Practical physiology is complimentary to the theoretical discussions in physiology. Practicals allow the verification of physiological processes discussed in theory classes through experiments on living tissue, intact animals or normal human beings. This is helpful for developing an insight on the subject.

1. EXP...
IDENTIFICATION OF
APPENDICULAR BONES

2. AIM:
The aim of this identification process is to recognize and distinguish
the appendicular bones of the human skeleton. This includes the
bones of the limbs and girdles.

3. • To identify major appendicular bones.
• To differentiate between bones of the
upper and lower limbs.
• To understand the function and
importance of each identified bone.
OBJECTIVES:

4. • Human skeleton model or bone
specimens.
• Anatomical charts or diagrams for
reference.
• Laboratory space with proper
lighting.
• Notebooks and writing materials.
REQUIREMENTS:

5. 1. Clavicle (Collarbone):
This is a slender bone that connects the sternum
(breastbone) to the scapula (shoulder blade).
It is easily recognizable due to its Sshaped curve.
THEORY:

6. 2. Scapula (Shoulder Blade):
Look for a flat, triangularshaped bone.
Identify the spine, acromion process, coracoid
process, and the glenoid cavity, which articulates
with the head of the humerus.
THEORY:

7. 3. Humerus (Upper Arm Bone):
The humerus is the long bone of the upper arm.
Identify the head, greater tubercle, lesser
tubercle, anatomical neck, surgical neck, deltoid
tuberosity, and the condyles (medial and lateral)
at the distal end.
THEORY:

8. 4. Radius and Ulna (Forearm Bones):
The radius is on the thumb side (anterior), and the
ulna is on the little finger side (posterior).
Note the styloid processes at the distal ends of
both bones.
Identify the radial head, radial tuberosity,
olecranon process, and trochlear notch.
THEORY:

9. 5. Carpals (Wrist Bones):
There are eight carpal bones arranged in two
rows.
Memorize the names and positions of each
carpal bone: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum,
Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and
Hamate.
THEORY:

10. 6. Metacarpals (Palm Bones):
These are the bones in the palm of the hand.
Numbered IV from the thumb side, each
metacarpal connects to a finger.
THEORY:

11. 7. Phalanges (Finger Bones):
Each finger has three phalanges (proximal,
middle, and distal), except for the thumb, which
has only two.
THEORY:

12. 8. Pelvic Girdle:
The pelvic girdle consists of two hip bones (coxal
bones) and the sacrum.
Each hip bone comprises the ilium, ischium, and
pubis.
The acetabulum is the socket that articulates
with the head of the femur.
THEORY:

13. 9. Femur (Thigh Bone):
The femur is the longest bone in the body.
Identify the head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser
trochanter, linea aspera, medial and lateral
condyles, and epicondyles.
THEORY:

14. 10. Patella (Kneecap):
The patella is a sesamoid bone located within the
quadriceps tendon.
It articulates with the femur and improves the
mechanical efficiency of the quadriceps muscle.
THEORY:

15. 11. Tibia and Fibula (Leg Bones):
The tibia is the larger, medial bone, and the fibula
is the smaller, lateral bone.
Identify the tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus
(distal end of the tibia), and lateral malleolus
(distal end of the fibula).
.
THEORY:

16. 1. Preparation:
Ensure all necessary materials are
available.
Familiarize yourself with
anatomical charts and diagrams.
PROCEDURE:

17. 2. Observation:
Examine the provided skeleton model or bone
specimens.
Begin with the upper limb, identifying bones
such as humerus, radius, ulna, carpals,
metacarpals, and phalanges.
Move to the lower limb, identifying bones such
as femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and
phalanges.
PROCEDURE:

18. 3. Comparison:
Compare bones within each limb
to understand their relative
positions.
Pay attention to joint structures
and connections.
PROCEDURE:

19. 4. Function and Importance:
Discuss the function of each
identified bone in relation to
movement and support.
Understand the role of
appendicular bones in daily
activities.
PROCEDURE:

20. Summarize the key findings and insights from the
identification process. Emphasize the importance of
understanding appendicular bones for a
comprehensive knowledge of the human skeletal
system. Reflect on the practical applications of this
knowledge in fields such as anatomy, medicine,
and physical therapy.
CONCLUSION:

21. This is a general outline, and you may need
to adapt it based on your specific context,
such as academic level, available resources,
and the depth of understanding required.
Additionally, it's important to consult
relevant textbooks or academic sources for
accurate and detailed information during
the identification process.
NOTE: