity and density were
determined. The Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) was also carried out .The ruptured surface of both types of composites which exhibited highest compressive strength was analyzed by Scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Evaluation of the addition of short coconut fibers on the characteristics of ...Alexander Decker
This document evaluates the addition of short coconut fibers on the characteristics of asphalt mixtures. It discusses how short coconut fibers ranging from 5-12.5 mm in length were added in varying percentages (0.5-1.5% by weight) to asphalt to test their impact on properties like penetration, softening point, ductility, and Marshall stability. The addition of 0.75% 5-mm fibers increased Marshall stability by 10-15% and produced a lower penetration grade bitumen. Fiber size and percentage both influenced bitumen properties, with 0.75% fibers at a size of 0.75 cm producing the highest penetration value. The coconut fibers improved the temperature susceptibility and rheological properties
Performance of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIOSR Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of adding polypropylene fibers to high strength concrete mixes (M30 and M40) at various fiber contents (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% by volume). Cubes and beams were tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to determine the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths under different curing conditions. The results showed that polypropylene fibers increased the tensile and flexural strengths but did not significantly affect the compressive strength. An optimum fiber content of 1% was found to provide the best improvement in mechanical properties. Further research is recommended to better understand the performance of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
Preparation and mechanical characterization of epoxy based composite develope...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes research on developing epoxy-based composites using coconut shell powder as a biowaste material. Composites with 10%, 20%, and 30% coconut shell powder by weight were fabricated using hand layup. Mechanical testing showed that tensile strength and flexural strength increased up to 20% filler content compared to plain epoxy, while hardness increased with higher filler content. The composites exhibited improved properties over epoxy due to better interaction between the coconut shell powder and epoxy matrix. However, properties decreased at 30% filler likely due to agglomeration and poor adhesion. The composites showed potential for industrial applications after further optimization.
Experimental Investigation of Effect of Aluminum Filler Material on Thermal P...IJERA Editor
Natural fiber composites are renewable, cheap, completely or partially recyclable, carbon neutral and biodegradable. Their easy availability, lower density, higher specific properties, lower cost, satisfactory mechanical and thermal properties, non-corrosive nature, lesser abrasion to processing equipment, makes them an attractive ecological alternative to glass, carbon or other man-made synthetic fibers. Natural fiber composites are generally very good thermal insulators and thus cannot be used where thermal conduction is desirable. Increase in thermal conduction may be done by adding metal filler powders to the matrix. In this work, the effect of aluminum filler material on thermal properties of chemically treated palmyra fiber reinforced composites is investigated. Thermal properties studied include thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, thermal degradation and stability. Five different samples with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% aluminum powder are considered. With the addition of aluminum filler powder, thermal conductivity increases, specific heat capacity decreases, thermal diffusivity increases and thermal stability improves with maximum at 50% aluminum powder.
Fabrication of composite materials by using short pineapple leaf fiber PALF :...ijiert bestjournal
Composite materials (also called composition materials or shorte ned to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physi cal or chemical properties,that when combined,produce a material with characteristics different from the i ndividual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons:common examples include materials which are stronger,lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. In the last decades,the use of natural fibers as r einforcement in polymeric composites for technical application has been a research subject of scientist. Interest in natural fibers has increased worldwide due to their low cost,low density,hardness,higher fatigue endurance,good thermal and mechanical resistivity and to their environmental friendliness. The Asian markets have been using natural fibers for many years e.g.,jute is a common reinforcement in India. Natural fibers are increasingly used in automotive and packaging materials. India is an agricultural country and it is the main stay of Indian economy. Thousa nds of tons of different crops are produced but most of their wastes do not have any useful utilization. Agric ultural wastes include wheat husk,rice husk,and their straw,hemp fiber and shells of various dry fruits. These ag ricultural wastes can be used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for commercial use.
IRJET- Investigation on Mechanical Behaviour of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber R...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the mechanical behavior of sugarcane bagasse fiber reinforcement in polymer matrix composites. It begins by providing background on composite materials and the advantages of natural fibers like sugarcane bagasse. The document then reviews previous literature on composites using bagasse reinforcement. The methodology section outlines the fabrication process, including preparing the bagasse fibers and using an epoxy resin matrix. Mechanical tests will be performed to study the composites' tensile, flexural, and impact properties.
A STUDY ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TREATED PALM SEED FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEJournal For Research
Synthetic fibers composite fibers are more widely used because of its great property. Natural fiber epoxy composite is found to be an effective replacement of some kind of synthetic materials. Oil palm seed fiber is chosen as fiber because of its easy availability, less cost compared to other fibers, renewable, environment friendly, non-abrasive, biodegradable and enhanced properties. Palm seed fiber being available easily is also a disposal of fiber from its industries. Being a green composite 0il palm seed fiber epoxy composite was fabricated. In this paper chemical treatment with NaOH and H2O2 and mechanical properties of oil palm seed fiber epoxy composite was studied along with the morphological analysis of SEM images were conducted. Chemical treatments provided better adhesion between the fiber and matrix.
Effect of stitch length on abrasion resistance Azmir Latif Beg
The document summarizes research on the effect of stitch length on the abrasion resistance of grey knitted fabric. It finds that abrasion resistance decreases as stitch length increases, but not in a linear relationship. Specifically:
- Abrasion resistance decreases slightly as stitch length first increases but then decreases more rapidly for fabrics made from 24 Ne yarn.
- It also decreases for 32 Ne and 34 Ne yarns as stitch length increases, but the relationships are not linear and show opposing curves.
- Regression equations are provided relating stitch length and abrasion loss for each yarn count, allowing abrasion resistance to be predicted.
- While small hosiery machines are less used now, the research
Acrylamide Grafting on Banana Fibres for Increased Water Absorbency and Reten...ketki chavan
This document summarizes research on grafting acrylamide onto banana fibers to improve their water absorbency properties. It describes extracting banana fibers from plants, pre-treating the fibers, and grafting acrylamide onto the fibers using ceric ammonium nitrate as an initiator. The document outlines experiments to optimize the grafting temperature, monomer concentration, and initiator concentration. After grafting, the fibers undergo hydrolysis and precipitation. The grafted fibers are then tested for percent weight addition and water absorbency to evaluate the grafting process. Safety precautions are also discussed when handling the various chemicals.
when it can no longer do so.
To a lady An article which is serviceable is capable of performing useful service; its serviceability ceases of fashion, her last season’s outfit is unserviceable as far as being in the fashion is concerned even though the cloth may
This document discusses textile testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance. It begins with an introduction to pilling formation and objectives of pilling testing. Methods of pilling testing include the ICI pilling box and random tumble pilling tester. Grading scales are provided to assess pilling. Abrasion resistance and factors that influence it are then covered. The Martindale abrasion tester process and assessment are described. In conclusion, fabric pilling can be reduced through fiber, yarn, fabric and finish improvements while maintaining aesthetics and performance.
Pina fiber is obtained from the leaves of pineapple plants. It is made through a labor intensive process of cutting leaves, separating fibers, and hand scraping and knotting them. Pina fiber is lustrous and durable with physical and chemical properties that make it resistant to wear and require no harsh chemicals for care. While pina fabric was once globally in demand, cheaper cotton replaced it until recent revival efforts that have restored its status as a symbol of Philippine culture and elite fashion. Pina weaving survives as an important cultural heritage craft.
The document discusses various cleaner production technologies that can make textile chemical processing more environmentally friendly. It covers eco-friendly approaches to fiber cultivation, dyeing, finishing, and identifying eco-friendly textiles. Some key points include using bifunctional reactive dyes for lower color in effluent, iron complexes or glucose as alternatives to hydrosulphite in vat dyeing, and bio-finishing of denim which is now well-established.
Shristi is a private limited company that plans to manufacture sarees, shirts, mats and other handicrafts from banana fiber. The company aims to empower rural youth and promote sustainable products through its manufacturing unit located in Shimoga district of Karnataka. It plans to employ 50 people total, including laborers to extract fiber and artisans to weave the fiber into handicrafts. The social goals of the business are to generate employment, increase villagers' incomes, boost demand for bananas from farmers, and develop new skills among the rural population. The business will require an initial capital of 10 lakhs rupees.
The document discusses various potential uses for banana waste, including:
1) Banana flour, powder, and chips which can be used for baking, snacks, and infant feeding.
2) Producing paper and packaging from banana fibers which has lower costs than traditional pulp paper.
3) Creating biofuels like ethanol and biodesel from bananas which do not produce waste.
4) Developing new products from bananas like a fat replacement and high-fiber foods utilizing the whole banana plant.
This document discusses the preparation of a banana fiber reinforced composite wall material. Banana fibers are extracted from plantain stems and twisted into threads. The threads are arranged vertically and horizontally on a cardboard surface. Polyester resin, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide hardener, and silicon powder filler are mixed in a 60:10:30 ratio and poured into the fiber framework. The resulting composite wall has a tensile strength of 33 MPa and low thermal conductivity. Potential applications include automotive parts, and advantages of the natural fiber composite include being environmentally friendly and biodegradable. Future work proposed includes producing larger sheets and further testing mechanical properties.
IRJET- A Review on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Poly...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. It discusses how the tensile properties of these composites are influenced by fiber loading and surface treatments. The tensile strength generally increases with fiber content up to a maximum, while the Young's modulus continuously increases. However, the hydrophilic nature of natural fibers causes incompatibility with hydrophobic polymer matrices. Surface treatments can make the fibers more hydrophobic and improve adhesion. Alkali treatment and acrylic acid treatment are effective modification methods.
Mechanical properties analysis of basalt, hemp, carbon, and glass fiber- rein...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that analyzed the mechanical properties of hybrid composites made from basalt, hemp, carbon, and glass fibers reinforced with an epoxy matrix. Five different fiber combinations were tested: C1 with layered hemp, basalt, glass, and carbon fibers; C2 with basalt, glass, and hemp fibers; C3 with basalt, hemp, and glass fibers; C4 with glass, hemp, and carbon fibers; and C5 with basalt, hemp, and glass fibers. The hemp and basalt fibers were treated with alkaline and silane solutions prior to composite fabrication to improve fiber-matrix adhesion. Mechanical testing showed that combination C1 had the
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A Survey on Mechanical Activities on Coir Fiber Resistant Polymer Matrix Comp...IJARIIE JOURNAL
This document summarizes research on coconut fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites. It discusses how natural fibers like coconut fibers can be used to reinforce composites and improve their mechanical properties. The document outlines different types of composites based on the matrix material (metal, ceramic, polymer). It then focuses on research done using coconut fibers to reinforce polymer matrices like polyester and epoxy. The objectives of the research discussed are to develop new natural fiber reinforced polymer composites and to study the effect of fiber content, fiber treatment, and loading on the mechanical properties of coconut fiber composites.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Behaviour of Epoxy Resin Reinforced wit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of a composite made from epoxy resin reinforced with woven glass fibers and jute fibers. The composite was fabricated using hand lay-up techniques. Tests were conducted to determine the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of the composite according to ASTM standards. The results of the experimental investigation are not discussed in the summary as the focus is on providing a high-level overview of the purpose and methodology described in the document.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Hemp-Bagasse Fibers Reinforced with Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of hemp-bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hemp, bagasse, and E-glass fibers in epoxy resin. The fibers were treated with alkali before being incorporated into laminates at 10% and 20% volume fractions using hand layup. Tensile, flexural, and hardness tests were conducted according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the 10% volume fraction laminate had higher ultimate tensile strength of 42MPa and the 20% fraction had higher flexural strength of 77.9MPa. Hardness was also evaluated. The study demonstrated that hybrid natural fiber composites can
PERFORMANCE STUDY ON HYBRID GLASS FIBER EPOXY COMPOSITEIjorat1
1) The document discusses a study on hybrid glass fiber-epoxy composites with the addition of chemically treated natural fibers like jute and bagasse.
2) Jute and bagasse fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate, and stearic acid solutions. Composite specimens with treated and untreated fibers were fabricated by compression molding with layers of natural and glass fibers in epoxy resin.
3) The study aims to identify the optimal chemically treated natural fiber material to enhance the tensile and flexural strength of the hybrid composites. Mechanical properties of specimens will be compared to determine the effect of fiber treatment.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review SR
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the
development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste
agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced
with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup
technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using
different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic
resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar
behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester
resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the
increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the
agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
Study Analysis & Application of Bio-Composite Smart Materialtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
Abstract: The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry. The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment friendly and also increase the fuel economy
Tensile and Impact Properties of Natural Fiber Hybrid Composite MaterialsIJMER
This paper is a review on the tensile and impact properties of natural fiber hybrid composites.
Natural fibers are having good mechanical properties, high specific strength, low cost, bio-degradable
and easily can recyclable through thermal methods. In this paper two different hybrid composites were
manufactured by compression molding and properties of tensile and impact results are conducted as per
ASTM standards. In this project three different fibers such as sisal, jute and glass with thermosets epoxy
resin used with weight ratio of fiber to resin as 15:15:70.Results showed that sisal/glass hybrid composite
has more tensile and impact strength while comparing to sisal/jute hybrid composite.
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse WasteIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of sugarcane bagasse waste as a material for multi-layered ballistic armor. It first discusses sugarcane bagasse composites, including their mechanical properties and prior research examining their reinforcement in polymer matrices. It then discusses multi-layered armor systems, noting that they provide weight advantages over monolithic plates but can have reduced ballistic resistance. The document surveys previous research comparing the performance of mono-layered and multi-layered armor configurations. Finally, it discusses the potential use of sugarcane bagasse composites as the secondary layer in a multi-layered armor system.
IRJET- Synthesis and Analyse the Physical Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Coc...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study that synthesized and analyzed the physical properties of sugarcane bagasse-coconut coir-epoxy composites. Samples were manufactured with 40% fiber content and tested according to ASTM standards. Results showed that tensile strength and flexural strength were higher than for pure epoxy, indicating improved properties from the natural fiber reinforcement. The document also reviews previous literature on using natural fibers like jute and sisal to reinforce composites, and techniques like fiber surface treatments and compatibilizers to improve mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
CHARACTERIZATION OF BANANA FIBER/PISTACIA VERA SHELL CELLULOSE REINFORCED COM...IAEME Publication
The main objective of the work is to add value to the agricultural residue by fabricating a partially biodegradable composite that shows the best combination of properties. To achieve this, Pistacia Vera shells are opted and cellulose is extracted from it, of both nano and micro sized. Such cellulose is added as filler, to the long banana fibers reinforced polyester composite. Also, this novel material is characterized by testing tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and thermal conductivity. Peak Tensile strength for Pistacia Vera shell banana fiber/nanocellulose reinforced composite is found to be 19% higher than banana fiber based composite. Similarly, Flexural, Impact strength and Thermal conductivity results also exhibited good synergism.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
This document discusses the mechanical characterization of biodegradable linen fiber composites. It begins by introducing linen fiber as a natural fiber that is made from flax plants. The document then discusses the properties of linen fiber and describes how linen fiber composites were prepared by layering linen fibers with an epoxy resin matrix. Four composite samples with different numbers of linen fiber layers were made and tested for their mechanical properties under tensile testing. The results of the tensile tests for the first two samples, which contained 4 and 3 linen fiber layers respectively, are presented. Both samples exhibited relatively high yield strengths and stresses.
Fabrication and Testing of Bio Fiber-Glass Hybrid CompositesIRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and testing of flax, hemp, and glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites. Various composites were made including flax fiber composite, hemp fiber composite, flax-glass hybrid composite, hemp-glass hybrid composite, and a three fiber flax-hemp-glass hybrid composite. The composites were tested for mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, hardness, and impact strength. Testing showed that the flax fiber composite had the highest tensile strength and modulus, while the hemp fiber composite had the highest flexural strength and modulus. Incorporating glass fibers into the flax and hemp fiber composites improved their mechanical properties. The three fiber hybrid composite's
A Study on Properties of Natural Fibres - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the properties of natural fibres and natural fibre composites. It discusses how factors like fibre diameter, density, geometry, and coupling agents can influence the mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of natural fibre composites. Surface treatments and coupling agents are shown to improve properties. The document examines different types of natural plant fibres and provides examples of studies that tested the tensile strength of various natural fibre composites, showing how treatments and fibre content can increase strength and modulus. It demonstrates that natural fibre composites show promising properties for structural applications.
EVALUATION OFTENSILE PROPERTIESOF EPOXY RESIN BASED COMPOSITES REINFORCED WIT...IAEME Publication
In recent times the concern for the environmental pollution and the prevention of nonrenewable
and non- biodegradable resources has promoted research in the field of green
technologies, eco friendly, non polluting materials which can maximize energy and resource
savings. In the present work Jute fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix,
alongside Banana fibres reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix and Flax fibres
reinforced with biaxial glass fibres in epoxy matrix was prepared and mechanical properties were
evaluated and compared for two weight fractions, the samples were prepared by using the hand
lay-up process and applying pressure at room temperature. The samples were subjected to tensile
testing was performed on the samples to investigate the mechanical properties and to suggest a
material which could compete with synthetic materials and still be easily disposed. Results of
wear test showed that with increasing reinforcement concentration the wear rate decreases but
with increasing speed, sliding distance the wear increases, additional interesting observation was
that banana hybrid composite showed less wear than all the other composites.
This document evaluates the tensile properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced with different natural fibers like jute, banana, and flax fibers, as well as uniaxial glass fibers. Samples were prepared with two different weight fractions using hand lay-up and tested for tensile properties. Results showed that wear rate decreased with higher reinforcement concentration but increased with higher speed and sliding distance. Additionally, banana fiber hybrid composites exhibited less wear than the other composites. The study aimed to design sustainable composite materials that can compete with synthetic materials while being environmentally friendly.
Similar to A STUDY ON THE ABRASION RESISTANCE, COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND HARDNESS OF BANANA– FIBRE REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITES (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
2. A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of Banana–Fibre
Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 43 editor@iaeme.com
Key words: Alkalisation; Pre-impregnation; Banana fibre; Natural fibre;
Compression set; Hardness; Abrasion.
Cite this article: R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh. A Study on the Abrasion
resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of Banana–Fibre Reinforced
Natural Rubber Composites. International Journal of Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp 42–55
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=7&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
The birthplace of natural rubber is Central America but is cultivated mainly in
Southeast Asia, in India, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The interest in natural fibres is
growing globally as a cheap, abundant and eco-friendly alternative to the toxic, non-
biodegradable and expensive synthetic fibres [1]. Many lignocelluloses fibres like
banana, sisal, bamboo, hemp etc., are more and more applied as reinforcement of
composites [2]. Natural fibres such as jute, hemp, sisal, pineapple, abaca and coir
have been studied as reinforcement and filler in composites [3]. Abundance of banana
fibre and its excellent tensile properties makes it a good choice for reinforcement in
composites. The aim of our work is to develop an eco-friendly, economical and useful
elastomer composite by using natural materials only- with natural rubber as matrix
and banana fibre as reinforcement. This should have good wear resistance,
compressive strength and hardness. Such a material can find a lot of applications in
modern industries, consumer articles and load bearing bushes etc.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Composites are formed by combining materials together to form an overall structure
that is better than the sum of the individual components. The new material can be
stronger, lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials.
A lot of research has been done in the field of fibre reinforced elastomer
composites. Researchers have studied the effect of different fibres’ in natural and
synthetic rubber [4].
Wear of rubber and its components is of great importance because rubber parts are
widely used in different engineering applications. The wear resistance may be defined
as the resistance to wearing away by rubbing or sliding the surface against abrasives
materials, resulting in materials removal. Rubber composite applications in
compressive and abrasion loadings are limited by incomplete understanding of their
abrasion resistance and the means by which it can be controlled and improved. A
number of studies on polymer matrix composites subjected to sliding and abrasive
war indicated that wear resistance depends on the properties of the materials as well
as on the external wear conditions such as applied pressure and contact velocity [5-
8].The right combination of polymers, rubber chemicals and reinforcing filler systems
can change their performance[9]. For most of these researches petroleum - based
resources have been used, however, they are non- biodegradable and their disposal
contribute to many environmental problems. This motivated research to develop
biodegradable materials [10].The investigation of physical- mechanical properties
carried out on natural rubber- coconut fibre composites, showed that coconut fibre is
potential reinforcing filler for natural rubber compounds. In addition, palm kernel
husk was also found to be potential reinforcing filler for natural rubber compounds
[11]. Previous work also indicated that the use of lignocellulosic fibres as fillers can
3. R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 44 editor@iaeme.com
improve the properties of polymers. The aim of this research work is to explore the
possibilities of banana cellulose fibres as potential reinforcement in natural rubber.
The most important parameters that effect the fibre reinforcement are fibre dispersion,
fibre orientation and adhesion between the fibre and matrix [12]. Natural fibres have
advantages over synthetic fibres because of their renewable nature, low cost,
biodegradability and ease of chemical modification [13] and currently find
applications in automobile and building industries.
The Characteristics and properties of fillers which are imparted to a rubber
compound are particle size, particle shape, surface area and surface activity. Surface
activity relates to the compatibility of the filler with a specific elastomer and the
ability of the elastomer to adhere to the filler [5]. Fillers have been used to colour,
reinforce, extend and cheapen compounds. Two major classes are used: particulate
and fibres .Parameters affecting composite properties are fibre properties, matrix
properties, modifier properties, fibre volume content, curing conditions of resins and
process parameters (pressure, temperature, cure time etc).
For a continuous fibre reinforced composite, the fibre content and modulus in
composites is governed by the Rule of mixture (ROM) :E- EfVf+EmVm where Ef,
Vf, Em and Vm are the moduli and volume fractions of the fiber and matrix
respectively, when the load is applied along the fibre direction. This is not applicable
to a randomly oriented short fibre reinforced composites.
2.1. Banana Fibre
Bilba et al. determined the chemical composition of banana pseudostem by elemental
analysis and the results are cellulose-14-17% and lignin 15-16% [14]. Dynamic and
Mechanical behaviour of banana -glass hybrid fibre reinforced polyester composites
were studied by Pothan et al. [15]; Reinforcing efficiency of natural fibre is depends
on upon the nature of cellulose and its crystallinity [16]. Components which are
present in natural fibres are cellulose hemicelluloses, lignin, pectin and waxes.
Cellulose is a natural polymer consisting of Danhydroglucose repeating units [17].
Hemicellulose is different from cellulose. It comprises a group of polysaccharides.
Lignin is a complex hydrocarbon polymer with both aliphatic and aromatic
constituents and it is totally insoluble in most of the solvents and can't be broken
down into monomeric units. It is totally amorphous and hydrophobic in nature. It is
not hydrolyzed by acids, but soluble in hot alkali, readily oxidised and easily
condensable with phenol [18, 19, and 20].Lignin is considered to be a thermoplastic
polymer having a glass transition temperature of around 90°C and melting
temperature of around 170°C [21].
4. A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of Banana–Fibre
Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 45 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 Banana Fibre Properties.
Properties Fibre
Cellulose (%) 63-64
Micro fibril angle 11
Hemi cellulose 6-19
Lignin (%) 5-10
Moisture content (%) 10-11
Density (kg/cm³) 1350
Lumen size (mm) 5
Tensile strength (MPa) 529-914
Young’s modulus (GPa) 27-32
Figure 1 SEM of an untreated banana fibre [22].
Natural fibres, often referred to as vegetable fibres, are extracted from plants and
are classified into three categories, depending on the part of the plant they are
extracted from like Fruit fibres: extracted from the fruits of the plant, they are light
and hairy, and allow the wind to carry the seeds (coconut Fibres). Bast fibres: are
found in the stems of the plant providing the plant with its strength, they run across
the entire length of the stem and are therefore very long (banana fibre). Leaf fibres:
extracted from the leaves, are rough and sturdy and form part of the plant
transportation system (sisal fibres).
Figure 2 Cellulose fibre ingredients (a) cellulose (b) hemicelluloses (c) lignin [23]
5. R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 46 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 3 Natural fibre Cell [23]
2.2. Natural Rubber (NR).
Natural rubber is a linear polymer of an unsaturated called isoprene (2-methyl
butadiene).there may be as many 11,000 to 20, 0000 isoprene units in a polymer chain
of natural rubber. Natural rubber is the prototype of all elastomers and is a major
produce of India. NR is an elastomer and a thermoplastic. On vulcanization, it turns
into a thermoset. It is extracted from the latex of a tree, the Hevea braziliensis. It has a
density of 0.93 at 20°C, and has a very uniform microstructure that provides the
material with some very unique and important characteristics, namely the ability to
crystallise under strain, a phenomenon known as strain-induced crystallisation, and
has a very low hysteresis. The final properties of a rubber product depends on the
polymer and also on the modifiers used like reinforcing fibres, filler powders etc [21].
Table 2 Natural Rubber
Sl No. Natural Rubber %
1 Hydrocarbon 93.3
2 Acetone extract 2.9
3 Protein 2.8
4 Moisture 0.6
5 Ash 0.4
Natural Rubber NR
Polyisoprene IR
3. MATERIALS
ISNR20 a moderate grade natural rubber obtained from Silverstone rubbers,
Trivandrum. A density for the NR of 1g/cm 3 is determined, Banana fibres with an
average diameter of 80±2 microns, approximately, are used in the form of short fibres
6. A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of Banana–Fibre
Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 47 editor@iaeme.com
(6 mm long) are collected from Tirunelveli. Sodium Hydroxide, Toluene, Potassium
permanganate, benzyl chloride Acetone from Trivandrum.
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
4.1 Fibre surface treatments
4.1.1. Alkalisation
The fibres are treated with aqueous solution (4% w/v) for 4 hrs at 30°C keeping the
fibre: water ratio 1:30. They are then washed with distilled water until all the sodium
hydroxide is eliminated. Dilute acetic acid is added to it to neutralise any alkali
residue in the fibres. Subsequently, the fibres are dried at 30°C for 24hrs and then at
60°C for 5hrs.
Fibre-OH + NaOH→Fiber-O⁻Na⁺ +H₂O
Figure 4 (i)Untreated&(ii)alkalised banana fiber [23]
Figure 5 NaOH treated fibers.
4.1.2. Benzoylation
The hydroxyl groups of the cellulose and lignin in the banana fibre is initially
activated by alkaline pre-treatment. Fibres are then suspended in 10% NaOH and
Benzyl chloride (C6H5COCl) solution for 15miniutes. The fibres are then removed
from the solution and soaked in ethanol for 1hr. to remove the benzyl chloride and
finally was washed with water and dried at 30°C for 24hrs. and then at 30°C for 24hrs
and then at 60°C for 5hrs.
7. R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 48 editor@iaeme.com
4.1.3. Potassium permanganate treatment of alkalized fibres
The procedure involved a 4% alkaline treated fibre soaked in 0.2% potassium
permanganate solution (in 2% acetone) for 3minutes. The fibres then are taken out
and dried at 30°C for 24hrs and at 60°C for 5hrs.
4.1.4. Surface pre-impregnation with a natural rubber dilute solution
The banana fibres are impregnated with a 1.5% w/w NR-Toluene solution. Rubber in
particulate form is dissolved in toluene at 80°C in a steel vessel by continuous
stirring. The natural fibres are immersed in the hot solution and stirred continuously
for 1hr. Bunches of fibres are then transferred to a flat plate and dried at 30°C for
24hrs for complete solvent evaporation. The impregnated fibres are disposed before
mixing them with the matrix.
4.2. Composite processing
A 30% v/v fibre content natural rubber/banana fibre composite is chosen to determine
the effect of the different fibre surface treatments on the composite mechanical
properties. The banana fibres are mixed with the rubber in a laboratory model two roll
rubber mill. The mixing process was performed in a sequential order. One-half of the
rubber is placed in the two roll rubber mill for about 10minutes; the banana fibres are
added then over a period of 5minutes. The other half of rubber is then fed into the two
roll mill and mixed for 10minutes. The total mixing time is 25minutes. The resulting
material is compression moulded at a pressure of 2Ton using a Carver laboratory
press at a temperature of 150°C for about 10minutes. The specimens for the
mechanical tests were obtained from the according to ASTM standards.
8. A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of Banana–Fibre
Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 49 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 6 Mould for Compression set
4.2.1. Compounding
The compounding recipe for the natural rubber composites is given the table below.
Mixing is carried out on a laboratory two roll mill in accordance with the method
described in ASTM-D3184-80. Cured samples produced on the electrically heated
press at 150°C for 10 minutes at a pressure of 2Ton.
Table 3 Compounding recipe
Sl No. Material Phr
1
2
3
4
5
6
Natural Rubber
Stearic acid
Zinc oxide
MBT
Sulphur
Banana Fibre
100
0.2
5
0.5
3
30% v/v
4.3. Mechanical Properties
4.3.1. Abrasive wear test
Two body abrasive wear tests were conducted on a pin-on-drum abrasive wear tester,
designed for standard wear tests described in ASTM standard D5963-97a. In this
method, the test specimen translates over the surface of an abrasive paper, which is
mounted on a revolving drum. The resulting wear of material expressed as volume
loss [24]. The test setup is schematically illustrated in Figure.7.
An alumina (Al₂O₃) abrasive which is substantially harder than the matrix and the
reinforcement is used. The pin specimen, 0.95mm diameter and 20mm long is placed
on the top of the drum. The drum 150 mm diameter rotates at 25rpm resulting in a
tangential velocity of 0.2m/s. While the drum is rotating, the specimens translated at a
speed of 4.2mm per revolution along the axis of rotation. Thus, the specimen is in
continuous contact with the abrasive drum surface. A static normal load L is applied
directly on the specimen to press it against the drum centre, its magnitude is varied
from 1to 5N. The sliding distance is set as 50cm for the entire tests. All tests are
carried out in dry ambient laboratory conditions.
9. R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 50 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 7 Drum type Abarder
A counter records the number of revolutions. Since the relative size of the
reinforcement is small in particulate reinforced composites, the effect of the
interfacial toughness on the wear rate can be significant. For example, when the
interface is weak, the reinforcement can be readily removed during abrasive wear
situations, such that a negative reinforcement effect is observed.
To estimate the abrasion resistance, wear rate could be computed by using the
following equation:
Kc = Δm/ (ρc.Vc.T).
Where
Δm = m₁-m₂
m₁ = Weight of specimen before test (g).
m₂ = Weight of specimen after test (g).
ρc = density of the specimen (g/mm).
Vs =sliding speed (mm/s).
T = sliding time.
4.3.2. Compressive strength
The ability of a material to resist breaking under compressive stress is an important
property of materials and used in engineering applications. The value of the uniaxial
compressive strength reached when the material fails completely is designed as the
compressive strength of that material. The compressive strength is usually obtained
experimentally by means of a compressive set.
Compressive strength is determined by finding compression set for the specimens.
Cylindrical samples are used for the purpose. The equipment is shown in the figure.
The differences between the original and the deformed heights obtained after keeping
the samples for 24hrs under a constant load of 80kg.
Compression Set = [(Original length- Deformed length)/ Original length] x 100
%.
4.3.3. Hardness test
The hardness of the cured composites is measured in Shore A; using Durometer,
model 5019. The measurement is accordance with ASTM-D2240.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The alkali treatment removed the pectin, wax, oil and other soluble carbohydrates like
hemicelluloses etc., leaving only alkali resistant cellulose. This exposes the hydroxyl
groups of the fibre and increases bonding sites in the fibre interface.
10. A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of Banana–Fibre
Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 51 editor@iaeme.com
Table 4 Test results
Specim
en No.
Nomenclature
Hardness
(Shore A)
Relative
Abrasion
(mm³)
Compressi
on Set (%)
1 Rubber only 25 - -
2 Alkalised fib. Comp. 52 410.62 12.5
3 Benzoylated fib comp. 39 489.94 12
4 Permanganate fib comp. 42 306.55 12
5 Impreg. fib comp. 62 310.07 15.11
6 Untreated fib comp. 61 253.69 7.17
5.1. Wear resistance
It is a common practice to increase the wear resistance of elastomers by adding fibres
and fillers to the elastomer matrix. The theory is that the sliding of the abrasive on
solid surface results in volume removal and the wear mechanism depends on the
hardness of a material. The presence of hard and inelastic fibres in a composite
increase the effective hardness of the composite which acts to reduce the amount of
material removal [26].
The results (Fig.8) shows that the rubber reinforced with untreated fibre has a
lower wear rate (higher abrasion resistance) followed by rubber filled with alkali-
potassium permanganate treated fibres. This may be due to the high level of rigidity
offered by the dry-untreated raw banana fibre embedded in the rubber matrix.
Mechanical properties of the reinforcement (Banana fibres) are harder than rubber in
nature. Due to this stiffness and rigidity offered by the untreated fibre along with the
fibre-matrix bonding, a higher abrasion resistance is offered by the composite.
Figure 8 Abrasion Resistance
0
100
200
300
400
500
Relative Abrasion (mm³)
Relative Abrasion (mm³)
11. R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 52 editor@iaeme.com
In the case of permanganate composite, the better fibre-matrix mechanical and
chemical interlocking is the reason for the good abrasion resistance offered. In other
cases, a low wear resistance is observed compared to the previous samples due to the
failure at the matrix-reinforcement interface or in the reinforcement itself.
Furthermore, two distinct wear mechanisms can be seen operating on the
composite surface. In some areas, fatigue failure associated with micro cracking is
clearly observed, whereas in other areas micro cutting is observed. The micro
cracking areas can be associated with hard fibre rich regions.
5.2. Compressive strength
From the compression set graph (Fig.9), it can be seen that the least compression set
value is for untreated fibre-rubber composite. Only a deformation of 7.17% from the
original length, exhibiting a maximum compressive strength. This is due to the high
level of stiffness and rigidity offered by the raw fibre and their resistance to
deformation and bending, thus giving the composite a high level of hardness. Banana
fibres have less elasticity and higher rigidity than the matrix rubber. Other samples
didn’t show any significant improvement in compressive strength.
Figure 9 Compression Set
5.3. Hardness
The hardness results of the different samples are shown in Figure 10. The maximum
hardness is obtained for the rubber impregnated fibres. An improvement of 148%
compared to rubber composite without reinforcement. This is due to the better and
rich fibre-rubber interphase and hence a close packing of the material. This is in line
with the reduced elasticity as a result of the reinforcement in the molecules. This
increase in rigidity decreases the elasticity of the virgin rubber. The next better
hardness is shown is shown by rubber reinforced with untreated fibre. This is because
of the fact that untreated banana fibre has more rigidity than the chemically treated
other samples.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Compression Set (%)
Compression Set (%)
12. A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of Banana–Fibre
Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 53 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 10 Hardness
Banana fibres have large surface area, which can form a strong physical bond with
the rubber matrix. Composites with strong bonds make it harder by impeding matrix
motion along the stress direction.
6. MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS
Wear of rubber and its components is of great importance because rubber parts are
wi9dely used in a lot of engineering applications. But their industrial applications are
limited by incomplete understanding of their abrasion resistance and the methods by
which this can be controlled and improved.
Enhanced properties of rubber-like, hardness, wear resistance and compressive
strength finds applications in the development of products like load bearing bushes in
automobiles, aerospace, vibration damping devices etc.
7. CONCLUSION
Four different treatments (alkali, permanganate, benzoylation and fibre impregnation
with rubber) are carried out on Banana cellulose fibre and the treated, as well as
untreated fibres are used for the making of natural rubber composites. The effect of
different fibre treatments on the hardness, wear and compressive strength of rubber
are analysed. The mechanical properties such as wear resistance, compressive strength
and hardness of composites are found to increase with an increase in better interphase
properties. These results suggest that Banana fibre has immense potential in the
making of natural fibre reinforced rubber composites. Such a material can find a lot of
engineering and industrial applications.
The use of banana fibres as filler for natural rubber is of economical value and
their consumption as filler would help in the disposal of agricultural waste. The
hardness of rubber composites increases with the better interfacial bonding of
reinforcing fibres and reaches a maximum value (62 Shore A) for rubber composite
reinforced with rubber impregnated fibre. The hardness of this composite is higher
than that of alkalized fibre at the same fibre v/v and loading level. The wear rate
decreased with the surface modification of reinforcing fibres and better fibre-matrix
interfacial bonding.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Hardness Shore A
Hardness Shore A
13. R. Gopa Kumar and Dr R. Rajesh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 54 editor@iaeme.com
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express the support given by the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Noorul Islam University, Thuckalai, TN.,India.
REFERENCES
[1] Furquan Ahmed, Heung Soap Choi, myung kyun park, Macromol Mater Eng
2015,300, 10-24, Wiley online library.com.
[2] Oladele et al, 2010; Rout et al., 2001; Saheb and Jog.199.
[3] Chrlet et al.,2009; Herrera franco, Valadez,2004; Ibrahim et.al,2010,
[4] H S Katz, J V Milelvski, handbook pf Fillers for Plastics, Van Reinhold
Newyork, 1987.
[5] Morton.M, (1987). Rubber Technology, third edition, van Nostrand Reihold,
Newyork.
[6] Chung B., Funt J.M, Ouyang G.B,(1991). Effects of Carbon Black on
Elastomer Ultimate Properties- IR Compound, Rubber World (204), 46-51.
[7] Wang M J., (1998). Effect of Polymer filler and Filler- Filler Interactions on
Dynamic Properties of Fillers Vulcanizates. Rubber Chemistry and
Technology (71), 520-589.
[8] Sloan J M(1992). Reversion studies of Natural and Guayule rubber. US Army
Materials Technology Laboratory: Polymer Research Branch, August, 1-9.
[9] Haddeman R., and Panenka R.,(1997).Organosilanes and Silicas in Natural
Rubber. Natural Rubber (9), December,3.
[10] M.Z.Abduhamid N.A., Ibrahim and W.Z.Yunus, Effect of grafting on
properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-reinforced bio-composites.
journal of reinforced plastics and composites 29(18), 2010, 2723-2731.
[11] P.A.Egwaikhide, An investigation on the potential of palm kernel husk as
fillers in rubber reinforcement. Middle-east journal of science research 2(1),
2007, 28–32.
[12] V.J.Geethamma and E Thomas, Standard methods for water and effluents
analysis, (Ibadan Foludex press Ltd.1996).
[13] S.Kalia, L.Averurous, J.Njuguna, A.Dufresne and B.M.Cherian, Natural
fibres, Bio-and Nanocomposites. International Journal of Polymer Science
doi:10.1155/2011/73593,2011.
[14] L A.Pothan, C N.George, M J John, S.Thomas ., Dynamic Mechanical and
Dielectric Behaviour of Banana-Glass Hybrid Fibre Reinforced polyester
Composites, journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 29(8), pp.1131–
1145,2010.
[15] A A Collyer Rubber Toughened Engineering Plastics, 1994 Chapman & Hall.
[16] Bisma R C K A, Mishra S and Lampke T, Natural Fibre, Biopolymers and
Bio composites, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2005).
[17] Cichocki Jr FR, Thomason JL. Thermo elastic anistropy of a natural fibre.
Comp Sci Technol 2002; 62:669-78.
[18] Wnag Wei, Huang Gu, Characterisation and Utilisation of natural coconut
fibres composites. Journal of Materials and design (2008).45.
[19] S Harish, D Peter Michael, A Bensely, d Mohan lal, A Rajadurai, Mechanical
property Evaluation of natural fibre coir composite, Journal of material
Characterisation.
14. A Study on the Abrasion resistance, Compressive strength and Hardness of Banana–Fibre
Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/index.asp 55 editor@iaeme.com
[20] Olesen PO and Plackett DV, Perspectives on the Performance of Natural
Plant Fibres in http://www.ienica.net. IENICA Events, Copenhagen, May 27-
28 (1999).
[21] The influence of alkali treatment on banana fibre's mechanical properties
Julio César Mejía Osorio, Rodolfo Rodríguez Baracaldo, Jhon Jairo Olaya
Florez,
[22] Chemical treatments on plant-based natural fibre reinforced polymer
composites: An overview, M.M. Kabir , H. Wang, K.T. Lau, F. Cardona.
Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 2883–2892
[23] Annual book of ASTM standards, American Society for Metals, West
Conshohocken, PA, 1999, p.544.
[24] Muthuraj.M.P, Subramanian. K. Experimental Investigation on Glass Fibre
Reinforced Plasticbridge Decks Subjected To Static and Fatigue Loading.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 2013, pp
321–331.
[25] Loui T R, Satyakumar and Chandrabose T.A. Comparative Study of The
Effect of Treated Coir Fiber and Natural Rubber Modified Bitumen on Open
Graded Friction Course Mixes. International Journal of Advanced Research
in Engineering and Technology, 6(1), 2015, pp 56–69.
[26] D. Vasavi Swetha and Dr. K. Durga Rani. K. Effect of Natural Rubber on
The Properties of Bitumen and Bituminious Mixes. International Journal of
Civil Engineering and Technology, 5(10), 2014, pp 09–21
[27] D.Hols, K.Janssen, and K.Fredrik, Abrasive Wear of Ceramic-Matrix
composites, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, (1989).