The cervical spine consists of 7 vertebrae divided into an upper cranio-vertebral region and lower cervical region. The upper region includes the occipital condyles and C1-C2 vertebrae. The cranio-vertebral region contains the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) which connect to the occipital bone and each other through synovial joints, allowing flexion/extension and rotation. Ligaments like the transverse atlantal and alar stabilize these joints. The lower cervical region from C3-C7 contains vertebral bodies, processes, and facets that transmit forces and allow movement through articulations while being restricted by capsular patterns.
anatomy of atlanto-occipital joint atlanto-axial joint and lower cervical spine. kinematics (includes osteokinematics and arthrokinnematics) and kinetics
anatomy of lumbar spine, biomechanics of lumbar spine, movements at lumbar region, muscles of lumbar region, lumbar vertebra, kinetics and kinematics of lumbar spine
anatomy of atlanto-occipital joint atlanto-axial joint and lower cervical spine. kinematics (includes osteokinematics and arthrokinnematics) and kinetics
anatomy of lumbar spine, biomechanics of lumbar spine, movements at lumbar region, muscles of lumbar region, lumbar vertebra, kinetics and kinematics of lumbar spine
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN- The system of ligaments in the vertebral column, combined with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury. For More Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Definition of pelvis, pelvis of structure, gynaecoid pelvis, types of pelvic bones, pelvic joints, pelvic ligaments, diameters, land marks, types of pelvis, functions of pelvis, deformities of pelvis all includes the detailed content of female pelvis.
Musculoskeletal system:Anatomy of the Lumbar region MuhamadAfif7
This is a brief presentation of the anatomy of the lumbar region.It covers the gross anatomy of the lumbar region including the lumbar vertebrae,the blood supply,muscles and nerve supply to this region.Some clinical aspects are also covered in this presentation
Vertebral Column is a complex structure of the Human body. It does not only provides protection for spinal cord but also provide mobility and stability of the trunk and the extremities. To learn structure of Vertebral Column and more Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN- The system of ligaments in the vertebral column, combined with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury. For More Online Medical Resource, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Definition of pelvis, pelvis of structure, gynaecoid pelvis, types of pelvic bones, pelvic joints, pelvic ligaments, diameters, land marks, types of pelvis, functions of pelvis, deformities of pelvis all includes the detailed content of female pelvis.
Musculoskeletal system:Anatomy of the Lumbar region MuhamadAfif7
This is a brief presentation of the anatomy of the lumbar region.It covers the gross anatomy of the lumbar region including the lumbar vertebrae,the blood supply,muscles and nerve supply to this region.Some clinical aspects are also covered in this presentation
Bones of Trunk (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
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Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
CLAVICLE Bone Osteology: Appendicular skeletonPriyanka Pundir
Clavicle bone: Osteology, Clavicle bone anatomy, Features of Clavicle bone, Side determination, Function of Clavicle, Characteristics of Clavicle Bone, Muscle Attachments, Ossification, Clinical Anatomy.
this slideshow describes about the hip joint anatomy, biomechanics and its pathomechanics along with angles of hip joint. the slide show also briefs about the pelvic femoral rhythm in daily activities
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. STRUCTURE
Consists of 7 vertebrae in total
Divided into 2 distinct parts:
a. The upper cervical spine or cranio-vertebral region
b. The lower cervical spine
Cranio-vertebral region includes the occipital condyles and C1-C2
Lower cervical spine includes the vertebrae of C3-C7
3. CRANIO- VERTEBRAL REGION
A. ATLAS:
Function of the atlas is to cradle the occiput and to transmit forces from the occiput to
the lower cervical spine.
It has no V.B or spinous process
Shaped like a ring
There are 2 large lateral masses that have a vertical alignment under each occipital
condyle that transmit forces
The lateral masses are connected by an anterior and posterior arch that form the ring
structure and also creates large transverse process for muscle attachments
4. The lateral masses include 4 articulating facets:
a. 2 superior facets
b. 2 inferior facets
Atlas also possesses a facet on the internal surface of the anterior arch for articulation
with the dens of axis
Superior zygapophseal facets:
a. Large
b. Kidney shaped
c. Deeply concave to accommodate the large convex articular surfaces of the occipital
condyles
5.
6.
7. Inferior zygapophyseal facets:
a. Slightly convex
b. Directed inferiorly
c. Articulates with the superior zygapophyseal facets of the axis
8.
9. B. AXIS:
Primary function of the axis are:
a. Transmit the combined load of the head and the atlas
b. Provide motion into axial rotation of the head and atlas
Anterior portion of the body extends inferiorly and a vertical projection called the dens
arises from the superior surface of the body
Dens has an anterior facet for articulation with the anterior arch of the atlas and a
posterior groove for articulation with the transverse ligament
10. The arch of the axis has inferior and superior zygapophyseal facets for articulation
The spinous process is large and elongated with a bifid tip
Superior facets face upward and laterally
Inferior facets face anteriorly
11.
12.
13. ARTICULATIONS
A. ATLANTO-OCCIPITAL JOINT:
Composed of the right and left deep concave superior facets of the atlas that
articulates with the right and left convex occipital condyles
True synovial joint
Lie nearly in the horizontal plane
14.
15. B. ATLANTO-AXIAL JOINT:
3 synovial joint
1 median (pivot joint) and 2 lateral joint
Median joint consists of odontoid process of C2 that articulated with a facet on the
internal surface of the atlas (C1)
2 lateral joints are composed of right and left superior facets of the axis that
articulates with the right and left slightly convex inferior facet on the atlas
16.
17. CRANIO VERTEBRAL LIGAMENTS
A. 4 of the ligaments are continuation of the longitudinal tract system:
a. Posterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial membranes:
Continuation of the ligamentum flavum
Less elastic
Therefore permit greater ROM, especially into rotation
b. Anterior atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial membranes:
Continuation of ALL
18.
19. c. Tectorial membrane:
Continuation of the PLL in the upper 2 segments
Broad and strong
Originates from the posterior V.B of axis
Covers the dens and its cruciate ligament
Inserts at the anterior rim of the foramen magnum
20.
21. d. Ligamentum nuchae:
Thick
Extends from the spinous process of C7 to the external occipital protuberance
Evolution of the supraspinous ligament
Resist the flexion moment of head
22.
23. B. Transverse ligament:
Stretches across the ring of the atlas
Divides the ring into a large posterior section for the spinal cord
Has a thin layer of articular cartilage on its anterior surface for articulation with the
dens
Longitudinal fibres extend superiorly to attach to the occipital bone
Inferior fibres descend to the posterior portion of the axis
Transverse portion holds the dens in close approximation against the anterior ring of
the atlas
24.
25. Prevent anterior displacement of C1 and C2
Transverse atlantal ligament is very strong and the dens will fracture before the
ligament will tear
C. Alar ligament:
2 alar ligament
Arise from the axis or either side of the dens
Extend laterally and superiorly to attach to roughened areas on the medial sides of the
occipital condyles and to the lateral masses of the atlas
26. Relaxed with the head in mid-position or neutral
Taut in flexion and rotation of the head and neck
Right upper and left lower portion limit left lateral flexion
Prevent distraction of C1 and C2
Weaker than the transverse atlantal ligament
Runs in a fan shaped arrangement from the apex of the dens to the anterior margin of
the foramen magnum of the skull
27.
28. LOWER CERVICAL REGION
A. BODY:
Small
Transverse diameter is more than AP diameter and height
Transverse and AP diameter increases from C2 to C7 with a significant increase in both
diameters in the upper end plate of C7.
Posterolateral margins of the upper surfaces of the V.B from C3 to C7 support
uncinated processes that give the upper surfaces of these vertebrae a concave shape
in the frontal plane.
Anteroinferior border of the V.B forms a lip that hangs down toward the V.B below,
which produces a concave shape of the inferior surface of the superior vertebra.
29.
30. B. ARCHES:
a. PEDICLES:
Project posterolaterally
Located halfway between the superior and inferior surfaces of the V.B
b. Laminae:
Thin and slightly curved
Project posteromedially
31. c. Zygapophyseal articular processes:
Support paired superior facets that are flat and oval, face superoposteriorly
Width and height of these facets gradually increase from C3-C7
Inferior facets face anterolaterally and lie closer to the frontal plane
d. Transverse processes:
Foramen is located in the transverse process bilaterally
Groove for the spinal nerves
32. e. Spinous processes:
Short, slender and extend horizontally
Tip is bifid
Length of the spinous process decreases slightly from C2-C3, remains constant from
C3-C5 and increase at C7
f. Vertebral foramen:
Large
triangular
33.
34. KINEMATICS
A. OSTEOKINEMATICS/ ARTHROKINEMATICS:
a. ATLANTO- OCCIPITAL JOINT:
Condylar synovial joint
Permits active F-E as a nodding motion
Deep walls of the atlantal sockets prevent translation, but the concave shapes does
allow rotation to occur
F/E: sagittal plane around mediolateral axis
F: occipital condyles roll forward and slide backward
E: occipital condyles roll backward and slide forward
35. Flexion is limited by:
i. Osseous contact of the anterior ring of the foramen magnum with the dens
ii. Tension in the posterior neck muscles and tectorial membrane
iii. Impaction of submandibular tissues against the throat
E is limited by occiput compressing the sub occipital muscles
36.
37. b. Atlanto- axial joint:
Plane synovial joiont
Allow F/E, lateral flexion and rotation
Median atlantoaxial joint permits rotation
Rotation is limited by 2 alar ligaments, capsule of lateral atlanto- axial joint
Rotation coupled with ipsilateral lateral flexion
Lateral flexion coupled with ipsilateral rotation
F: anterior tilt with anterior translation
E: posterior tilt with posterior translation
38.
39. KINETICS
No disks are present at either the atlanto- occipital or atlanto- axial joint
Compressive loads→ transferred directly through the atlanto- occipital joint→
articular facets at the axis→ transferred through pedicles and laminae of the
axis to the inferior surface of the body→ 2 inferior zygapophyseal articular
processes→ adjacent inferior disk
From C3-C7 compressive forces are transmitted by 3 parallel columns:
i. Single anterocentral column: V.B and disks
ii. 2 rodlike posterolateral column: left and right zygapophyseal joints
Compressive loads in end range F/E > erect stance and standing postures
40. CAPSULAR PATTERNS
Equal restriction of E and lateral flexion
Flexion and rotation are not affected