This document provides an introduction and table of contents for "The A to Z of Bones of the Skull" reference book. It describes the book's organization of alphabetical listings of individual skull bones with labeled diagrams. It also includes common terminology used in osteology (bone study), with definitions of terms seen in the book related to skull bone features, structures, and radiological views. The goal is to provide a quick reference for various health professionals studying skull anatomy.
The document discusses the bones that make up the human skull. It is divided into two main parts: the calvaria or brain box, and the facial skeleton. The calvaria contains 14 paired and unpaired bones that form the upper part of the cranium protecting the brain, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial skeleton contains 14 additional bones, such as the paired maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, and lacrimal bones, as well as the unpaired mandible, vomer, and others that form the lower part of the skull. Diagrams are included showing the bones from different angles and views to illustrate their positions and relationships
This document provides a detailed overview of the cranial and facial bones that make up the anterior view of the human skull. It describes the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and zygomatic bone. For each bone, it lists the anatomical features, structures, and processes, and provides brief descriptions. The overall purpose is to educate on the bones and structures of the anterior skull.
The document summarizes the gross anatomy of the skull and facial bones. It describes the two main subdivisions of the cranium as the neurocranium, which forms the brain case from 8 bones, and the splanchnocranium, which makes up the facial skeleton from 14 bones including the maxillae and mandible. It also outlines the layers of the neurocranium including the calvaria formed from dermal bones, and lists the topographic regions including the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae and orbital and nasal cavities.
This document provides an overview of the bones in the human skull and face that will be covered in the Biology 71 Human Anatomy lab on skull anatomy. It lists the specific bones that will be examined, including the cranial bones (occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal), facial bones (mandible, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, vomer, nasal), and associated bones (hyoid, malleus, incus, stapes). It also notes that the first quiz for the class will be next week.
The document provides an overview of the osteology of the human skull. It describes the external features of the skull from the anterior, lateral, posterior, superior and inferior views. It also describes the internal features of the cranial cavity including the anterior, middle and posterior sections. Key bones are discussed such as the mandible, frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone and temporal bone. The neurocranium and viscerocranium are defined. Several craniometric points are also defined that are used for anatomical measurements and landmarks. Buttresses that transmit forces across the skull are also noted.
The document provides an introduction and table of contents for a reference book on the bones of the skull. It begins with an introduction thanking those involved in publishing the previous reference book. It then provides information on how to use the new reference book, which will list each bone of the skull alphabetically with labeled diagrams and definitions of common osteological terms. Radiological views of certain bones are also included. The book aims to be a quick reference for students and professionals studying human anatomy and related fields.
SKULL, PARTS, FUNCTIONS - Anatomy topic - easy explanationSwatilekha Das
The skull is the upper part of the axial skeleton and is formed of the cranium and facial skeleton. It has several important functions, including making the skull lighter through paranasal air sinuses, protecting the brain and delicate ear tissues through the cranial and petrous temporal bones, housing the eyes in orbital cavities, and providing sockets for teeth through the alveolar processes of the maxillae and mandible. The skull also forms the walls of the nasal cavities to keep the respiratory passage open.
Anatomy lecture on the bones of the neurocranium (osteology of neurocranium)
easy to memorize and made in a summary style
best for your study plan
detalied anatomy of each bone
with the review of what will be on exam and what is important
best for exam preperation
The document discusses the bones that make up the human skull. It is divided into two main parts: the calvaria or brain box, and the facial skeleton. The calvaria contains 14 paired and unpaired bones that form the upper part of the cranium protecting the brain, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial skeleton contains 14 additional bones, such as the paired maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, and lacrimal bones, as well as the unpaired mandible, vomer, and others that form the lower part of the skull. Diagrams are included showing the bones from different angles and views to illustrate their positions and relationships
This document provides a detailed overview of the cranial and facial bones that make up the anterior view of the human skull. It describes the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and zygomatic bone. For each bone, it lists the anatomical features, structures, and processes, and provides brief descriptions. The overall purpose is to educate on the bones and structures of the anterior skull.
The document summarizes the gross anatomy of the skull and facial bones. It describes the two main subdivisions of the cranium as the neurocranium, which forms the brain case from 8 bones, and the splanchnocranium, which makes up the facial skeleton from 14 bones including the maxillae and mandible. It also outlines the layers of the neurocranium including the calvaria formed from dermal bones, and lists the topographic regions including the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae and orbital and nasal cavities.
This document provides an overview of the bones in the human skull and face that will be covered in the Biology 71 Human Anatomy lab on skull anatomy. It lists the specific bones that will be examined, including the cranial bones (occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal), facial bones (mandible, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, vomer, nasal), and associated bones (hyoid, malleus, incus, stapes). It also notes that the first quiz for the class will be next week.
The document provides an overview of the osteology of the human skull. It describes the external features of the skull from the anterior, lateral, posterior, superior and inferior views. It also describes the internal features of the cranial cavity including the anterior, middle and posterior sections. Key bones are discussed such as the mandible, frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone and temporal bone. The neurocranium and viscerocranium are defined. Several craniometric points are also defined that are used for anatomical measurements and landmarks. Buttresses that transmit forces across the skull are also noted.
The document provides an introduction and table of contents for a reference book on the bones of the skull. It begins with an introduction thanking those involved in publishing the previous reference book. It then provides information on how to use the new reference book, which will list each bone of the skull alphabetically with labeled diagrams and definitions of common osteological terms. Radiological views of certain bones are also included. The book aims to be a quick reference for students and professionals studying human anatomy and related fields.
SKULL, PARTS, FUNCTIONS - Anatomy topic - easy explanationSwatilekha Das
The skull is the upper part of the axial skeleton and is formed of the cranium and facial skeleton. It has several important functions, including making the skull lighter through paranasal air sinuses, protecting the brain and delicate ear tissues through the cranial and petrous temporal bones, housing the eyes in orbital cavities, and providing sockets for teeth through the alveolar processes of the maxillae and mandible. The skull also forms the walls of the nasal cavities to keep the respiratory passage open.
Anatomy lecture on the bones of the neurocranium (osteology of neurocranium)
easy to memorize and made in a summary style
best for your study plan
detalied anatomy of each bone
with the review of what will be on exam and what is important
best for exam preperation
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)michgcubed
This document provides an overview of the cranium and facial bones, structures of the ear, sinuses, and orbit. It describes the 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, and key features of the maxilla, mandible, nasal bones, sphenoid bone, temporal bone, and paranasal sinuses. The ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses are discussed in more detail. Structures of the ear including the external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, middle ear ossicles, and internal ear are also summarized. Finally, the document reviews the bones that make up the orbit, as well as its imaging and openings.
Cranium is the skeleton of the head.
Neurocranium is the bony case of the brain and meninges. It is formed by a series of eight bones:
Unpaired: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Occipital
Paired : Temporal, Parietal
Ethmoid bone relatively minor contribution
This document provides an overview of skull anatomy and various radiological projections used to image the skull. It describes the 22 bones that make up the skull, including landmarks like the nasion, glabella, and external occipital protuberance. Common projections are discussed like the PA, lateral, Towne, and Caldwell views. Specific positioning considerations and structures visualized are outlined for each view. Other projections for detailed examination of regions like the orbits, sinuses, facial bones and temporomandibular joints are also mentioned.
The document discusses various types of skull and facial fractures, their causes and symptoms. It describes linear, depressed, open and basal skull fractures, as well as fractures of the cranial vault, skull base and facial bones. Facial fractures include nasal, orbital and mid-face fractures. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the fracture but may include headache, blurred vision, swelling and bruising. Causes are typically high-impact injuries from accidents or assaults.
The four major sutures of the skull are the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures. Sutures connect the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones of the skull and allow movement during birth by acting as expansion joints that enable even growth of the bones and brain. There are also two fontanelles between the skull bones, the anterior and posterior fontanelles, which are soft spots in an infant's skull that close during the first two years of life.
The document discusses the bones that make up the human skull. It is divided into two parts: the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull bones, which are divided into the cranium and mandible. The cranium contains eight bones, while the mandible is a single bone. The document further describes several important skull bones in more detail, including the maxilla, mandible, nasal bones, ethmoid bone, and sphenoid bone. It outlines the structures and features of each bone.
This document provides a detailed overview of the human skeletal system, including labels and descriptions for bones and features of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvis, lower extremities, hands and feet. Key areas covered include the cranium, vertebrae, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, innominate, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals and metatarsals. Diagrams show the skeletal features and their anatomical relationships.
The skull consists of 22 bones that protect and house the brain. It can be divided into the calvaria and facial skeleton. The calvaria includes the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial skeleton includes the maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, vomer, and mandible bones. Sutures connect the bones of the skull. The skull changes in shape and size from infancy through adulthood due to growth and development. Measurements of the skull can provide information about sex and ancestral origin.
The skull consists of several bones joined by sutures. It is composed of an outer and inner table of compact bone separated by diploe. The skull bones are divided into those of the cranium (vault and base) and face. The cranium contains the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones. The face contains zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, vomer and palatine bones. The dura mater of the brain has an endosteal layer attached to the inner skull surface and a meningeal layer which is the dura mater proper covering the brain.
The document describes the bones and sutures that make up the norma verticalis, or top view, of the human skull. It is comprised of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, which are joined by the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures. Several anatomical landmarks are also defined, including the bregma where the coronal and sagittal sutures meet, the parietal eminence which is the area of maximum convexity, and the lambda where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures join.
This presentation deals with description of the normas: verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis. There is another presentation “Skull – inside and some separate bones” to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
The skull is composed of 22 bones that form the cranium (housing the brain) and face. The 8 bones of the cranium are the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, and two each of the parietal and temporal bones. These bones protect the brain and support structures like the spinal cord. The 14 bones of the face are the mandible, maxillae, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, inferior conchae, palatine, and vomer bones, which form structures like the nose and jaws.
osteology of head and neck is explained in complete detail.
It has two part. plz read both parts to get an complete overview about the osteology of head and neck region.
This document provides an overview of osteology and cranial bones. It begins with an introduction to osteology and the cranium. It then discusses the embryology of cranial bones, including that the cranium forms from paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. It develops through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification. The document outlines the anatomy and articulations of major cranial bones like the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and others. It provides details on their embryological origin, parts, ossification, and clinical relevance. In conclusion, it reviews osteology and development of the cranial bones.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the skull, including its bones, landmarks, and features. It discusses the 22 bones that make up the skull, describing their locations and structures. It also summarizes the different views of the skull, cranial fossae, openings on the skull, and membranes surrounding the brain.
The skull is composed of multiple bones that form the neurocranium and viscerocranium. The neurocranium includes the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid and temporal bones. The viscerocranium includes the zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, inferior nasal concha and mandible bones. Foramina in the skull allow for the transmission of blood vessels and cranial nerves. Common fractures include those of the nasal bones, basilar skull, maxillofacial bones and orbit.
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
The document provides information about the bones that make up the human skull. It discusses 28 individual bones and where they are located. Some of the key bones mentioned include the frontal bone, which forms the forehead; the parietal bones, which make up much of the skull vault; the occipital bone, which forms the back of the skull; and the sphenoid bone, which contributes to parts of the middle cranial fossa, orbits, nasal cavity, and infratemporal fossa. Sutures and joints between the skull bones are also described. The document provides detailed information on features and articulation points of each bone.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
The a-to-z-of-skeletal-muscles-110430042637-phpapp02Dusan Veljkovic
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to a book titled "The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles" by Dr. Amanda Neill. The introduction discusses the purpose and structure of the book, which provides an alphabetical listing and illustrations of muscles. It acknowledges those who supported the project and dedicates the book to loved ones. The table of contents outlines the main sections of the book, including the structure and examination of muscles, summaries of muscle groups, and the alphabetical index of individual muscles. Common anatomical terms used in the study of muscles, nerves and bones are also defined.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for "The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles" reference book. It describes the book's structure, with an alphabetical listing of muscles and their origin, insertion, action, blood supply, nerve supply, and functional tests. Feedback is welcomed to improve the book. The introduction also acknowledges support from ASPENpharmacare Australia and dedicates the book to AA and ZZ.
Cta 201 module 5 cranium bones and facial bones (1)michgcubed
This document provides an overview of the cranium and facial bones, structures of the ear, sinuses, and orbit. It describes the 8 cranial bones, 14 facial bones, and key features of the maxilla, mandible, nasal bones, sphenoid bone, temporal bone, and paranasal sinuses. The ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid sinuses are discussed in more detail. Structures of the ear including the external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, middle ear ossicles, and internal ear are also summarized. Finally, the document reviews the bones that make up the orbit, as well as its imaging and openings.
Cranium is the skeleton of the head.
Neurocranium is the bony case of the brain and meninges. It is formed by a series of eight bones:
Unpaired: Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid & Occipital
Paired : Temporal, Parietal
Ethmoid bone relatively minor contribution
This document provides an overview of skull anatomy and various radiological projections used to image the skull. It describes the 22 bones that make up the skull, including landmarks like the nasion, glabella, and external occipital protuberance. Common projections are discussed like the PA, lateral, Towne, and Caldwell views. Specific positioning considerations and structures visualized are outlined for each view. Other projections for detailed examination of regions like the orbits, sinuses, facial bones and temporomandibular joints are also mentioned.
The document discusses various types of skull and facial fractures, their causes and symptoms. It describes linear, depressed, open and basal skull fractures, as well as fractures of the cranial vault, skull base and facial bones. Facial fractures include nasal, orbital and mid-face fractures. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the fracture but may include headache, blurred vision, swelling and bruising. Causes are typically high-impact injuries from accidents or assaults.
The four major sutures of the skull are the coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures. Sutures connect the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones of the skull and allow movement during birth by acting as expansion joints that enable even growth of the bones and brain. There are also two fontanelles between the skull bones, the anterior and posterior fontanelles, which are soft spots in an infant's skull that close during the first two years of life.
The document discusses the bones that make up the human skull. It is divided into two parts: the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull bones, which are divided into the cranium and mandible. The cranium contains eight bones, while the mandible is a single bone. The document further describes several important skull bones in more detail, including the maxilla, mandible, nasal bones, ethmoid bone, and sphenoid bone. It outlines the structures and features of each bone.
This document provides a detailed overview of the human skeletal system, including labels and descriptions for bones and features of the skull, vertebral column, rib cage, shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvis, lower extremities, hands and feet. Key areas covered include the cranium, vertebrae, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, innominate, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals and metatarsals. Diagrams show the skeletal features and their anatomical relationships.
The skull consists of 22 bones that protect and house the brain. It can be divided into the calvaria and facial skeleton. The calvaria includes the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial skeleton includes the maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, vomer, and mandible bones. Sutures connect the bones of the skull. The skull changes in shape and size from infancy through adulthood due to growth and development. Measurements of the skull can provide information about sex and ancestral origin.
The skull consists of several bones joined by sutures. It is composed of an outer and inner table of compact bone separated by diploe. The skull bones are divided into those of the cranium (vault and base) and face. The cranium contains the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones. The face contains zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, vomer and palatine bones. The dura mater of the brain has an endosteal layer attached to the inner skull surface and a meningeal layer which is the dura mater proper covering the brain.
The document describes the bones and sutures that make up the norma verticalis, or top view, of the human skull. It is comprised of the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, which are joined by the coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures. Several anatomical landmarks are also defined, including the bregma where the coronal and sagittal sutures meet, the parietal eminence which is the area of maximum convexity, and the lambda where the sagittal and lambdoid sutures join.
This presentation deals with description of the normas: verticalis, occipitalis, lateralis, frontalis and basalis. There is another presentation “Skull – inside and some separate bones” to complete the objectives.
Objectives
Identify the features of the major bones forming the cranial cavity according to normas and separate bones.
Describe the major sutures.
Describe the structure of the flat bones forming the skull and their blood supply.
Discuss ossification of the skull and the changes that occur during postnatal development.
Locate important bony surface landmarks.
The skull is composed of 22 bones that form the cranium (housing the brain) and face. The 8 bones of the cranium are the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, and two each of the parietal and temporal bones. These bones protect the brain and support structures like the spinal cord. The 14 bones of the face are the mandible, maxillae, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, inferior conchae, palatine, and vomer bones, which form structures like the nose and jaws.
osteology of head and neck is explained in complete detail.
It has two part. plz read both parts to get an complete overview about the osteology of head and neck region.
This document provides an overview of osteology and cranial bones. It begins with an introduction to osteology and the cranium. It then discusses the embryology of cranial bones, including that the cranium forms from paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. It develops through either intramembranous or endochondral ossification. The document outlines the anatomy and articulations of major cranial bones like the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and others. It provides details on their embryological origin, parts, ossification, and clinical relevance. In conclusion, it reviews osteology and development of the cranial bones.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the skull, including its bones, landmarks, and features. It discusses the 22 bones that make up the skull, describing their locations and structures. It also summarizes the different views of the skull, cranial fossae, openings on the skull, and membranes surrounding the brain.
The skull is composed of multiple bones that form the neurocranium and viscerocranium. The neurocranium includes the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid and temporal bones. The viscerocranium includes the zygomatic, maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, inferior nasal concha and mandible bones. Foramina in the skull allow for the transmission of blood vessels and cranial nerves. Common fractures include those of the nasal bones, basilar skull, maxillofacial bones and orbit.
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
The document provides information about the bones that make up the human skull. It discusses 28 individual bones and where they are located. Some of the key bones mentioned include the frontal bone, which forms the forehead; the parietal bones, which make up much of the skull vault; the occipital bone, which forms the back of the skull; and the sphenoid bone, which contributes to parts of the middle cranial fossa, orbits, nasal cavity, and infratemporal fossa. Sutures and joints between the skull bones are also described. The document provides detailed information on features and articulation points of each bone.
introduction to skull, parts of skull, bones involved forming skull, different views of skull, norma basalis, anterio cranial middle cranial and posterior cranial fossa, clinical aspects of cranial fossa, foramens present in the cranial fossa
The a-to-z-of-skeletal-muscles-110430042637-phpapp02Dusan Veljkovic
This document provides an introduction and table of contents to a book titled "The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles" by Dr. Amanda Neill. The introduction discusses the purpose and structure of the book, which provides an alphabetical listing and illustrations of muscles. It acknowledges those who supported the project and dedicates the book to loved ones. The table of contents outlines the main sections of the book, including the structure and examination of muscles, summaries of muscle groups, and the alphabetical index of individual muscles. Common anatomical terms used in the study of muscles, nerves and bones are also defined.
This document provides an introduction and table of contents for "The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles" reference book. It describes the book's structure, with an alphabetical listing of muscles and their origin, insertion, action, blood supply, nerve supply, and functional tests. Feedback is welcomed to improve the book. The introduction also acknowledges support from ASPENpharmacare Australia and dedicates the book to AA and ZZ.
The document summarizes the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton comprises the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. It protects organs and provides muscle attachment. The appendicular skeleton comprises the upper and lower limbs and their attachments via the pectoral and pelvic girdles. It includes over 100 bones and supports the weight of the body and limbs. The document then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the individual bones that make up these sections of the skeletal system.
The skeletal system consists of both axial and appendicular parts. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The skull contains both single and paired bones that protect the brain and form cavities for sensory organs. The vertebral column is made up of vertebrae which vary based on region. The appendicular skeleton connects the limbs to the axial skeleton and includes the shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs. Long bones have a shaft and two ends, and different bone types serve various protective and movement functions.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the head and neck, focusing on the bones that make up the skull. It describes each of the cranial bones - the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and sphenoid bones - listing their distinguishing features and articulations with other bones. It also briefly discusses the cervical vertebrae of the neck. The document is intended to teach medical students the osteology and key structures of the skull.
The document provides information and exercises on analyzing skeletal remains to determine gender, race, age, and estimated height. It discusses key indicators for each category, such as examining the pelvis to determine gender 95% accurately, and looking at skull and dental features to determine race. Exercises guide identifying these characteristics for various bone images and estimating height from bone measurements using formulas.
E X E R C I S E9 The Axial Skeleton121Materials●AlyciaGold776
E X E R C I S E
9 The Axial Skeleton
121
Materials
● Intact skull and Beauchene skull
● X-ray images of individuals with scoliosis,
lordosis, and kyphosis (if available)
● Articulated skeleton, articulated vertebral
column, removable intervertebral discs
● Isolated cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
● Isolated fetal skull
For related exercise study tools, go to the
Study Area of MasteringA&P. There you
will find:
● Practice Anatomy
Lab
● PhysioEx
● A&PFlix
● Practice quizzes,
Histology Atlas,
eText, Videos,
and more!
Pre-Lab Quiz
1. The axial skeleton can be divided into the skull, the vertebral column,
and the:
a. thoracic cage c. hip bones
b. femur d. humerus
2. Eight bones make up the , which encloses and protects the
brain.
a. cranium b. face c. skull
3. How many bones of the skull are considered facial bones?
4. Circle the correct underlined term. The lower jawbone, or maxilla /
mandible, articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable
joints in the skull.
5. Circle the correct underlined term. The body / spinous process of a typical
vertebra forms the rounded, central portion that faces anteriorly in the
human vertebral column.
6. The seven bones of the neck are called vertebrae.
a. cervical b. lumbar c. spinal d. thoracic
7. The vertebrae articulate with the corresponding ribs.
a. cervical b. lumbar c. spinal d. thoracic
8. The , commonly referred to as the breastbone, is a flat
bone formed by the fusion of three bones: the manubrium, the body, and
the xiphoid process.
a. coccyx b. sacrum c. sternum
9. Circle True or False. The first seven pairs of ribs are called floating ribs
because they have only indirect cartilage attachments to the sternum.
10. A fontanelle:
a. is found only in the fetal skull
b. is a fibrous membrane
c. allows for compression of the skull during birth
d. all of the above
Objectives
□ Name the three parts of the axial skeleton.
□ Identify the bones of the axial skeleton, either by examining isolated bones
or by pointing them out on an articulated skeleton or skull, and name
the important bone markings on each.
□ Name and describe the different types of vertebrae.
□ Discuss the importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures.
□ Identify three abnormal spinal curvatures.
□ List the components of the thoracic cage.
□ Identify the bones of the fetal skull by examining an articulated skull or image.
□ Define fontanelle, and discuss the function and fate of fontanelles.
□ Discuss important differences between the fetal and adult skulls.
122 Exercise 9
9
The axial skeleton (the green portion of Figure 8.1 on p. 108) can be divided into three parts: the skull, the ver-tebral column, and the thoracic cage. This division of the skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body and protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs.
The Skull
The skull is composed of two sets of bones. Tho ...
The skeletal system is the most important organ system for studying vertebrate morphology. It provides shape, support, and protection to the body. The skeletal system consists of two main parts - the axial skeleton which includes the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton gives the body its basic form and protects the spinal cord and vital organs. It develops from cartilage that later ossifies into bone. The skull is made up of the neurocranium, dermatocranium, and splanchnocranium. Vertebrae come in different shapes depending on the number and fusion of centra. Ribs attach to vertebrae and form a protective rib cage in most vertebrates
The document summarizes the skeletal system, specifically the axial skeleton. It describes the main bones that make up the skull, vertebral column, and ribs. It discusses the classification of bones based on their microscopic appearance, developmental origin, shape, and location in the body. For each bone, it provides a brief definition and identifies its key features.
- The document describes the findings from a lab exercise examining primate and early human fossils.
- The fossil was identified as an insectivorous adapoid primate based on tooth structure. The primate was likely an adult based on bone fusion.
- Additional fossils found at the site indicate a habitat near a water source with some plant and animal eating species. Marks on the bones suggest some were hunted.
- The document then examines early stone tools and differences between Oldowan and Acheulean tools. It also compares cranial and dental features between early humans and modern humans.
The document provides detailed information about the bones that make up the adult human skeleton. It discusses the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton and provides tables listing the bones in the adult skull and skeleton. Specific bones like the maxilla, orbits, and vertebrae are described in detail including their anatomical features and clinical relevance. Development of the skeletal system from mesenchymal cells and common congenital anomalies are also summarized.
ALVEOLAR BONE HISTOLOGY LECTURE FOR 1ST BDS STUDENTSdrdhaval3
The maxilla and mandible develop through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. The alveolar process forms to support the teeth and is composed of alveolar bone proper and supporting alveolar bone. The alveolar bone proper surrounds tooth roots and anchors periodontal ligaments, while supporting bone includes cortical plates and spongy bone. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts continuously remodel the alveolar process in response to tooth eruption, function, and loss. This remodeling allows orthodontic tooth movement and presents challenges like alveolar bone loss in periodontal disease.
introduction to musclskeletal system anatomy.pptxAmeera Al-Humidi
this lecture is introduction to anatomy of muscloskeletal system
including types of bones , joints, and different exsamples of each.
the lecture including images and questions.
for example of long bones femur, tibia, radius, ulna, and fibula.
for examples
Identification of appendicular bones 01.pptxsubrankumar
Practical physiology is complimentary to the theoretical discussions in
physiology. Practicals allow the verification of physiological processes discussed
in theory classes through experiments on living tissue, intact animals or normal
human beings. This is helpful for developing an insight on the subject.
The skeleton is the framework that provides structure to the rest of the body and facilitates movement. It consists of 206 bones that are arranged into the axial skeleton including the skull and vertebral column, and the appendicular skeleton including the limbs. Bones can be classified by their shape as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid. Joints connect bones and allow for varying degrees of movement, and can be categorized by their structure as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints. The skeleton works with muscles and nerves to enable movement of the body.
The skeletal system provides structure and protection to the body through bones, cartilage, and ligaments. It is made up of 206 bones organized into the axial skeleton which protects organs, and the appendicular skeleton which facilitates movement. Bones can be classified as long, short, flat, irregular or sesamoid depending on their shape. Joints connect bones and can be immovable, allow slight movement or full movement. They are classified by structure as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial joints. Key bones include the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum and limbs.
The details description is given in the ppt about the axial skeleton. We include the topics which are mentions below :-
What is skeleton
Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebrae
Thoracic cage
The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and thyroid cartilage. It provides attachment points for muscles of the floor of the mouth, tongue, larynx, epiglottis and pharynx. The body of the hyoid bone has anterior and posterior surfaces and upper and lower borders. It connects posteriorly to the greater cornua. The greater cornua taper posteriorly and end in tubercles, providing attachment for muscles like the thyrohyoid. The lesser cornua are small projections from the body that are sometimes connected to the greater cornua by synovial joints. Fracture of the hyoid bone is
The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae divided into an upper cranio-vertebral region and lower cervical region. The upper region includes the occipital condyles and C1-C2 vertebrae. The cranio-vertebral region contains the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) which connect to the occipital bone and each other through synovial joints, allowing flexion/extension and rotation. Ligaments like the transverse atlantal and alar stabilize these joints. The lower cervical region from C3-C7 contains vertebral bodies, processes, and facets that transmit forces and allow movement through articulations while being restricted by capsular patterns.
The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the neck superior to the larynx. It has a body and paired greater and lesser horns. It develops from cartilage and ossifies from multiple centers, fusing fully between ages 40-60 years. Younger hyoids are more mobile and flexible while older hyoids calcify and become brittle. The hyoid attaches to various muscles and ligaments in the neck. Hyoid fractures can occur from strangulation or blows to the neck and are categorized by the direction of displacement of fragments. X-rays and CT scans are most accurate for diagnosing hyoid fractures which are important in medicolegal cases involving neck injuries.
The document provides an overview of head and neck anatomy and clinical conditions. It covers topics such as the neck triangles, lymph node distribution, blood supply, neurology, emergency airway management, examining the thyroid and parotid glands, common fractures of the skull and face, sinuses, and headache distribution. Key structures discussed include the carotid sheath, sinuses, facial muscles, and lymph nodes. Common clinical presentations such as lumps, thyroid swelling, and sinusitis are also reviewed.
The ethmoid bone is divided into two parts: the perpendicular plate and the horizontal plate. There are usually three turbinates - superior, middle, and inferior - that are seen on endoscopy of the nose. The middle turbinate is part of the ethmoid bone and covers several structures. The uncinate process is attached to surrounding bones and covers the maxillary hiatus along with other structures. The ethmoidal infundibulum is a funnel-shaped passage bounded by various structures that tapers posteriorly. Pneumatization from ethmoidal cells can extend to surrounding areas to form additional cells.
The document discusses the bones that make up the human skull. It is divided into two main parts: the calvaria or brain box, and the facial skeleton. The calvaria contains 14 paired and unpaired bones that form the upper part of the cranium protecting the brain, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial skeleton contains 14 additional bones, such as the paired maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, and lacrimal bones, as well as the unpaired mandible, vomer, and others that form the lower part of the skull. Diagrams are included showing the bones from different standard anatomical views and positions.
The temporal bone is a composite bone consisting of the squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic portions. It forms parts of the skull and contains important structures like the inner ear. The document describes the anatomy of each portion in detail. Key structures discussed include the external acoustic meatus, mastoid air cells, semicircular canals, internal auditory canal containing cranial nerves, jugular foramen and associated neurovascular structures. Important surgical landmarks for various approaches are also highlighted.
The document describes the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It details the external nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses. The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum into right and left halves and has a floor, roof, lateral walls, and medial wall. It is connected to the paranasal sinuses which include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. The document outlines the openings, blood supply, nerve supply, and lymph drainage of the nose and paranasal sinuses.
The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae, with C1-C2 being atypical and C3-C7 being typical. The atlas (C1) forms a ring and articulates with the occiput and axis. The axis (C2) has a strong odontoid process that provides attachment for ligaments. The cervical spine is stabilized by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments as well as intervertebral discs and facet joints. Ossification of the cervical vertebrae begins in utero and continues throughout childhood, with fusion of parts occurring between ages 3-13 years. The cervical spine gives rise to the cervical plexus and brachial plexus, with C1-C4
The document discusses the anatomy of the axial skeleton, specifically the vertebral column and cervical vertebrae. It notes that the vertebral column is made up of 26 vertebrae and provides details on the typical parts of a vertebra including the body, vertebral arch, and processes. It also summarizes the key features and functions of the cervical vertebrae, intervertebral discs, and muscles that control neck movement.
This document provides an overview of the mandible, including its development, anatomy, age-related changes, and clinical applications. It discusses how the mandible develops from the first pharyngeal arch and ossifies through both intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. The anatomy of the mandible is described in detail, including its various parts and surrounding structures. Age-related changes to the mandible from birth through adulthood and old age are also reviewed. Finally, the document discusses some applied clinical aspects of the mandible relating to dislocations, fractures, and considerations for surgery.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
BBB and BCF
control the entry of compounds into the brain and
regulate brain homeostasis.
restricts access to brain cells of blood–borne compounds and
facilitates nutrients essential for normal metabolism to reach brain cells
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